Английская Википедия:Battle of Chaldiran

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox military conflict Шаблон:Campaignbox Ottoman-Persian Wars

The Battle of Chaldiran (Шаблон:Lang-fa; Шаблон:Lang-tr) took place on 23 August 1514 and ended with a decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire. As a result, the Ottomans annexed Eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq from Safavid Iran.[1][2] It marked the first Ottoman expansion into Eastern Anatolia (Western Armenia), and the halt of the Safavid expansion to the west.Шаблон:Sfn The Chaldiran battle was just the beginning of 41 years of destructive war, which only ended in 1555 with the Treaty of Amasya. Though Mesopotamia and Eastern Anatolia (Western Armenia) were eventually reconquered by the Safavids under the reign of Shah Abbas the Great (r. 1588–1629), they would be permanently ceded to the Ottomans by the 1639 Treaty of Zuhab.

At Chaldiran, the Ottomans had a larger, better equipped army numbering 60,000 to 100,000 as well as many heavy artillery pieces, while the Safavid army numbered some 40,000 to 80,000 and did not have artillery at its disposal. Ismail I, the leader of the Safavids, was wounded and almost captured during the battle. His wives were captured by the Ottoman leader Selim I,[3] with at least one married off to one of Selim's statesmen.[4] Ismail retired to his palace and withdrew from government administration[5] after this defeat and never again participated in a military campaign.Шаблон:Sfn After their victory, Ottoman forces marched deeper into Persia, briefly occupying the Safavid capital, Tabriz, and thoroughly looting the Persian imperial treasury.[6][7]

The battle is one of major historical importance because it not only negated the idea that the Murshid of the Shia-Qizilbash was infallible,[8] but also led Kurdish chiefs to assert their authority and switch their allegiance from the Safavids to the Ottomans.[9][10]

Background

Selim had previously fought against the Safavids multiple times. In 1505 he defeated a Safavid army led by Shah Ismail's brother, he routed the Safavids, pursued them and massacred many.[11] He defeated the Safavids again during the Battle of Erzincan in 1507, after Shah Ismail marched through Ottoman lands to attack the Dulkadirids, Selim attacked Erzincan and defeated a Safavid army that was sent against him by Shah Ismail.[12] He fought against the Safavids once more in the 1510 Campaign of Trabzon during which he defeated Shah Ismail's brother.[13]Шаблон:Page needed

After Selim I's successful struggle against his brothers for the throne of the Ottoman Empire, he was free to turn his attention to the internal unrest he believed was stirred up by the Shia Qizilbash, who had sided with other members of the dynasty against him and had been semi-officially supported by Bayezid II. Selim now feared that they would incite the population against his rule in favor of Shah Isma'il leader of the Shia Safavids, believed by some of his supporters to be descended from the Prophet. Selim secured a jurist opinion that described Isma'il and the Qizilbash as "unbelievers and heretics" enabling him to undertake extreme measures on his way eastward to pacify the country.[13]Шаблон:Rp Selim accused Ismail of departing from the faith:[13]Шаблон:Rp

Шаблон:Blockquote

Before Selim started his campaign, he ordered for the execution of some 40,000 Qizilbash of Anatolia, "as punishment for their rebellious behavior".Шаблон:Sfn He then also tried to block the import of Iranian silk into his realm, a measure which met "with some success".Шаблон:Sfn

Selim sent the following letter to Ismail, which outlined both Selim's claim to the caliphate and Ismail's heresy:[14] Шаблон:Blockquote

When Selim started his march east, the Safavids were invaded in the east by the Uzbeks. The Uzbek state had been recently brought to prominence by Muhammad Shaybani, who had fallen in battle against Isma'il only a few years before. Attempting to avoid having to fight a war on two fronts, Isma'il employed a scorched earth policy against Selim in the west.[13]Шаблон:Rp

Selim's army was discontented by the difficulty in supplying the army in light of Isma'il's scorched earth campaign, the extremely rough terrain of the Armenian Highland, and the fact that they were marching against Muslims. The Janissaries even fired their muskets at the Sultan's tent in protest at one point. When Selim learned of the Safavid army forming at Chaldiran he quickly moved to engage Isma'il, in part to stifle the discontent of his army.[13]Шаблон:Rp

Battle

The Ottomans deployed heavy artillery and thousands of Janissaries equipped with gunpowder weapons behind a barrier of carts. The Safavids, who did not have artillery at their disposal at Chaldiran,Шаблон:Sfn used cavalry to engage the Ottoman forces. The Safavids attacked the Ottoman wings in an effort to avoid the Ottoman artillery positioned at the center. However, the Ottoman artillery was highly maneuverable and the Safavids suffered disastrous losses.[15] The advanced Ottoman weaponry (cannons and muskets wielded by janissaries) was the deciding factor of the battle as the Safavid forces, who only had traditional weaponry, were decimated. The Safavids also suffered from poor planning and ill-disciplined troops unlike the Ottomans.[16]

Aftermath

Шаблон:Multiple image Following their victory the Ottomans captured the Safavid capital city of Tabriz on 7 September,Шаблон:Sfn which they first pillaged and then evacuated. That week's Friday sermon in mosques throughout the city was delivered in Selim's name.[17] Selim was however unable to press on after Tabriz due to the discontent amongst the Janissaries.Шаблон:Sfn The Ottoman Empire successfully annexed Eastern Anatolia (encompassing Western Armenia) and northern Mesopotamia from the Safavids. These areas changed hands several times over the following decades however; the Ottoman hold would not be set until the 1555 Peace of Amasya following the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555). Effective governmental rule and eyalets would not be established over these regions until the 1639 Treaty of Zuhab.Шаблон:Citation needed

After two of his wives and entire harem were captured by Selim[18]Шаблон:Sfn Ismail was heartbroken and resorted to drinking alcohol.[19] His aura of invincibility shattered,[20] Ismail ceased participating in government and military affairs,[21] due to what seems to have been the collapse of his confidence.Шаблон:Sfn

Selim married one of Ismail's wives to an Ottoman judge. Ismail sent four envoys, gifts, and in contrast to their previous exchanges, words of praise to Selim in order to help retrieve her. Instead of giving his wife back, Selim cut the messengers' noses off and sent them back empty handed.[17]

After the defeat at Chaldiran, however, the Safavids made drastic domestic changes. From then on, firearms were made an integral part of the Persian armies and Ismail's son, Tahmasp I, deployed cannons in subsequent battles.[22][23]

During the retreat of the Ottoman troops, they were intensively harassed by Georgian light cavalry of the Safavid army, deep into the Ottoman realm.Шаблон:Sfn

The Mamluk Sultanate refused to send messengers to congratulate Selim after the battle and prohibited celebrating the Ottoman military victory. In contrast, the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople led to days of festivities in the Mamluk capital, Cairo.[17]

After the victorious battle of Chaldiran, Selim I next threw his forces southward to fight the Mamluk Sultanate in the Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517).[24]

Battlefield

Файл:Chaldiran Battlefield Site in 2004.JPG
Monument commemorating the Battle of Chaldiran built on the site of battlefield

The site of the battle is near Chala Ashaqi village, around 6 km west of the town of Siyah Cheshmeh, south of Maku, north of Qareh Ziyaeddin. A large brick dome was built at the battlefield site in 2003 along with a statue of Seyid Sadraddin, one of the main Safavid commanders.Шаблон:Citation needed

Quotes

Шаблон:Confusing section After the battle, Selim believed Ismail I was: Шаблон:Blockquote

Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat:[25]

Шаблон:Blockquote

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Commons category

Further reading

Шаблон:Ottoman battles

Шаблон:Portal bar Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок David Eggenberger 1985 не указан текст
  2. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок auto не указан текст
  3. ↑ The Cambridge History of Iran, ed. William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Laurence Lockhart, 224;"The magnitude of the disaster may be judged from the fact that the royal harem with two of Ismai'il's wives fell into the hands of the enemy."
  4. ↑ Leslie P. Peirce, The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire, (Oxford University Press, 1993), 37.
  5. ↑ Moojan Momen, An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism, (Yale University Press, 1985), 107.
  6. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок IranicaSafavidMatthee не указан текст
  7. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Encyclopaedia Iranica, Tabriz не указан текст
  8. ↑ The Cambridge History of Iran, ed. William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Laurence Lockhart, 359.
  9. ↑ Martin Sicker, The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab conquests to the Siege of Vienna, (Praeger Publishers, 2000), 197.
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. ↑ God's Shadow: The Ottoman Sultan Who Shaped the Modern World Шаблон:Webarchive. By Alan Mikhail.
  12. ↑ The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe Шаблон:Webarchive. Gábor Ágoston. Princeton University Press.
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 13,4 Osman's Dream Шаблон:Webarchive. Caroline Finkel. Hachette UK
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Andrew James McGregor, A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War, (Greenwood Publishing, 2006), 17.
  16. ↑ Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, (Blackwell Publishing, 2005), 164.
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  18. ↑ The Cambridge history of Iran, ed. William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Laurence Lockhart, pg. 224.
  19. ↑ The Cambridge history of Islam, Part 1, ed. Peter Malcolm Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis, pg. 401
  20. ↑ The Cambridge History of Islam, Part 1, By Peter Malcolm Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis, p. 401.
  21. ↑ Elton L. Daniel, The History of Iran (ABC-CLIO, 2012) 86
  22. ↑ Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Sultanate Reconsidered, Robert Irwin, The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian politics and society, ed. Michael Winter and Amalia Levanoni, (Brill, 2004) 127
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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