Английская Википедия:Battle of Iconium (1190)

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The Battle of Iconium (sometimes referred as the Battle of Konya) took place on May 18, 1190, during the Third Crusade, in the expedition of Frederick Barbarossa to the Holy Land. As a result, Iconium, the capital city of the Sultanate of Rûm under Kilij Arslan II, fell to the Imperial forces.

Background

After the disastrous Battle of Hattin and the Siege of Jerusalem in 1187, much of the Crusader states had been seized by Saladin's forces. Pope Gregory VIII called for the Third Crusade to restore the city to Christian hands and help the remaining crusader strongholds. Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor responded to the call after setting his affairs of state in order and urging Philip Augustus to join as well.Шаблон:Sfn He took up the Cross at an imperial diet in Mainz Cathedral on 27 March 1188 and was the first to set out for the Holy Land in May 1189 with an army of 10,000–600,000 men, including 4,000–20,000 knights, according to contemporary accounts.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn However, most historians think the higher troop estimates are exaggerated and propose 12,000–20,000 men, including 4,000 knights.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He was also joined by a contingent of 2,000 men from the Hungarian prince Géza, the younger brother of the king, Béla III of Hungary.

Crusader army

Primary source	Year	Frederick's troop strength	Citation
Eleazar of Worms	1188	10,000	Шаблон:Sfn
Annales Magdeburgenses	1188–1200	4,000 knights	Шаблон:Sfn
Gesta Federici I Imperatoris in Expeditione Sacra	1190–1200	90,000	Шаблон:Sfn
Annales Reicherspergenses	1194	80,000	Шаблон:Sfn
Chronica regia Coloniensis	1220	30,000, including 15,000 knights	Шаблон:Sfn
Chronicon Montis Sereni	1225–1230	100,000, including 20,000 knights	Шаблон:Sfn
Annales Stadenses	1232–1264	600,000	Шаблон:Sfn
Cronica Reinhardsbrunnensis	1338	13,000	Шаблон:Sfn

Modern author	Year	Frederick's troop strength	Citation
Ekkehard Eickhoff	1977	12,000–15,000	Шаблон:Sfn
Rudolf Hiestand	1992	13,000, including 4,000 knights	Шаблон:Sfn
Bernard and David Bachrach	2016	20,000	Шаблон:Sfn

Prelude

After passing through today's Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire, the forces arrived in Anatolia, held by the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm. The Seljuk continuously harassed the Crusader forces, laying ambushes and using hit-and-run tactics. The Crusaders, in turn, launched attacks against whatever Seljuk forces they could find. On 7 May, a 10,000-strong Seljuk army was destroyed by a 2,000-strong mixed infantry-cavalry Crusaders detachment under Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia and the Duke of Dalmatia near Philomelium, resulting in 4,174–5,000 deaths for the Seljuks according to the Seljuks' own body count and loss estimates.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On 9–10 May, the Crusaders killed 64 Seljuk soldiers.Шаблон:Sfn On 12 May, the Crusaders crossed a narrow bridge that left them highly vulnerable, but the Seljuks interfered only minimally, with 20 Seljuks slain that day.Шаблон:Sfn More important than the battles was the logistical situation; supplies were running out, and morale was very low. Desertion was frequent among the foot soldiers, as was death from dehydration. Despite this, the crusaders continued their march until they reached the Seljuk capital city of Iconium on 13 May.

On 14 May, the Crusaders found and defeated the main Seljuk army, putting it to rout.Шаблон:Sfn Seljuk records attribute the Crusader victory to a devastating heavy cavalry charge which supposedly consisted of 7,000 lancers in white clothing and mounted on snow-white horses.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On 15 May, the Crusaders replenished their surviving horses at a bog, but the next day, 60 Crusaders were killed in a Seljuk attack.Шаблон:Sfn That same day, the Seljuks offered to let Barbarossa and his army pass through their territory for the price of 300 pounds of gold and "the lands of the Armenians" (the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia). Barbarossa refused, supposedly saying "Rather than making a royal highway with gold and silver, with the help of our Lord Jesus Christ, whose knights we are, the road will have to be opened with iron".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Battle

While some German commanders advised heading directly through Cilician Armenia to the Levant, Emperor Frederick insisted on taking Iconium to assure his army's food and horse shortage, so on 17 May the Crusaders camped in the "garden and pleasure ground of the sultan" outside the city, where they found plenty of water.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Meanwhile, Qutb al-Din regrouped and rebuilt his forces after the first defeat, and retaliated on 18 May. Barbarossa divided his forces into two: one commanded by his son the Duke Frederick of Swabia leading the assault to the city, and the other commanded by himself facing the Turkish field army.Шаблон:Sfn The city fell easily; Duke Frederick was able to assault and take the walls with little resistance, and the garrison failed to put up much of a fight before surrendering altogether.Шаблон:Sfn The Germans proceeded to massacre the citizenry.Шаблон:Sfn

The pitched battle was a much harder fight, and required the presence of the Emperor to defeat the larger Turkish force.Шаблон:Sfn He is reported to have said to his soldiers: "But why do we tarry, of what are we afraid? Christ reigns. Christ conquers. Christ commands".Шаблон:Sfn Although the fighting was intense, the Germans managed to crush the Turks with relative ease.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn The Seljuks were routed yet again, leaving the city at the mercy of the crusaders. The Germans did not pursue, partly because they had been weakened by a food shortage for the previous two weeks.Шаблон:Sfn

Aftermath

After the victory, the Crusaders took booty amounting to 100,000 marks in the city and renewed themselves and their horses with wheat and barley.Шаблон:Sfn They rested for five days in the city and camped in the sultan's park on 23 May.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn There they bought over 6,000 horses and mules at steep prices, as well as an unknown number of donkeys, and stocked themselves with bread, meat, butter and cheese.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn They continued their march on 26 May, taking 20 high-ranking Turkish nobles as hostages to safeguard themselves.Шаблон:Sfn The success of the Imperial army greatly alarmed Saladin, who was forced to weaken his army at the Siege of Acre and send detachments to the north to block the arrival of the Germans.Шаблон:Sfn Saladin even dismantled the walls of the Syrian ports lest they be used by the crusaders against him.

But this proved unnecessary as, on 10 June, Barbarossa drowned while crossing the Saleph river. Much of his army disbanded and sailed home through the Cilician and Syrian ports. Barbarossa's son, Frederick VI of Swabia, carried on with the remnants of the German army, along with the Hungarian army under the command of prince Géza, with the aim of burying the emperor in Jerusalem, but efforts to conserve his body in vinegar failed. Hence, his flesh was interred in the Church of Saint Peter in Antioch,Шаблон:Sfn his bones in the cathedral of Tyre,Шаблон:Sfn and his heart and inner organs in Saint Paul's Church in Tarsus. The German army was then struck with an onset of disease near Antioch and a large number of them died.Шаблон:Sfn About 5,000 Imperials and Hungarians under Duke Frederick joined the siege of Acre in October.Шаблон:Sfn

Casualties

The Turks lost 3,000 killed at the field battle on 18 May according to the History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick (Historia de Expeditione Friderici Imperatoris), a contemporary German chronicle relying on eyewitness accounts from the participating Crusaders and completed by an Austrian cleric called Ansbert no later than 1200.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Sources

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book