Английская Википедия:Battle of Luzon
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox military conflict The Battle of Luzon (Шаблон:Lang-tl; Шаблон:Lang-ja; Шаблон:Lang-es) was a land battle of the Pacific Theater of Operations of World War II by the Allied forces of the U.S., its colony the Philippines, and allies against forces of the Empire of Japan. The battle resulted in a U.S. and Filipino victory. The Allies had taken control of all strategically and economically important locations of Luzon by March 1945, although pockets of Japanese resistance held out in the mountains until the unconditional surrender of Japan.[1] While not the highest in U.S. casualties, it is the highest net casualty battle U.S. forces fought in World War II, with 192,000 to 217,000 Japanese combatants dead (mostly from starvation and disease),[2] 8,000 American combatants killed, and over 150,000 Filipinos, overwhelmingly civilians who were murdered by Japanese forces, mainly during the Manila massacre of February 1945.
Background
The Philippines was considered to be of great strategic importance because their capture by Japan would pose a significant threat to the U.S. As a result, 135,000 troops and 227 aircraft were stationed in the Philippines by October 1941. However, Luzon—the largest island in the Philippines—was captured by Imperial Japanese forces in 1942. General Douglas MacArthur—who was in charge of the defense of the Philippines at the time—was ordered to Australia, and the remaining U.S. forces retreated to the Bataan Peninsula.[3]
A few months after this, MacArthur expressed his belief that an attempt to recapture the Philippines was necessary. The U.S. Pacific Commander Admiral Chester Nimitz and Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Ernest King both opposed this idea, arguing that it must wait until victory was certain. MacArthur had to wait two years for his wish; it was 1944 before a campaign to recapture the Philippines was launched. The island of Leyte was the first objective of the campaign, which was captured by the end of December 1944. This was followed by the attack on Mindoro, and later, Luzon.[3]
Prelude
Before U.S. forces could launch the attack on Luzon, a base of operation needed to be established close to the island. Airbases in particular had to be established in order to provide the advancing troops with air support. Troops under Brigadier General William C. Dunckel captured the island of Mindoro, with the assistance of the 7th Fleet. By 28 December, two airbases were controlled by the U.S. and were ready to assist in the attack on Luzon, which was scheduled to be launched on 9 January 1945. With the capture of Mindoro, U.S. forces were positioned south of Luzon. However, MacArthur intended to land his forces at Lingayen, further north.[4] This would place his troops close to several roads and railways on Luzon, which led to Manila—the main objective—through the plains in the center of the island.[1]
Deception operations
U.S. aircraft constantly made reconnaissance and bombing flights over southern Luzon, intending to deceive the Japanese forces into believing that the attack on Luzon would come from the south. In addition, transport aircraft were used to make parachute drops with dummies. Minesweepers were used to clear the bays of Balayan, Batangas, and Tayabas, located to the south of Luzon, and Filipino resistance fighters conducted sabotage operations in southern Luzon. These deception operations failed to convince General Yamashita, the leader of the Imperial Japanese Army in the Philippines, and he built significant defensive positions in the hills and mountains surrounding Lingayen Gulf in Northern Luzon.[4]
Opposing forces
Allied
Шаблон:Multiple image Шаблон:Multiple image Шаблон:Multiple image Шаблон:Multiple image
Allied Forces, Southwest Pacific Area[5]
General Douglas MacArthur
Файл:US Sixth Army patch.svg US Sixth Army (193,901 officers and enlisted)
Lieutenant General Walter Krueger
Western Landing Area (Lingayen)
- Файл:US XIV Corps patch.svg XIV Army Corps
- Major General Oscar W. Griswold
- Embarked in Task Force 79 (Vice Adm. Theodore S. Wilkinson)
- Left (Crimson and Yellow) beaches
- Файл:37th Infantry Division CSIB.svg 37th Infantry ("Buckeye") Division
- Major General Robert S. Beightler
- 129th Infantry Regiment
- 145th Infantry Regiment
- 148th Infantry Regiment
- 6th, 135th, 140th Field Artillery Bttns. (105mm)
- 136th Field Artillery Bttn. (155mm)
- Right (Orange and Green) beaches
- Файл:40th Infantry Division CSIB.svg 40th Infantry ("Sunshine") Division
- Major General I. Rapp Brush
- 108th Infantry Regiment
- 160th Infantry Regiment
- 185th Infantry Regiment
- 143rd, 164th, 213th Field Artillery Bttns. (105mm)
- 222nd Field Artillery Bttn. (155mm)
- Left (Crimson and Yellow) beaches
Eastern Landing Area (San Fabian)
- Файл:U.S. I Corps CSIB.svg I Army Corps
- Major General Innis P. Swift
- Embarked in Task Force 78 (Vice Adm. Daniel E. Barbey)
- Left (White) beaches
- Файл:43rd Infantry Division CSIB.svg 43rd Infantry ("Winged Victory") Division
- Major General Leonard F. Wing
- 103rd Infantry Regiment
- 169th Infantry Regiment
- 172nd Infantry Regiment
- 103rd, 152nd, 169th Field Artillery Bttns. (105mm)
- 192nd Field Artillery Bttn. (155mm)
- Right (Blue) beaches
- Файл:6th Infantry Division.svg 6th Infantry ("Red Star") Division
- Major General Edwin D. PatrickШаблон:KIAШаблон:Efn
- 1st Infantry Regiment
- 20th Infantry Regiment
- 63rd Infantry Regiment
- 1st, 51st, 53rd Field Artillery Bttns. (105mm)
- 80th Field Artillery Bttn. (155mm)
- Left (White) beaches
Japanese
Fourteenth Area ArmyШаблон:Efn[5]
General Tomoyuki YamashitaШаблон:Efn
Northern Luzon
- Shobu Group (Gen. Yamashita)
- approx. 152,000 officers and enlisted
Central Luzon
- Kembu Group (Lieut. Gen. Rikichi Tsukada)
- approx. 30,000 officers and enlisted
Southern Luzon
- Shimbu Group (Lieut. Gen. Shizuo Yokoyama)
- approx. 80,000 officers and enlisted
Battle
The assault on Luzon was launched, as planned, on 9 January 1945, codenamed S-day. The Japanese forces reported more than 70 Allied warships entering Lingayen Gulf, though the total Allied invasion force involved that month would equal close to 800 ships. Pre-assault bombardment of Japanese shore positions from roughly 70 battleships and cruisers began at 7:00. The landings were commenced an hour later.[6] The landing forces faced strong opposition from Japanese kamikaze aircraft. The escort carrier Шаблон:USS was destroyed by a kamikaze attack, with a total of around 47 ships damaged, and four sunk, on January 3–13, primarily by kamikazes.[7] [4] Aircraft from the 3rd Fleet assisted the landings with close air support, strafing and bombing Japanese gun positions.[8]
The landings at Lingayen Gulf on 9 January were carried out by the 6th Army under the command of General Walter Krueger. Approximately 175,000 troops from the 6th Army landed along the Шаблон:Convert beachhead within a few days, while the I Corps protected their flanks. XIV Corps under General Oscar Griswold then advanced south toward Manila, despite Krueger's concerns that his eastern flank was unprotected and vulnerable if the Japanese forces attacked. However, no such attack occurred, and the U.S. forces did not meet much resistance until they reached the Clark Air Base on 23 January. The battle there lasted until the end of January, and after capturing the base, XIV Corps advanced toward Manila.[1]
A second amphibious landing took place on 15 January, Шаблон:Convert southwest of Manila. On 31 January, two regiments of the 11th Airborne Division made an airborne assault, capturing a bridge, and later advanced toward Manila. On 3 February, the 1st Cavalry Division captured the bridge across Tullahan River leading to the city. They advanced into the city that evening, beginning the battle for the capture of Manila. On 4 February, the paratroopers of the 11th Airborne—approaching the city from the south—came to the main Japanese defences south of the city of Manila where their advance was halted by heavy resistance. General Yamashita had ordered his troops to destroy all bridges and other vital installations as soon as the U.S. forces entered the city, and Japanese forces entrenched throughout the city continued to resist U.S. forces. General MacArthur announced the imminent recapture of Manila on the same day. On 11 February, the 11th Airborne Division captured the last Japanese outer defences, thus encircling the whole city. U.S. and Filipino forces carried out clearing operations in the city in the following weeks.[1] Military casualties totalled 1,010 Americans, 3,079 Filipinos and 12,000 Japanese.Шаблон:Citation needed
In the campaign to recapture the island of Luzon in the Philippines, American planes dropped more than one million gallons of napalm in support of ground forces.[9] The weapon attracted little attention during World War II in part because the name “napalm” was classified.[10]
Aftermath
Battles continued throughout the island of Luzon in the following weeks, with more U.S. troops having landed on the island. Filipino and American resistance fighters also attacked Japanese positions and secured several locations.[11] The Allies had taken control of all strategically and economically important locations of Luzon by early March. Small groups of the remaining Japanese forces retreated to the mountainous areas in the north and southeast of the island, where they were besieged for months. Pockets of Japanese soldiers held out in the mountains—most ceasing resistance with the unconditional surrender of Japan, but a scattered few holding out for many years afterwards.[1] Total Japanese losses were 217,000 dead and 9,050 taken prisoner.[12] U.S. losses were 8,310 killed and 29,560 wounded. Civilian casualties are estimated at 120,000 to 140,000 dead.[13]
Appendix
Weapons on hand and ammunition expended by Sixth Army units, 9 January 1945 to 30 June 1945, exclusive of Eighth Army phase (173 days):[14]
| Item/Ammunition Type | Ammunition Expended | Average per Day | Maximum number of weapons |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carbine | 12,992,493 | 75,101 | 77,773 |
| Automatic Rifle | 11,467,625 | 66,267 | 3,145 BAR, 3,212 '03 Rifle |
| M1 Rifle | 22,388,947 | 129,416 | 58,380 |
| .30 cal. MG | 25,257,659 | 145,998 | 5,369 |
| .45 cal. pistol | 7,102,776 | 41,057 | 9,664 pistol, 13,533 SMG |
| .50 cal. MG | 4,318,847 | 24,964 | 3,756 ground, 1,829 AA |
| 40 mm AA gun | 33,053 | 191 | 280 |
| 90 mm AA gun | 44,570 | 258 | 102 |
| 37 mm Tank & AT gun | 64,524 | 373 | 116 Tank, 355 AT |
| 37 mm T-32 | 10,818 | 63 | 33 |
| 57 mm AT gun | 25,244 | 146 | 235 |
| 60 mm mortar | 691,969 | 4,000 | 892 |
| 81 mm mortar | 1,061,620 | 6,136 | 559 |
| 75 mm Tank gun | 81,524 | 471 | 229 |
| 76 mm AT gun | 15,398 | 89 | 36 |
| 3 inch (76.2 mm) AT gun | 10,948 | 63 | 72 |
| 75 mm howitzer | 144,959 | 898 | 52 Field Artillery, 21 LVT/SP |
| 105 mm howitzer M2A1 | 689,010 | 9,763 | 380 Field Artillery, 135 SP-Tank, 10 Tank |
| 105 mm howitzer M3 | 17,296 | 141 | 12 |
| 155 mm howitzer M1 | 384,288 | 2,220 | 180 |
| Launcher, rocket, 2.36 inch | 83,494 | 483 | 5,892 |
| Rifle & Carbine grenades | 117,322 | 678 | 18,250 launchers |
| Hand grenades | 841,413 | 4,864 | -- |
| 155 mm gun | 56,424 | 326 | 36 |
| 8 inch (203 mm) howitzer | 14,026 | 92 | 12 |
| 240 mm howitzer | 5,445 | 41 | 6 |
| Land mines/Bangalore torpedoes | 11,923 | 69 | -- |
| Artillery fuses | 374,493 | 2,165 | -- |
| Flares, signals, projectors | 36,978 | 214 | -- |
| Total Tonnage Expended (short tons) | 111,327 | 644 | -- |
See also
- Invasion of Lingayen Gulf
- Battle of Bessang Pass
- Battle of Balete Pass
- Battle of Manila (1945)
- Battle of Villa Verde Trail
- Battle of Wawa Dam
- List of American guerrillas in the Philippines
- Escuadrón 201
- Japanese holdout
- Manila massacre
- William R. Shockley
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, p. 529
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Brooks E. Kleber and Dale Birdsell, The Chemical Warfare Service: Chemicals in Combat (Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1966), 628, 630-35. The United States military used napalm as a tactical weapon in support of ground forces during World War II.
- ↑ Louis F. Fieser, The Scientific Method: A Personal Account of Unusual Projects in War and in Peace (New York: Reinhold, 1964, box 764, Chronological File 1949-June 1954, Office of Security Review, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Legislative and Public Affairs, RG 330, NA.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Smith, Triumph in the Philippines Appendix H. http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/005/5-10-1/CMH_Pub_5-10-1.pdf Шаблон:Webarchive . Page 692
- ↑ Report of Luzon Operation, vol. III pp. 103-108. Retrieved 29 Dec. 2023
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