Английская Википедия:Battle of Hartmannswillerkopf

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox military conflict The Battle of Hartmannswillerkopf (Шаблон:Lang-fr) was a series of engagements during the First World War fought for the control of the Hartmannswillerkopf peak in Alsace in 1914 and 1915. The peak is a pyramidal rocky spur in the Vosges mountains, about Шаблон:Convert north of Thann, standing at Шаблон:Convert and overlooking the Alsace Plain, Rhine valley and the Black Forest in Germany. Hartmanswillerkopf was captured by the French army during the Battle of Mulhouse Шаблон:Nowrap 1914). From the vantage point, Mulhouse and the Mulhouse–Colmar railway could be seen and the French railway from Thann to Cernay and Belfort shielded from German observation.

The two French invasions and captures of Mulhouse by the French VII Corps (Шаблон:Lang Louis Bonneau) and then the Army of Alsace (General Paul Pau), were repulsed by the German 7th Army (Шаблон:Lang Josias von Heeringen). Both sides then stripped the forces in Alsace to reinforce the armies fighting on the Marne, Aisne and further north. For the rest of 1914 and 1915, both sides made intermittent attempts to capture Hartmanswillerkopf. The operations were costly and eventually after another period of attack and counter-attack that lasted into the new year of 1916, both sides accepted a stalemate, with a fairly stable front line along the western slopes that lasted until 1918. Шаблон:TOC limit

Background

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A few border skirmishes took place after Germany declared war on France; after 5 August, more German patrols were sent out as French attacks increased. French troops advanced from Gérardmer to the Col de la Schlucht (Schlucht Pass), where the Germans retreated and blew up the tunnel.Шаблон:Sfn The French VII Corps (Шаблон:Lang Louis Bonneau) comprising the 14th and 41st divisions, advanced from Belfort to Mulhouse and Colmar Шаблон:Convert to the north-east, suffered supply difficulties but seized the border town of Altkirch, Шаблон:Convert south of Mulhouse, with a bayonet charge.Шаблон:Sfn On 8 August, Bonneau cautiously continued the advance and occupied Mulhouse, shortly after its German defenders had left. In the early morning of 9 August, parts of the XIV and XV Corps of the German 7th Army arrived from Strasbourg and counter-attacked at Cernay; Mulhouse was liberated by German troops on 10 August and Bonneau withdrew towards Belfort.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:French capture of Mulhouse, 8 August 1914.jpg
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Шаблон:Lang Paul Pau was put in command of a new Шаблон:Lang to re-invade Alsace on 14 August, as part of a larger offensive by the First Army and the Second Army into Lorraine. The Шаблон:Lang began the new offensive against four German Шаблон:Lang brigades, which fought a delaying action as the French advanced from Belfort, two divisions on the right passing through Dannemarie at the head of the valley of the Ill river. On the left flank, two divisions advanced with several Шаблон:Lang battalions, which had moved into the Fecht valley on 12 August. On the evening of 14 August, Thann was captured and the most advanced French troops reached the western outskirts of the city by 16 August. On 18 August, VII Corps attacked Mulhouse and captured Altkirch on the south-eastern flank.Шаблон:Sfn By the evening of 19 August, the French had occupied the city, having captured Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap and considerable amounts of equipment.Шаблон:Sfn With the capture of the Rhine bridges and valleys leading into the plain, the French had gained control of Upper Alsace but on 26 August the French withdrew from Mulhouse to a more defensible line near Altkirch, to provide reinforcements for the French armies closer to Paris.Шаблон:Sfn

Prelude

The Шаблон:Lang was dissolved on 26 August and many of its units distributed among the remaining French armies.Шаблон:Sfn In September 1914, the German 7th Army was transferred to the Aisne and left three Шаблон:Lang brigades in Шаблон:Lang (Upper Alsace). On 19 September 1914, Шаблон:Lang (An Шаблон:Lang was an improvised force larger than a corps and smaller than an army, subordinate to an army headquarters.) named after its commander Шаблон:Lang Hans Gaede (formerly the chief of staff of the XIV Corps) and renamed Шаблон:Lang (Army Detachment Gaede) on 30 January 1915.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

Battle

1914–1915

On 25 December, the French 66th Division and a battalion of Шаблон:Lang attacked through deep snow and woods, to improve the French position on the peak of Hartmannswillerkopf. The French attack succeeded but the German defenders were pushed back only a short distance.Шаблон:Efn Division Шаблон:Lang of Шаблон:Lang attacked on a line from Hartmannswillerkopf to the Herrengluh ruins, Wolfskopf and Amselkopf in thick fog from 18 to 21 January 1915 and managed to surround the French positions, recapturing the summit of Hartmannswillerkopf and Hirzstein to the south, a French counter-attack being repulsed. The main German attack on 30 January, near Wattwiller, made early progress then bogged down against the French defences.Шаблон:Sfn French attacks against Division Шаблон:Lang from 19 to 27 February were repulsed but on 26 February, a French attack gained Шаблон:Convert. On 5 March, the French captured a blockhouse and a German counter-attack by two regiments was defeated.Шаблон:Sfn

The 152nd Infantry Regiment arrived to reinforce the Шаблон:Lang; after a four-hour artillery preparation, the infantry and Шаблон:Lang captured two trench lines and took 250 prisoners but failed to penetrate new German trench lines close to the peak.Шаблон:Sfn The French attacked again on 17 and from 23 March – 6 April; on 26 March, after a preparatory bombardment, the 152nd Regiment captured the summit of Hartmannswillerkopf in ten minutes, taking 400 prisoners and finding that the ground had been stripped of trees by the artillery exchanges.Шаблон:Sfn The Germans suspended the offensive at Wattwiller and Steinbach to concentrate all reserves in the Hartmannswillerkopf area but on 17 March, the German army chief of staff, General Erich von Falkenhayn, ordered offensive operations in Alsace to cease.Шаблон:Sfn The French success had enabled artillery-observers to direct their guns onto the Colmar–Mulhouse railway and local German attacks on 25 April took back the peak; the French recaptured it the next day the 152nd Regiment suffering 825 casualties.Шаблон:Sfnm

1915–1916

Файл:French Heavy Mortar 1916 AWM H04494.jpeg
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In December 1915, Шаблон:Lang Augustin Dubail commanding Шаблон:Lang (GAE: Eastern Army Group) planned a larger operation to consolidate the French position in the region by capturing Mulhouse. An attack on Hartmannswillerkopf by the 66e Division (General Шаблон:Interlanguage link multi), which had been fighting in the area all year was to be the prelude to the larger attack. The division was given another 250 guns for the attack, two of which were super-heavy 370 mm Filloux mortars, an average of one gun per Шаблон:Convert of German front.Шаблон:Sfn After several postponements, the French bombardment began on 21 December from Hartmannswillerkopf to Wattwiller. In the afternoon the 66e Division attacked, taking the peak and trenches at Hirtzstein to the north-west of Wattwiller as German reserves established a new front line on the eastern slopes.Шаблон:Sfn

Next day, Шаблон:Lang Brigade 82 of the 12th Шаблон:Lang Division counter-attacked with reinforcements and re-took the peak, except for trenches on the north slope, which fell on 23 December.Шаблон:Sfn The French 152e Шаблон:Lang was almost annihilated, suffering 1,998 casualties from 21 to 22 December, along with Serret who was mortally wounded, the Germans taking 1,553 prisoners.Шаблон:Sfn On the afternoon of 24 December, Шаблон:Lang Brigade 82 tried to re-gain the lost trenches at Hirtzstein, with the assistance of flame thrower teams but achieved only a partial success. During the evening of 28 December, French attacks captured several positions between Hartmannswillerkopf and Hirzstein, followed by German counter-attacks during the night; from 29 to 30 December and on 1 January 1916. The original front line was restored and on 8 January, Шаблон:Lang Brigade 187 re-captured the trenches at Hirzstein that had been lost on 21 December.Шаблон:Sfn

Aftermath

Casualties

The fighting from 20 December 1915 to 8 January 1916 cost the French 7,465 casualties, about 50 per cent of the attacking force, of whom 1,103 were taken prisoner, along with thirty machine-guns. The Germans suffered 4,513 casualties, 1,700 men being taken prisoner.Шаблон:Sfnm Dubail stopped offensive operations to rest the survivors and to avoid French resources being drained away to little purpose; in Шаблон:Lang (4 January 1916) Dubail recommended that such enterprises be avoided.Шаблон:Sfn

Gallery

Notes

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Footnotes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

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Websites

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Further reading

External links

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