Английская Википедия:Battle of Brentford (1016)

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox military conflict Шаблон:Campaignbox Viking invasions of England The Battle of Brentford was fought in 1016 between invading forces of the Kingdom of Denmark under Cnut and the defending forces of the Kingdom of England led by Edmund Ironside. The battle was fought as part of a campaign by Cnut to conquer England. The battle was a victory for the English, who nevertheless lost a large number of men.

Cnut's invasion continued after the battle and a peace was made after Edmund lost the battle of Assandun later in the year. Under these terms Cnut gained Mercia and payment for his army, while Edmund held Wessex. Cnut would gain the whole of England after Edmund's death on 30 November 1016.

Background

Situation in England

After a respite from raids that lasted for about the years 900-980, the Vikings began raiding England again. The Danish king Svein attacked England in 994 and returned in 1003 after the St Brice's Day massacre in 1002, when Aethelred, king of England, had many Danes living outside the Danelaw killed. The Viking presence in England continued and in 1013 Svein, accompanied by his younger son Cnut, was accepted as king. Aethelred was forced to flee to Normandy. When Svein died in 1014 he was succeeded by his son Harald as king of Denmark, but his army in England accepted Cnut as king.Шаблон:Sfn Aethelred was invited by the English to return and Cnut was driven out of his base at Gainsborough after an English attack found him unprepared.Шаблон:Sfn

During this time Eadric Streona, the ealdorman of Mercia, is recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as having hindered the efforts of the English to resist the Viking invaders. In 1015 Eadric killed Sigeferth and Morcar, the chief thanes of the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw, for unknown reasons, but it would seem that this prompted Edmund Ironside, Aethelred's eldest surviving son, to act to counter Eadric's growing influence. In 1015 Edmund married Sigeferth's widow against the king's wishes, and took possession of the estates of Sigeferth and Morcar in the east midlands.Шаблон:Sfn

Cnut's invasion

Шаблон:Main Cnut, possibly now claiming the title king of Denmark, appeared at Sandwich in September 1015 and ravaged Dorset, Wiltshire and Somerset.Шаблон:Sfn With Aethelred sick, and Edmund at loggerheads with Eadric, Cnut faced little opposition, and by Christmas the people of Wessex had recognised Cnut as king and given him hostages.Шаблон:Sfn Edmund had raised an army late in 1015 but withdrew after learning Eadric intended to betray him to the invaders.Шаблон:Sfn According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Eadric took 40 ships from the king and defected to Cnut.Шаблон:Sfn The first army raised by Edmund in 1016 disbanded after Aethelred did not appear to lead it and the second army failed to achieve much of note.Шаблон:Sfn Edmund was then joined by his brother in law, Earl Uhtred of Northumbria, and attacked towns which according to Anglo-Norman chronicler William of Malmesbury, had sided with Cnut.Шаблон:Sfn Uhtred was forced to return north when Cnut began raiding his lands around Bamburgh, and was killed after submitting to Cnut.Шаблон:Sfn Edmund returned to London where Aethelred died on 23 April. The citizens and the national councillors present chose Edmund as their king,Шаблон:Sfn but a larger number of nobles present at Southampton declared support for Cnut.Шаблон:Sfn Edmund would then travel to Wessex where the people submitted to him and he fought a series of inconclusive battles against the Danes and their English allies. Edmund then forced another Danish army to abandon its siege of London.Шаблон:Sfn

Battle

After relieving London Edmund pursued the Danes and the battle of Brentford was fought two days later.Шаблон:Sfn The battle was a victory for Edmund,Шаблон:Sfn who lost enough men that he returned to Wessex to raise another army.Шаблон:Sfn The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records the loss of men was caused by them drowning in the Thames, while historians Frank Stenton and Russel Poole have independently argued the men were lost in the battle.Шаблон:Sfn

The wording of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle suggests the battle was fought to the south of the river crossing at Brentford, while other sources, including the Knútsdrápa suggest the battle was fought on both sides of the river.Шаблон:Sfn

Aftermath

While Edmund was in Wessex raising a new army Cnut renewed the siege of London, but was again unsuccessful.Шаблон:Sfn The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle describes Edmund as raising an army from "the entire English nation".Шаблон:Sfn This army pursued Cnut into Kent where Eadric forsook Cnut, and from where Cnut crossed the Thames into Essex and began raiding Mercia. Edmund would overtake Cnut at the battle of Assandun on 18 October 1016, which was a victory for Cnut.Шаблон:Sfn Edmund and Cnut made peace at Alney in Gloucestershire with Cnut taking control of the area north of the Thames and the promise of a payment to his army, while Edmund held Wessex.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn London also came to a settlement with Cnut, providing payment and winter quarters.Шаблон:Sfn When Edmund died on 30 November 1016 Cnut gained the whole kingdom.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1017 Cnut married Aethelred's widow, Emma of Normandy. After his death in 1035 Emma tried to make her son, Harthacnut, king of England, and he would rule jointly with Harold Harefoot, Cnut's son by his first wife, until 1037 when Emma and Harthacnut were exiled from England.Шаблон:Sfn

A monument to historical events in Brentford, including the 1016 battle, stands outside the County court in Brentford.Шаблон:Sfn

Sources

• Шаблон:Cite web
• Шаблон:Cite web
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite odnb
• Шаблон:Cite odnb
• Шаблон:Cite odnb
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book