Английская Википедия:Battle of Hormozdgan

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox military conflict The Battle of Hormozdgan (also spelled Hormizdagan and Hormozgan) was the climactic battle between the Arsacid and the Sasanian dynasties that took place on April 28, 224. The Sasanian victory broke the power of the Parthian dynasty, effectively ending almost five centuries of Parthian rule in Iran, and marking the official start of the Sasanian era.

Background

Around 208 Vologases VI succeeded his father Vologases V as king of the Arsacid Empire. He ruled as the uncontested king from 208 to 213, but afterwards fell into a dynastic struggle with his brother Artabanus IV,Шаблон:Efn who by 216 was in control of most of the empire, even being acknowledged as the supreme ruler by the Roman Empire.Шаблон:Sfn Artabanus IV soon clashed with the Roman emperor Caracalla, whose forces he managed to contain at Nisibis in 217.Шаблон:Sfn Peace was made between the two empires the following year, with the Arsacids keeping most of Mesopotamia.Шаблон:Sfn However, Artabanus IV still had to deal with his brother Vologases VI, who continued to mint coins and challenge him.Шаблон:Sfn The Sasanian family had meanwhile quickly risen to prominence in their native Pars, and had now under prince Ardashir I begun to conquer the neighboring regions and more far territories, such as Kirman.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn At first, Ardashir I's activities did not alarm Artabanus IV, until later, when the Arsacid king finally chose to confront him.Шаблон:Sfn

History

Файл:Coin of Ardashir I (left) and Papak (right).jpg
Coin of Ardashir I as king of Pars

The location of the battle has not been found. The Arabic chronicle Nihayat al-arab states that the battle took place in bʾdrjʾan or bʾdjʾn, which Widengren translated as *Jurbadhijan (Golpayegan).Шаблон:Sfn This is however improbable, due to Ardashir I operating around Kashkar before the battle.Шаблон:Sfn According to an unfinished work by Bal'ami, the battle took place at Khosh-Hormoz, which is another name for the notable city of Ram-Hormoz, situated near Arrajan and Ahvaz.Шаблон:Sfn This implies that Ram-Hormoz was perhaps another word for Hormozdgan, and also clarifies why the latter is not mentioned by Islamic geographers whilst the former is reported in detail.Шаблон:Sfn The town of Ram-Hormoz still endures today, and is 65 km east of Ahvaz, "in a wide plain just at the foot of the hills that form the northeastern tail of the Bengestan Mountain of the Zagros chain."Шаблон:Sfn According to Shahbazi, "the plain nearby is admirably suited for a cavalry engagement."Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Artabanusiv.jpg
Coin of Artabanus IV (Шаблон:Reign)

According to al-Tabari, whose work was probably based on Sasanian sources,Шаблон:Sfn Ardashir I and Artabanus IV agreed to meet in Hormozdgan at the end of the month of Mihr (April).Шаблон:Sfn Nonetheless, Ardashir I went to the place before due time to occupy an advantageous spot on the plain.Шаблон:Sfn There he dug out a ditch to defend himself and his forces. He also took over a spring at the place.Шаблон:Sfn Ardashir I's forces numbered 10,000 cavalry, with some of them wearing flexible chain armor akin to that of the Romans.Шаблон:Sfn Artabanus IV led a greater number of soldiers, who, however, were less disposed, due to wearing the inconvenient lamellar armor.Шаблон:Sfn Ardashir I's son and heir, Shapur, as portrayed in the Sasanian rock reliefs, also took part in the battle.Шаблон:Sfn The battle was fought on 28 April 224, with Artabanus IV being defeated and killed, marking the end of the Arsacid era and the start of 427-years of Sasanian rule.Шаблон:Sfn

Aftermath

Файл:Gold coin of Ardashir I.jpg
Coin of Ardashir I as King of Kings (Шаблон:Reign)

The chief secretary of the deceased Arsacid king, Dad-windad, was afterwards executed by Ardashir I.Шаблон:Sfn Thenceforth, Ardashir I assumed the title of shahanshah ("King of Kings") and started the conquest of an area which would be called Iranshahr (Ērānshahr).Шаблон:Sfn He celebrated his victory by having two rock reliefs sculptured at the Sasanian royal city of Ardashir-Khwarrah (present-day Firuzabad) in his homeland, Pars.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The first relief portrays three scenes of personal fighting; starting from the left, a Persian aristocrat seizing a Parthian soldier; Shapur impaling the Parthian minister Dad-windad with his lance; and Ardashir I ousting Artabanus IV.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The second relief, conceivably intended to portray the aftermath of the battle, displays the triumphant Ardashir I being given the badge of kingship over a fire shrine from the Zoroastrian supreme god Ahura Mazda, while Shapur and two other princes are watching from behind.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Vologases VI was driven out of Mesopotamia by Ardashir I's forces soon after 228.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The leading Parthian noble-families (known as the Seven Great Houses of Iran) continued to hold power in Iran, now with the Sasanians as their new overlords.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The early Sasanian army (spah) was identical to the Parthian one.Шаблон:Sfn Indeed, the majority of the Sasanian cavalry composed of the very Parthian nobles that had once served the Arsacids.Шаблон:Sfn This demonstrates that the Sasanians built up their empire thanks to the support of other Parthian houses, and has due to this has been called "the empire of the Persians and Parthians".Шаблон:Sfn However, memories of the Arsacid Empire never completely vanished, with efforts trying to restore the empire in the late 6th-century made by the Parthian dynasts Bahram Chobin and Vistahm, which ultimately proved unsuccessful.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Notes

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References

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Sources

Further reading

External links

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