Английская Википедия:Battle of Kinghorn

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox military conflict Шаблон:Campaignbox Second War of Scottish Independence Шаблон:Campaignbox Wars of Scottish Independence Шаблон:Location map many

The Battle of Kinghorn was fought on 6 August 1332 at Wester Kinghorn (now Burntisland), Fife, Scotland. An invading seaborne force of 1,500 men was commanded by Edward Balliol and Henry Beaumont, Earl of Buchan. A Scottish army, possibly 4,000 strong, commanded by Duncan, Earl of Fife, and Robert Bruce, Lord of Liddesdale (an illegitimate son of King Robert the Bruce) was defeated with heavy loss. Balliol was the son of King John Balliol and was attempting to make good his claim to be the rightful king of Scotland. He hoped that many of the Scots would desert to him.

Balliol and Beaumont's forces were still disembarking from their ships when the Scots attacked them. The Scots pressed hard, but were beaten off by English longbowmen and some supporting infantry even before Balliol's men-at-arms could get ashore. The Scottish losses are disputed, but included several nobles. The invaders fought the main Scottish army five days later at the Battle of Dupplin Moor and inflicted a crushing defeat. Balliol was crowned king of Scotland on 24 September.

Background

The First War of Scottish Independence between England and Scotland began in March 1296, when Edward I of England (Шаблон:Reign) stormed and sacked the Scottish border town of Berwick as a prelude to his invasion of Scotland.Шаблон:Sfn The 30 years of warfare that followed ended in the Weardale campaign, during which the newly-crowned 14-year-old King Edward III was nearly captured. This disastrous campaign brought Edward's regents, Isabella of France and Roger Mortimer, to the negotiating table. They agreed to the Treaty of Northampton with Robert the Bruce (Шаблон:Reign) in 1328 but this was widely resented in England and commonly known as Шаблон:Lang, "the shameful peace". Some Scottish nobles refused to swear fealty to Bruce and were disinherited; they left Scotland to join forces with Edward Balliol, son of King John Balliol (Шаблон:Reign),Шаблон:Sfn whom Edward I had deposed in 1296.Шаблон:Sfn

Robert Bruce died in 1329; his heir was five-year-old David II (Шаблон:Reign). In 1331, under the leadership of Edward Balliol and Henry Beaumont, Earl of Buchan, the disinherited Scottish nobles gathered in Yorkshire and plotted an invasion of Scotland. Edward III was aware of the scheme and officially forbade it. The reality was different, and Edward III was happy to cause trouble for his northern neighbour. He insisted that Balliol not invade Scotland overland from England but ignored his forces sailing for Scotland from Yorkshire ports on 31 July 1332. The Scots were aware of the situation and were waiting for Balliol. David II's regent was an experienced old soldier, Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray. He had prepared for Balliol and Beaumont, but he died ten days before they sailed.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Battle

Balliol's force was small, only 1,500 men: 500 men-at-arms and 1,000 longbowmen.Шаблон:Sfn He anticipated being joined by large numbers of Scots once he had landed.Шаблон:Sfn While they were underway, the Scots selected Donald, Earl of Mar, as the new guardian, or regent, and divided their large army: Mar commanded the part north of the Firth of Forth, while Patrick, Earl of March, commanded those to the south. Balliol had been in communication with Mar and hoped that he would desert to him, with many of his troops. Knowing Mar to be commanding the troops on the northern shore of the firth, Balliol landed there, at Wester Kinghorn (present day Burntisland),Шаблон:Sfn on 6 August 1332.Шаблон:Sfn

While the invaders were still disembarking they were confronted by a large Scottish force commanded by Duncan, Earl of Fife, and Robert Bruce, Lord of Liddesdale (an illegitimate son of King Robert the Bruce). Contemporary and near-contemporary English chronicles record their number variously as 4,000, 10,000, 14,000 and 24,000.Шаблон:Sfn Scottish sources imply that the force was much smaller. The historian Clifford Rogers says, based on the presence of both Fife and Bruce, that 4,000 "is probably the closest to the truth".Шаблон:Sfn The Scots attacked the part of the English force on the beach,Шаблон:Sfn but were driven off after a hard-pressed assault by the fire of English longbowmen and by their supporting infantry, before Balliol and Beaumont's men-at-arms could get ashore.Шаблон:Sfn

Scottish accounts of the time dismiss their losses as trivial, while one English source gives 90 Scots killed, two give 900, and a fourth 1,000.Шаблон:Sfn One chronicle, the Brut, reports that Fife was "full of shame" at being defeated by such a small force.Шаблон:Sfn Five or six nobles were among the dead, including Sir Alexander Seton. There is no record of casualties suffered by Balliol's men. Buoyed by this victory, Balliol and Beaumont's force completed their disembarkation and marched to Dunfermline, where they looted a Scottish armoury. Mar withdrew to the capital, Perth, amalgamated the survivors of Kinghorn and sent out a general call for reinforcements.Шаблон:Sfn

Aftermath

On 11 August Balliol's force met Mar's army at the Battle of Dupplin Moor,Шаблон:Sfn where the Scots vastly outnumbered the invaders; by ten to one according to an estimate by Rogers.Шаблон:Sfn Despite this the Scots suffered a serious defeat, with thousands killed,Шаблон:Sfn including much of the nobility.Шаблон:Sfn Balliol was crowned king of Scotland at Scone, the traditional place of coronation for Scottish monarchs,Шаблон:Sfn on 24 September.Шаблон:Sfn Balliol's support within Scotland was limited and within six months it had collapsed. He was ambushed by supporters of David II at the Battle of Annan a few months after his coronation. Balliol fled to England half-dressed and riding bareback. He appealed to Edward III for assistance.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Edward supported him, inflicted a defeat on the Scots at the Battle of Halidon Hill in July 1333 and put Balliol back on the Scottish throne.Шаблон:Sfn Balliol was deposed again in 1334, restored again in 1335 and finally deposed in 1336, by those loyal to David II.Шаблон:Sfn

Citations and sources

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