Английская Википедия:Battle of Dunsinane
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox military conflict
The Battle of Dunsinane, also known as the Battle of the Seven Sleepers, was fought between the forces of Macbeth, King of Scotland and forces led by Siward, Earl of Northumbria and Malcolm Canmore on 27 July 1054. The battle was part of a campaign launched by Siward in support of Malcolm's claim to the Scottish throne, which Macbeth had gained after killing Malcolm's father, Duncan I of Scotland, at the Battle of Pitgaveny in 1040. Ending in victory for Siward and Malcolm the battle of Dunsinane was fought in Perthshire, traditionally on Dunsinane Hill.
Following their victory Siward returned home, leaving Malcolm in control of lands from where he was able to further challenge Macbeth. Macbeth would later be killed during the battle of Lumphanan in 1057 while fighting against Malcolm. While Macbeth's stepson Lulach was initially made king, he would also fall in battle against Malcolm and in 1058 Malcolm was crowned Malcolm III of Scotland.
Background
As the ruler of Moray, Macbeth came into conflict with Duncan I of Scotland.Шаблон:Sfn This resulted in Duncan's death on 14 August 1040 in the battle of Pitgaveny, near Elgin, after which Macbeth became King of Scotland.Шаблон:Sfn Following the death of Duncan, his son Malcolm Canmore became an exile living with the court of Edward the Confessor, King of England.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1054 Malcolm was present when his uncle, Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invaded Scotland on his behalf.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Some sources state this was on the orders of Edward the Confessor,Шаблон:Sfn in which case it is possible that Edward sought a puppet king in Scotland to strengthen his hand against Norman and Scandinavian factions who challenged his succession.Шаблон:Sfn An alternative scenario is that Siward hoped a friendly king in Scotland would aid his claim to the rule of Cumbria and took the chance to act while Edward was busy in the south.Шаблон:Sfn
The 14th-century historian John of Fordun writes that the invasion caused confusion among the locals who were unsure who to support, suggesting that there may have been Scots loyal to Malcolm fighting alongside the English under Siward.Шаблон:Sfn On Macbeth's side were some Norman allies,Шаблон:Sfn including two knights who had been expelled from England in 1052 and had been taken into service by Macbeth.Шаблон:Sfn
Battle
The decisive battle of Siward's campaign was fought in Perthshire, north of the river Tay,Шаблон:Sfn traditionally on Dunsinane Hill although this connection is based on literary as much as historical tradition.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The battle is also known as the battle of the Seven Sleepers, as it was fought on the day of the Seven Sleepers (27 July).Шаблон:Sfn
The battle ended in defeat for Macbeth.Шаблон:Sfn According to the Annals of Ulster 3,000 Scots and 1,500 English were killed.Шаблон:Sfn Siward's son Osbeorn and his nephew, also called Siward, were both killed in the battle.Шаблон:Sfn
Aftermath
According to the 12th-century chronicler Henry of Huntingdon, Siward ravaged the kingdom after his victory over the Scots and their Norman allies.Шаблон:Sfn The earl returned home relatively quickly with much plunder, weakening the invading force.Шаблон:Sfn Siward would die in York in 1055.Шаблон:Sfn
After his defeat Macbeth was forced to give lands and position to Malcolm.Шаблон:Sfn The exact positions are unknown but it is probable that Macbeth still controlled the area north of the Mounth while Malcolm controlled the area south of the rivers Forth and Clyde, with the area in between possibly disputed territory.Шаблон:Sfn From this position Malcolm was able to challenge Macbeth, with Macbeth being defeated and killed at Lumphanan in Mar on 15 August 1057.Шаблон:Sfn Following Macbeth's death his stepson Lulach was installed as king.Шаблон:Sfn Malcolm ambushed and killed Lulach near Rhynie in Strathbogie in March 1058 before himself being crowned king.Шаблон:Sfn Once king, he would begin the long process of removing the Gaelic culture from the mainstream of Scotland.Шаблон:Sfn
In popular culture
William Shakespeare's play The Tragedy of Macbeth is based on the life of Macbeth, King of Scots,Шаблон:Sfn with the historical details being drawn from Ralph Holinshead's Chronicles, published in 1577.Шаблон:Sfn In this version Malcolm has his forces cut branches from the trees of Birnam Wood which are then used to camouflage their approach to Dunsinane, fulfilling a prophecy made within the play that Macbeth would not be defeated until Birnam Wood came to Dunsinane.Шаблон:Sfn In Shakespeare's telling Macbeth is killed by Macduff during the battle of Dunsinane,Шаблон:Sfn running together several encounters in different places, including the battle of Lumphanan.Шаблон:Sfn Historic Environment Scotland have highlighted that the connection between Dunsinane Hill and Macbeth in literary tradition has given the site a place in the national consciousness of Scotland.Шаблон:Sfn
References
Sources
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