Английская Википедия:Battle of Kerlés

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The Battle of Kerlés (Шаблон:Lang-hu) also known as the Battle of Cserhalom (Шаблон:Lang-hu), was an engagement between an army of Pechenegs and Ouzes commanded by Osul and the troops of King Solomon of Hungary and his cousins, Dukes Géza and Ladislaus, in Transylvania in 1068. The Pechenegs had been the dominant power of the westernmost regions of the Eurasian steppes since around 895. However, large Pecheneg groups moved to the Balkan Peninsula at the same time as the westward migration of the Ouzes and Cumans in the 1040s. The first recorded Pecheneg invasion of Transylvania occurred during the reign of Stephen I of Hungary (Шаблон:Reign).

In 1068, the invaders broke into Transylvania through the passes of the Carpathian Mountains. Archaeological finds suggest that they destroyed at least three fortresses made of earth and timber, including the ones at Doboka (now Dăbâca in Romania) and Sajósárvár (present-day Șirioara). They also made a plundering raid in the Nyírség region, to the west of Transylvania. After taking much booty, they planned to leave Hungary, but the Hungarians ambushed and annihilated them at a hill near Doboka. According to a popular legend, a "Cuman" warrior tried to escape from the battlefield, taking a Hungarian girl, but Duke Ladislaus defeated and killed him in single combat.

Background

The Pechenegs were the dominant power of the Pontic steppes between around 895 and 1055.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Around 895, they defeated the Magyars, or Hungarians, forcing them to leave the steppes and settle in Central Europe.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn About 45 years later, the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus recorded that one of the Pecheneg "provinces"Шаблон:Spaced ndashthe territory dominated by one of the eight Pecheneg tribesШаблон:Spaced ndashbordered on the land controlled by the Hungarians.Шаблон:Sfn According to the same source, the Pechenegs' land was "distant ... a four days journey" from Hungary.Шаблон:Sfn There are no records of enmity between the Pechenegs and the Hungarians in the 10th century.Шаблон:Sfn On the contrary, they jointly invaded the Byzantine Empire in 934, according to the contemporaneous Arab geographer, Al-Masudi.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

11th-century Hungary

Kingdom of Hungary in the 11th century (also showing the 1068 invasion and the battlefield)

The Pechenegs regularly invaded the Byzantine Empire from around 1026, suggesting a movement west from the lands east of the Dnieper to the region of the Lower Danube.Шаблон:Sfn The Byzantine historians John Skylitzes and George Kedrenos mention clashes between the Pechenegs and their eastern neighbors, the Ouzes in the 1040s.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Ouzes had been forced west across the Volga River by the Cumans.Шаблон:Sfn Skylitzes and Kedrenos also wrote of armed conflicts between groups of Pechenegs.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn After being defeated in such an intertribal conflict, two Pecheneg clans migrated to the Byzantine Empire in the early 1040s.Шаблон:Sfn Pressured by both the Cumans and the Rus' princes, the Ouzes moved to the Lower Danube region in 1060.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Cumans routed a Rus' force in 1061 and the united armies of the allied Rus' princes in 1068, which enabled them to take control of the western regions of the Eurasian steppes.Шаблон:Sfn

Hungary was exposed to raids by the neighboring nomadic peoples.Шаблон:Sfn Coins minted for King Stephen and his successor, Peter, have been found at Torda and Kolozsvár (now Turda and Cluj-Napoca in Romania), Cluj and other places, showing that the nearby fortresses were in use in the first half of the 11th century.Шаблон:Sfn The Pechenegs made a plundering raid into Transylvania during the reign of King Stephen, according to the king's legends.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The chronicle of Henry of Mügeln records the raid as occurring in 1028.Шаблон:Sfn Abbot Thierry of St Hubert-en-Ardenne, who wanted to travel through Hungary during his pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1053, was forced to return because of an "incursion of barbarians" into Hungary.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Historian Jonathan Riley-Smith associates these barbarians with the Pechenegs.Шаблон:Sfn

The invasion of the Kingdom of Hungary which ended with the Battle of Kerlés occurred during the reign of King Solomon of Hungary.Шаблон:Sfn Solomon had ascended the throne with German assistance at the age of ten in 1063.Шаблон:Sfn His cousins, Géza, Ladislaus and Lampert, tried to dethrone him with Polish assistance, but he made peace with them, granting Géza their father's duchy which included the parts of Hungary to the east of the River Tisza.Шаблон:Sfn Duke Géza's main residence was in the fortress of Bihar (now Biharia in Romania).Шаблон:Sfn

Battle

Файл:Szent László harca a kun vitézzel.jpg

Saint Ladislaus is fighting a duel with a Cuman warrior (Chronicon Pictum, 1358)

The Illuminated Chronicle and other 14th- and 15th-century Hungarian chronicles preserve detailed reports of the 1068 invasion of the eastern regions of Hungary.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Illuminated Chronicle states that the commander of the invaders, Osul, was the retainer of "Gyula, Duke of the Comans".Шаблон:Sfn On the other hand, Simon of KézaШаблон:Spaced ndashwho thought that the battle had occurred during the reign of Solomon's cousin, LadislausШаблон:Spaced ndashrecorded that the marauders were Bessi, or Pechenegs, arch-enemies of the Hungarians in his Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum.Шаблон:Sfn The Annales Posonienses also states that the marauders were Pechenegs, but misdates the battle to 1071.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The invasion was misdated to 1059 in a west-Russian chronicle which identified the invaders as Cumans and Vlachs (Romanians).Шаблон:Sfn Modern historians agree that the invaders of 1068 were Pechenegs or Pechenegs and Ouzes; in medieval Hungarian chronicles the ethnonym Cuni included all nomadic Turkic peoples.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Historian István Bóna writes that the reference to "Gyula, Duke of the Comans" in the Illuminated Chronicle preserved the memory of the Pechenegs' Jula tribe who dwelt to the west of the River Dniester.Шаблон:Sfn

A layer of black soil and other signs of a general destruction by fire, which have been dated to King Solomon's reign, suggest that the fortresses, built of earth and timber, at Doboka, Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca in Romania) and Sajósárvár were destroyed in the 1060s.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Alexandru Madgearu, István Bóna and other scholars attribute the destruction of the Transylvanian fortresses to the invasion of 1068.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The invaders broke into Transylvania through the passes of the Carpathian Mountains.Шаблон:Sfn According to historian Florin Curta, the invasion shows that the province prospered in the 1060s.Шаблон:Sfn

The Pechenegs crossed the "Gate of Meses" and plundered the Nyírség region, reaching as far as the fortress at Bihar.Шаблон:Sfn After plundering much booty, they returned to Transylvania along the valley of the River Someș, planning to return to their homeland through the Borgó Pass (the Tihuța Pass, now in Romania).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn King Solomon and his cousins, Dukes Géza and Ladislaus, gathered their troops at the fortress of Doboka to give battle to the marauders near the confluence of the Rivers Beszterce and Sajó (now the Bistrița and the Șieu, respectively).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A scout from Marosújvár (now Ocna Mureș in Romania) informed the Hungarian army of the movements of the enemy.Шаблон:Sfn In an attempt to avoid the battle, the Pechenegs fled to a hill where the Hungarians annihilated them.Шаблон:Sfn The hill was named for the Hungarians' battle cryШаблон:Spaced ndashKyrie eleis, according to Bóna.Шаблон:Sfn The alternative name of the battle (Battle of Cserhalom) derives from the misspelling of the name by Antonio Bonfini, who wrote of "Cherhelem" instead of "Kyrie eleis".Шаблон:Sfn

Legend

The most famous legend of Duke LadislausШаблон:Spaced ndashwho was canonized as King St LadislausШаблон:Spaced ndashtook place during the Battle of Kerlés.Шаблон:Sfn According to the legend, which incorporates elements of earlier Oriental tales, a "Cuman" warrior tried to escape from the battlefield, taking a beautiful girl from Nagyvárad with him. Duke Ladislaus fought a duel with the "Cuman", and despite being wounded he killed the "pagan".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The legend was recorded shortly after Ladislaus's death, because it identified the girl as the daughter of the Bishop of Várad, and Ladislaus's successor, Coloman the Learned, prohibited the marriage of bishops.Шаблон:Sfn The legend was depicted on the walls of many churches in the Kingdom of Hungary, especially in the northern and southeastern territories (in present-day Slovakia and Romania).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Sources

Primary sources

• Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation b Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. Шаблон:ISBN.
• John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057 (Translated by John Wortley with Introductions by Jean-Claude Cheynet and Bernard Flusin and Notes by Jean-Claude Cheynet) (2010). Cambridge University Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
• Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited and translated by László Veszprémy and Frank Schaer with a study by Jenő Szűcs) (1999). CEU Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
• The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. Шаблон:ISBN.

Secondary sources

• Шаблон:Cite book
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