Английская Википедия:Battle of Buna–Gona: Japanese forces and order of battle
The Battle of Buna–Gona was part of the New Guinea campaign in the Pacific Theatre during World War II. It followed the conclusion of the Kokoda Track campaign and lasted from 16 November 1942 until 22 January 1943. The battle was conducted by Australian and United States forces against the Japanese beachheads at Buna, Sanananda and Gona.
The Japanese forces at the start of the Battle of Buna–Gona had an effective strength of 5,500Шаблон:Sfnm or 6,500 after the landing of reinforcements on the night of 18 November 1942.Шаблон:Sfnm[1] The total force at the start of the battle is estimated at 9,000Шаблон:Sfn and included several hospitals, their patients and labour units from the army and navy. The Japanese defensive positions at Buna, Gona and forward at the Sanananda track junction had been strongly developed before the arrival of the Allied forces. They have been described as some of the strongest encountered by the Allies in the course of the war.Шаблон:Sfn They made excellent use of terrain, which limited the tactical possibilities for attackers and consisted of hundreds of bunkers and machine gun emplacements developed in depth.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Many survivors of the Kokoda campaign congregated to the west near the mouth of the Kumusi River and linked up with Japanese reinforcements that were landed there in early December.Шаблон:Sfnm This force actively threatened the western flank of the Australians at Gona.Шаблон:Sfn Sources give the total of Japanese forces deployed to Buna–Gona or operating to the west in the vicinity of the Kumusi and Membare Rivers as between 11,000Шаблон:Sfn and nearly 12,000.Шаблон:Sfn
In mid December, there was nearly 10,000 deployed at the beachhead positions. Just before the fall of Sanananda and the battle ended, 1,200 wounded were evacuated by submarine. Estimates indicate a similar number were able to escape overland. Only about 250 prisoners were taken. The remainder, some 7,000Шаблон:Sfn to 8,000,Шаблон:Sfn were killed.
Defences
Before the Allied forces arrived on the Buna–Gona coast, Richard K. Sutherland, then major general and chief-of-staff to General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the Southwest Pacific Area, had "glibly" referred to the Japanese coastal fortifications as "hasty field entrenchments."[2]Шаблон:Sfn After the battle, Lieutenant General Robert Eichelberger, Commanding General US I Corps,Шаблон:Refn called the Japanese utilisation of terrain "perfect" and "brilliant".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn Natural obstacles were used to advantage to channel attackers into coordinated fields of fire.Шаблон:Sfnm The Japanese defensive positions at Buna–Gona have been described as "one of the most impressive defensive networks seen in the entire war."Шаблон:Sfn They consisted of hundreds of bunkers and machine gun emplacements.Шаблон:Sfn The positions had been skilfully developed in accordance with the principles of defence. They made excellent use of terrain, which limited the tactical possibilities for attackers.Шаблон:Sfn The defences were developed in depth. Individual positions were mutually supporting and alternative positions were used to confound attackers.Шаблон:Sfnm
Maximum use was made of locally available resources. Concrete and steel was also used to a limited extent.Шаблон:Sfn A typical structure was revetted with coconut logs, reinforced with 44-gallon (55 US gal) drums filled with earth or concrete.Шаблон:Sfnm The roof was made from two or three courses of logs, covered with earth. Ammunition boxes filled with earth and used rice bags were also common in construction.[3]Шаблон:Sfn Most of the structure was built above ground due to the shallow water table. The complete structure might be Шаблон:Convert above ground level.Шаблон:Sfn A large proportion had been constructed well in advance of the battle and were extremely well camouflaged by jungle regrowth which quickly covered them.Шаблон:Sfnm Entrances were designed to protect the occupants from grenade blasts.Шаблон:Sfnm
Structures were connected by a system of crawl trenches, with firing positions in between. The bunkers were mainly intended to protect the defenders from artillery and air attack.Шаблон:Sfn When the threat lifted, the defenders would disperse to firing positions between the bunkers and emplacements.Шаблон:Sfn The War Diary of the 2/6th Independent Company recounts:
The main Japanese position was centred on Sanananda and Giruwa. Defensive positions were located on the coastal flanks at Gona, to the west, and Buna to the east. A further position was located forward, astride the Sanananda–Soputa track, about Шаблон:Convert from the coast.Шаблон:Refn These were a series of posts which, apart from covering the approach to Sanananda, also denied the use of two branch tracks to Cape Killerton. The three outer defensive positions can be considered as being located at the corners of a triangle,Шаблон:Sfn while the main position was located at the centre of the base.[4] These positions were each separate but, initially at least, they could be readily resupplied and reinforced from the main position.Шаблон:Sfnm The outer positions covered the likely approaches to Sanananda–Giruwa while the swamp effectively barred any attempt to by-pass these positions.Шаблон:Sfnm
The Japanese defenders, while not strong in artillery, nonetheless had at their disposal a variety of pieces. Indicative of this is the artillery that was deployed at Buna. McCarthy records, it consisted of: "several 75-mm naval guns, some 37-mm pom poms, 5 heavy anti-aircraft guns and a few 13-mms".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn The anti-aircraft pieces were quite capable against light armour. There was a battalion of mountain artillery located around Sanananda–GiruwaШаблон:Sfn and a company at Buna.Шаблон:Sfn
Japanese tactics were mainly defensive in natureШаблон:Sfn but included counter-attacks when positions were taken. A notable exception was the attack on 25-pounder gun emplacements of 2/1st Field Regiment near Soputa in the first minutes of 29 December.Шаблон:Sfnm A charge was exploded in the barrel of one of the guns.Шаблон:Sfn
Japanese strength
The positions in the Buna–Gona area were manned by both Japanese Naval and Army units. The Naval units included the 5th Special Landing Party, the equivalent of marines. Forces withdrawing down the Kokoda Track added to the strength of the original garrison.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Many survivors of the Kokoda campaign congregated to the west near the mouth of the Kumusi River and linked up with Japanese reinforcements that were landed there in early December.Шаблон:Sfn Sources generally quote the Japanese effective strength at the start of the battle as 5,500Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn or 6,500 after reinforcement on the night of 18 November.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn[1]
Bullard gives a total strength deployed as approximately 11,000 troops.Шаблон:Sfn It suggests but does not unambiguously include forces landed as reinforcements around the Kumusi and Mambrae Rivers that did not actually reach the Buna-Gona garrison. BrienШаблон:Sfn gives the strength of the force as 10,000; however, this may have been derived from a planning figure and not an actual strength statement. McCarthyШаблон:Sfn quotes Japanese sources giving the strength in the coastal area as 11,880. It is unclear whether this figure is the initial strength, the maximum strength or the total strength deployed but in light of Bullard's figure, it is likely the total strength deployed. Attributing this figure to the "coastal area" infers it includes forces landed as reinforcements around the Kumusi and Mambrae Rivers that did not actually join the garrison at the beachheads. Milner gives a total effective strength of 5,500 as of 16 November but notes, "No precise figure can be given for Japanese strength at the beachhead in mid-November."Шаблон:Sfn This is based on the interrogation of Lieutenant General Hatazō Adachi at the end of the war. Adachi commanded the 18th Army, of which the Buna-Gona garrison was part. He gave the total strength as 9,000. Milner adjusted for troops Adachi included that were not actually located at the garrison and for approximately 1,800 who were hospitalised. In the effective strength, Milner has also included Army and Navy labourers. McCarthy also reports 1,800 hospitalised at the start of the battle.Шаблон:Sfn The Japanese hospital facilities were located in the vicinity of Sanananda. The 67th Line of Communications Hospital was located at GiruwaШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and another hospital at Cape Killerton.Шаблон:Sfn Bullard reports that some hospital patients were deployed in defence of Gona (from a line of communications hospital).Шаблон:Sfn Watson and Rohfleisch report that in mid-November, "a Japanese report fixes the enemy force ashore in the Buna area at some 9,000 men".Шаблон:Sfn Fitzsimons also reports that there were 9,000 at the beachhead positions as the Allies approached.Шаблон:Sfn Sandler reports there were approximately 8,000 at Buna-Gona as the Allies were making their final advance toward the beachheads.Шаблон:Sfn Total strength figures will include construction units composed of 'non-combat' troops and those that were hospitalised. BullardШаблон:Sfn and MilnerШаблон:Sfn report that hospitalised Japanese were integrated into the garrison's defences. Condon-Rall and Cowdrey record that American troops were kept in the front lines and that, "to evacuate all those with fever at Buna would have meant immediate victory for the enemy."[5]
Strength at key positions
The position at Buna to the Girua River was held by slightly more than 2,000 defenders, having been reinforced by the III/229th Battalion, landed on 18 November.Шаблон:Sfn MilnerШаблон:Sfn gives the strength as being, "more than 2,500 troops". Edwards records the strength as 2,500.Шаблон:Sfn Sandler gives the force as 3,450.Шаблон:Sfn Gona was held by 800–900 defenders.Шаблон:Sfn Milner states that the initial strength of 800 had been reinforced by a further 100.Шаблон:Sfn In context, this appears to be at or shortly before the Australians made contact with the force garrisoned there.
McCarthy records that the Japanese forces in front of Sanananda numbered about 5,500 including the hospitalised. No date is given but in context of text, this might be mid-December.Шаблон:Sfn The Center of Military History publication states, "enemy strength in the Sanananda area was therefore between four and five thousand".Шаблон:Sfn No date is given but the context suggests this is at or after mid-December. Bullard reports a resupply from the Mambare River to supply approximately 5,000 men.Шаблон:Sfn No date is given but the context suggests this is about the time that Buna fell but before 8 January. It may likely have occurred at about the same time as the reinforcement that arrived just before the new year. Milner records, "General Yamagata had some 5,000 troops at the beachhead (including the sick and wounded), but the men had almost nothing to eat and every Japanese in the area faced death by starvation."Шаблон:Sfn Bullard gives the strength immediately prior to the fall as 4,000.Шаблон:Sfn This gives a detailed breakdown of the fate of the defenders. However, Bullard gives the standing strength of the garrison at about the same time and on the same page as 5,000.Шаблон:Sfn McCarthy reports that the Sanananda-Giruwa garrison was strengthened by 200–300 who escaped from Buna.Шаблон:Sfn
Sources appear to treat the defenders on the Sananada Track as part of the defences at Sanananda–Giruwa but this does not appear to be explicitly stated. Captured documents gave the strength holding the Sanananda track position as 1,688.Шаблон:Sfn McCarthy records that the Sanananda Track defences were manned by approximately 1,700.Шаблон:Sfn Milner reports the force as 1,800.Шаблон:Sfn
Reinforcements
McAuley indicates at least 1,200 troops landed from Rabaul on the night of 18 November.Шаблон:Sfn McAuley also records a Japanese source as stating that 1,500 were landed to reinforce the Gona area at about this time.Шаблон:Sfn Bullard records that approximately 1,500 men were landed at the "Buna anchorage" over the nights of 17 and 18 November.Шаблон:Sfn Milner gives this as 1,000, landing on the night of 17 November. This reinforcement increased the effective strength to 6,500.Шаблон:Sfn Bullard records the landing at Basabua (just east of Gona) of 800 reinforcements for the South Seas Force on the evening of 21 November.Шаблон:Sfn McAuleyШаблон:Sfn makes reference to this landing but does not appear to indicate the strength of the force landed.
Withdrawing Japanese, isolated by the Australian advance had congregated near the mouth of the Kumusi River.Шаблон:Sfn Milner reports the strength gathered there as 900, under command of Colonel Yazawa.Шаблон:Sfn Milner records that, from this, a reinforcement of 500 reach Giruwa on 29 NovemberШаблон:Sfn McCarthy reports that 400 – 500 reinforcements from this force reached Sanananda.Шаблон:Sfn Milner reports that, on 2 December, barges unsuccessfully attempted to land 200 troops from the Kumusi River to reinforce Gona. The barges returned to Giruwa after the failed attempt.Шаблон:Sfn
Four further attempts by destroyer convoys were made to reinforce the beachheads with the 21st Independent Mixed Brigade from Rabaul.Шаблон:Sfn The Brigade was commanded by Major General Yamagata.Шаблон:Sfn Convoys on 28 November and 9 December were turned back by air attacks.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A convoy on 2 December, after an aborted attempt at Basabua, landed about 500 troops, mainly the III/170th Battalion, near the mouth of the Kumusi River.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn These troops joined with troops of the 41st Infantry Regt that Colonel Yazawa had been forced to leave behind.Шаблон:Sfn This force actively threatened the western flank of the Australians at Gona.Шаблон:Sfn On 12 December, 800 troops, mainly of the I/170th Battalion were landed near the mouth of the Mambare River, further along the coast.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn Part of this force was moved to reinforce the III/170th Bn operating against the flank at Gona.Шаблон:Sfn Between 700 – 800 reached Giruwa between 27 and 31 December.Шаблон:Sfn McCarthy records that a reinforcement arrived from 26 December.Шаблон:Sfn
The Center of Military History reports, "A detachment of the Yamagata Brigade, numbering less than 1,000 ... arrived during the first 2 weeks of December."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn It is also reported that 500 fresh troops were landed at Giruwa on about 12 January.Шаблон:Sfn This does not appear to have been recorded in any of the other primary sourcesШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn The date appears quite inconsistent as plans were already being made for evacuation of the garrison by this time.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Anderson reports: "the enemy managed to put ashore during December about 1,300 fresh troops with supplies at several points west of Gona. These troops then made their way at night to Sanananda and Buna Mission."Шаблон:Sfn The Japanese relied heavily on motor barges for these movements.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Reconciling reported strengths
Milner's starting figure of 9,000 includes 900 that had withdrawn down the Kumusi River and were under command of Colonel Yazawa west of Gona and 900 troops landed from Rabaul on 17 November.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn Other sources report 1,500 were landed over the night of 17–18 November. This is 600 less than reported elsewhere.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Milner does not appear to mention the arrival of the South Seas Force reinforcement (800) on 21 November.Шаблон:Sfn The 21st Independent Mixed Brigade landed 1,300 troops near the Kumusi and Mambare Rivers.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This gives a figure for additional forces of 2,700. Added to the initial 9,000 reported by Milner this gives a total deployed to the beachheads and west of Gona of 11,700. This is consistent with total deployed strengths of 11,000Шаблон:Sfn to nearly 12,000.Шаблон:Sfn Of this figure, approximately 1,000 remained to the west of Gona and did not reach the beachheads.Шаблон:Refn
Figures for total strengths should also be considered in light of the strengths reported at each position. Note is given to the variation in strengths reported at each position.Шаблон:Refn Based on the following strengths reported of 900 at Gona, 2,500 at Buna and 5,500 at Sanananda, the apparent total strength would be 8,900. All of these figures are inclusive of reinforcements received on 17–18 November. The strength at Sanananda appears, from context, to be in mid-December. The strength at the beachheads at this time would not include any of the 1,300 from the 21st Independent Mixed Brigade that did not reinforce the positions until the end of December.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn About 500 of the force gathered by Colonel Yazawa remained west of Gona.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Deducting these from the total strength deployed (11,700) gives a strength deployed to the beachheads by in mid-December of 9,900. The South Seas Force reinforcement landed on 21 November totaled 800.Шаблон:Sfn
While figures reported by the authors cited may appear inconsistent, it may be possible to ascribe some of this to a lack of precision or ambiguity as to what the reported figures represent in respect to time and what or where the figures reported do or do not include. Some variation may be the result of how the various authors have handle ranges or estimates in determining a figure that they report.Шаблон:Refn
Casualties and losses
Prisoners
Few prisoners were taken on any front. Fifty prisoners were taken at Buna.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn More than 200 prisoners were taken at Sanananda–Giruwa.Шаблон:Sfn No figure could be identified for the number of prisoners take at Gona. Milner reports that 350 prisoners were taken during the fighting in Papua, indicating this includes fighting along the Kokoda Track, at Milne Bay and Goodenough Island.Шаблон:Sfn
Evacuation
About 1,200 sick and wounded were evacuated by sea just prior to the fall of Sanananda.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Milner reports about 2,000, including sick and wounded were evacuated by sea in the closing stages or escaped overland.Шаблон:Sfn McCarthy reports about 1,000 escaped overland to the west of GonaШаблон:Sfn but Japanese sources suggest this may be as high as 1,900.Шаблон:Sfn Many Japanese attempted to escape by sea as each location fell.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Number of Japanese killed
In accounting for the Japanese killed during the battle, a number of matters need to be noted. It is apparent that as the battle progressed, the Japanese were less inclined or less able to manage burial of their dead. At Gona, McCarthy reports that the Japanese had made no attempt to bury the dead, some of whom had been "laying out for days".Шаблон:Sfn Milner reports that the "stench" was so bad that toward the end, "the living had been driven to put on gas masks".Шаблон:Sfn In accounting for Japanese dead, the principle references make no apparent mention of consulting Japanese records or otherwise accounting for Japanese burials.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn McCarthy indicates that many dead may have been buried in collapsed bunkers and remained unaccounted for.Шаблон:Sfn Bombardment possibly obliterated traces of many others. Milner notes that there was a tendency of American units to 'double count' Japanese dead and, where there was a joint responsibility between Australian and American units for recording Japanese dead, Australian figures should be preferred.Шаблон:Sfn
At Gona, McCarthy records that 638 Japanese were buried;Шаблон:Sfn Milner records two conflicting totals: only 362 burials at one entryШаблон:Sfn but 638 at another.Шаблон:Sfn Milner records that 1,400 Japanese were buried at Buna and that 2,537 were killed in the Australian area of operation, which includes Sanananda-Giruwa, Gona and the area around the Amboga River. Elsewhere, Milner refers to 1,993 having been buriedШаблон:Sfn but the context is ambiguous as to where or who was responsible for these. Brigadier General Charles A. Willoughby was of the opinion that: "the count of enemy dead at Sanananda could not be considered 'a true count of effective enemy strength' since it included many 'sick and wounded who were killed.'"Шаблон:Sfn Milner also records that in the hospital area at Giruwa, only those "too helpless to resist, were taken prisoner."Шаблон:Sfn McCarthy recounts Australians at Gona encountering a Japanese post where "at least nine" of the twelve manning it were "streacher cases, but all opened fire on [the] party [of Australians] with grenades and rifles."Шаблон:Sfn
McCarthy reports a Japanese source as giving the number of dead as 8,000.Шаблон:Sfn Bullard reports the number of dead as 7,000.Шаблон:Sfn McCarthy attempts to reconcile the Japanese strength against the numbers buried, evacuated, escaped or taken prisoner. He identifies a discrepancy of 3,200 unaccounted for. Of these, he says, "a considerable number must have been dead on sea and land and uncounted".Шаблон:Sfn Milner concludes that "apparently" the Japanese buried the remainder.Шаблон:Sfn
Japanese order of battle
BullardШаблон:Sfn reports the disposition of Japanese forces at the beachheads as of 26 November 1942 as follows.Шаблон:Refn
Buna
Commanded by Captain Yoshitatsu YasudaШаблон:Sfn (IJN)
- 229th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Battalion
- 38th Mountain Artillery Regiment, 2nd Company
- 47th Field Anti-aircraft Artillery Battalion (one company)
- 14th Pioneer UnitШаблон:Sfn
- 15th Pioneer UnitШаблон:Sfn
- 5th Yokosuka Special Landing Party (SLP)
Sanananda-Soputa
Commanded by Colonel Yosuke YokoyamaШаблон:Sfn
- Detachment 5th Sasebo SLPШаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn
- South-east sector (south of Giruwa)
- Commander: Lieutenant Colonel Tsukamoto Hatsuo (144th Infantry Regiment, 1st Battalion commander)
- 144th Infantry Regiment (with elements II/144 and III/144 and Regt HQ)
- Detachment 41st Infantry Regiment (approximately 300 troops led by Lieutenant Takenaka)
- Field Hospital patients (Takeda Unit)
- Takasago Volunteer Unit (small number)
- Commander: Lieutenant Colonel Tsukamoto Hatsuo (144th Infantry Regiment, 1st Battalion commander)
- Central sector
- South Seas Force Headquarters (commander and staff officers missing)
- 55th Mountain Artillery Regiment, 1st Battalion
- 15th Independent Engineer Regiment main strength (approximately 300 troops)
- 47th Field Anti-aircraft Artillery Battalion main strength
- South Seas Force Medical Unit (total with two hospitals approximately 2,500 men, mainly patients)
- South Seas Force field hospital
- Line-of-communication hospital
- Murase Battalion (South Seas Force reinforcements, approximately 800 troops)
- Rear sector (area north of Giruwa to the north of central sector units)
- Line-of-communication units
- South Seas Force cavalry units
- 41st Infantry Regiment (less 1st Battalion)
Gona
Commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Yoshinobu TomitaШаблон:Sfn
- Gona area
- 41st Infantry Regiment, 1st Battalion
- Gona area
- Basabua sector
- Uchida Unit (formed from patients of the Line of communication hospital)
- Nakamura Unit (formed from the Takasago Volunteers)
- Mori Unit (formed from the Disease Prevention and Water Supply Unit)
- Sōda Unit (Detachment 41st Infantry Regiment – 69 men)
- Basabua sector
Command
Major General Tomitarō Horii, who had led the attack across the Kokoda Track, drowned at sea on 19 NovemberШаблон:Sfn after rafting down the Kumusi River during the withdrawal from Kokoda.Шаблон:Refn Colonel Yosuke Yokoyama temporarily assumed command of the South Seas Force following Horii's death.Шаблон:Sfn Major General Kensaku Oda succeeded Horii to command of the South Seas Force. Major General Tsuyuo Yamagata commanded the 21st Independent Mixed BrigadeШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and was given command of all 18th Army units in the area other than the South Seas Force. He landed near the Kumusi River on 2 December and reached Gona on 6 December.Шаблон:Sfn On this date, he was given overall command of the Japanese units engaged in the battle.Шаблон:Sfn
See also
Footnotes
Citations
References
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb and map.
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb. Cited in Шаблон:Harvnb.
