Английская Википедия:Battle of Osijek

The Battle of Osijek (Шаблон:Lang-sh) was the artillery bombardment of the Croatian city of Osijek by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) which took place from August 1991 to June 1992 during the Croatian War of Independence. Shelling peaked in late November and December 1991, then diminished in 1992 after the Vance plan was accepted by the combatants. Airstrikes and attacks by JNA infantry and armored units against targets in the city accompanied the bombardment, which caused approximately 800 deaths and resulted in a large portion of the city's population leaving. Croatian sources estimated that 6,000 artillery shells were fired against Osijek over the period.

After the JNA captured Vukovar on 18 November 1991, Osijek was the next target for its campaign in Croatia. The JNA units subordinated to the 12th (Novi Sad) Corps, supported by the Serb Volunteer Guard, achieved modest advances in late November and early December, capturing several villages south of Osijek, but the Croatian Army maintained its defensive front and limited the JNA's advances.

In the aftermath of the Battle of Osijek, Croatian authorities charged thirteen JNA officers with war crimes against civilians, but no arrests have been made to date. Croatian authorities also charged the wartime commander of Osijek's defence, Branimir Glavaš, and five others with war crimes committed in the city in 1991. The five were convicted and received sentences ranging between eight and ten years, and as of March 2015, judicial proceedings against Glavaš are in progress.

Background

In 1990, following the electoral defeat of the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia, ethnic tensions worsened. The Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA) confiscated the weapons of Croatia's Territorial Defence (Teritorijalna obrana – TO) to minimize potential resistance.Шаблон:Sfn On 17 August 1990, the escalating tensions turned into open revolt by the Croatian Serbs.Шаблон:Sfn The revolt took place in the predominantly Serb-populated areas of the Dalmatian hinterland around Knin Шаблон:Sfn and in parts of the Lika, Kordun, Banovina regions and eastern Croatia.Шаблон:Sfn In January 1991, Serbia, supported by Montenegro and Serbia's provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo, made two unsuccessful attempts to obtain approval from the Yugoslav Presidency to deploy the JNA to disarm Croatian security forces.Шаблон:Sfn

After a bloodless skirmish between Serb insurgents and Croatian special police in March,Шаблон:Sfn the JNA itself, supported by Serbia and its allies, asked the federal Presidency to grant it wartime powers and declare a state of emergency. The request was denied on 15 March 1991,Шаблон:Sfn and the JNA came under the control of Serbian President Slobodan Milošević in the summer of 1991 as the Yugoslav federation started to fall apart.Шаблон:Sfn By the end of the month, the conflict had escalated, resulting in the first fatalities of the war.Шаблон:Sfn The JNA then stepped in to support the insurgents and prevent Croatian police from intervening.Шаблон:Sfn In early April, leaders of the Serb revolt in Croatia announced their intention to integrate the areas under their control with Serbia. The Government of Croatia considered this an act of secession.Шаблон:Sfn

Timeline

Файл:Map 3 - Croatia - Eastern Slavonia - September 1991 - January 1992.jpg

Map showing the fighting in eastern Slavonia, September 1991 – January 1992; Osijek is located in the bulge (salient) near the top of the map

The JNA intervened directly against Croatia for the first time on 3 July 1991, driving Croatian forces out of Baranja, north of the city of Osijek,Шаблон:Sfn and out of Erdut, Aljmaš and Dalj east of Osijek.Шаблон:Sfn The advance was followed by intermittent fighting around Osijek, Vukovar and Vinkovci.Шаблон:Sfn At several points, JNA positions approached to within several hundred yards of Osijek city limits.Шаблон:Sfn

The JNA units near Osijek were subordinated to the 12th (Novi Sad) Corps,Шаблон:Sfn commanded by Major General Andrija Biorčević.Шаблон:Sfn In the city itself, the JNA had several barracks which housed the 12th Proletarian Mechanised Brigade and the 12th Mixed Artillery Regiment.Шаблон:Sfn The 12th Proletarian Mechanised Brigade contained one of a handful battalions maintained by the JNA at full combat readiness.Шаблон:Sfn Osijek was established as their starting point in a planned westward offensive toward Našice and Bjelovar.Шаблон:Sfn

Croatian forces in the area were formally subordinated to the Operational Zone Command in Osijek headed by Colonel Karl Gorinšek.Шаблон:Sfn In practice, the city's defense was overseen by Branimir Glavaš, then head of the National Defence Office in Osijek, according to information presented at Glavaš trial in the 2000s. Glavaš formally became commander of city defenses on 7 December 1991.Шаблон:Sfn

Bombardment of the city

Файл:Osijek-2.JPG

Partially repaired bombardment damage in Osijek

The JNA first attacked Osijek by mortar fire on 31 July 1991,Шаблон:Sfn and heavily bombarded the city's center on 19 August 1991.Шаблон:Sfn The attacks came from positions north, east and south of Osijek,Шаблон:Sfn and were supported by JNA garrisons stationed in Osijek itself.Шаблон:Sfn On 7–9 September, an inconclusive battle was fought in Tenja, within Шаблон:Convert of the city.Шаблон:Sfn The JNA garrisons were besieged by Croatian forces in mid-September. After a barracks in the city centre was captured on 15 September 1991,Шаблон:Sfn the remaining JNA garrison tried to break through the Croatian troops besieging the barracks and, after heavy fighting, reached JNA positions south of Osijek on 17 September 1991.Шаблон:Sfn The intensity of the shelling increased thereafter, peaking through November and December. After a ceasefire was arranged in January 1992, following the acceptance of the Vance plan, the artillery attacks dropped off and became intermittent,Шаблон:Sfn and ceased by June.Шаблон:Sfn

During its height, the intensity of the bombardment was reported to reach as high as one shell per minute,Шаблон:Sfn and the artillery attacks were compounded by Yugoslav Air Force strikes against the city.Шаблон:Sfn According to Croatian sources, a total of 6,000 artillery shells were fired against Osijek in the period.Шаблон:Sfn Prior to the start of the bombardment, the civilian population of Osijek totaled 104,761 city residents and 129,792 municipal residents.Шаблон:Sfn These numbers were significantly reduced as civilians fled the fighting. It is estimated that only about a third of the population remained in the city by the end of November,Шаблон:Sfn with some sources placing the estimate even lower, suggesting that the population of the city was reduced to just 10,000 civilians during the most intense periods of the bombardment.Шаблон:Sfn Those who remained in Osijek through the fighting generally slept in bomb shelters.Шаблон:Sfn

Ground offensive

Шаблон:Location map many After JNA captured Vukovar on 18 November, the JNA 12th (Novi Sad) Corps, supported by the Serbian Ministry of Interior-trained Serb Volunteer Guard paramilitaries,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn started to advance west between Vinkovci and Osijek on 20 November.Шаблон:Sfn The city of Osijek appeared to be the next target of the JNA,Шаблон:Sfn which was later confirmed by General Života Panić, commander of the JNA 1st Military District.Шаблон:Sfn

On 21 November 1991, the JNA captured the villages of Stari Seleš, Novi Seleš and Ernestinovo situated approximately Шаблон:Convert south of Osijek. Laslovo, Шаблон:Convert south of Ernestinovo, was captured three days later. Those developments threatened Đakovo and pointed to the potential encirclement of Osijek.Шаблон:Sfn On 4 December 1991, the Special Envoy of Secretary-General of the United Nations Cyrus Vance visited Osijek to inspect the damage.Шаблон:Sfn

In early December, the JNA made modest advances, capturing Antunovac located Шаблон:Convert south of Osijek on 5 December 1991.Шаблон:Sfn On the same day, an armoured JNA force unsuccessfully attacked positions held by the Croatian 106th Brigade in Rosinjača Forest near Nemetin, approximately Шаблон:Convert east of Osijek.Шаблон:Sfn On 6 December, the JNA pushed Croatian troops out from Tenja,Шаблон:Sfn followed by a heavy attack against Osijek repulsed by the Croatian Army (Hrvatska vojska Шаблон:Ndash HV) on 7 December.Шаблон:Sfn On 11 December, HV personnel entered the frontline village of Paulin Dvor, less than Шаблон:Convert west of Ernestinovo,Шаблон:Sfn and summarily executed 19 civilians (18 Serbs and one Hungarian).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The JNA captured Paulin Dvor five days later, on 16 December,Шаблон:Sfn and attacked Osijek once again.Шаблон:Sfn The HV managed to contain the attack, though fighting continued south of Osijek until January 1992.Шаблон:Sfn

Operation Devil's Beam

Advances of the JNA north of Osijek threatened HV control of a narrow bridgehead held across the Drava River skirting the city's northern edge. By mid-December the bridgehead was reduced to a strip of land opposite Osijek, encompassing suburban settlements of Podravlje and Tvrđavica. In order to remove the threat, the HV launched an offensive codenamed Operation Devil's Beam (Шаблон:Lang-hr) on 17–18 December. The offensive, involving the 1st Battalion of the 135th Brigade, elements of the special forces Frankopan Battalion and the Osijek-based Orao special police unit, Drava River flotilla, artillery of the 106th Brigade,Шаблон:Sfn and personnel of the 4th Beli Manastir Police Station,Шаблон:Sfn successfully pushed the JNA north, across Stara Drava oxbow lake located approximately Шаблон:Convert north of Osijek.Шаблон:Sfn The JNA also withdrew from the village of Kopačevo towards Darda and Vardarac, but the HV did not have sufficient resources to exploit the development.Шаблон:Sfn The HV lost eight killed in the offensive,Шаблон:Sfn but the JNA's advance towards Osijek from the north was halted.Шаблон:Sfn

Aftermath

By June 1992, approximately 800 people had been killed by the bombardment.Шаблон:Sfn By the end of the Croatian War of Independence in 1995, a total of 1,724 people from Osijek had been killed, including 1,327 soldiers and 397 civilians.Шаблон:Sfn The city itself suffered great damage during the war, with the bulk of direct damage occurring as a consequence of the 1991–92 bombardment.Шаблон:Sfn Direct war damage sustained by the city was estimated at a total of US$1.3 billion.Шаблон:Sfn The damage was regularly recorded by 400 volunteers during the bombardment.Шаблон:Sfn

Although media reported on the bombardment of Osijek, journalists in the city itself felt that it was receiving an unduly low level of media coverage compared to wartime events elsewhere in Croatia.Шаблон:Sfn The attacks on Osijek were welcomed by the Pravoslavlje newspaper published by the Serbian Orthodox Church, which appeared to give a blessing to the attack as a part of a "holy war", setting it in the context of World War II massacres and concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia.Шаблон:Sfn

The JNA withdrew from Croatia in 1992, but continued to contribute personnel and equipment to the Army of the Republic of Serbian Krajina (ARSK) which controlled the areas previously held by the JNA.Шаблон:Sfn Although the United Nations Protection Force peacekeepers deployed to the area on the basis of the Vance plan and placed most of the ARSK heavy weapons in storage,Шаблон:Sfn Osijek was intermittently bombarded throughout the war—the last artillery strike occurred in September 1995.Шаблон:Sfn The hostilities ceased in November 1995 through the Erdut Agreement securing restoration of Croatian rule in the region.Шаблон:Sfn

In November 2010, then-Croatian President Ivo Josipović officially apologized for the Paulin Dvor massacre, shortly after his Serbian counterpart Boris Tadić issued a formal apology for the massacre at Vukovar.Шаблон:Sfn

War crime trials

In 2008, Croatian authorities formally charged Colonel Boro Ivanović, commanding officer of the JNA 12th Proletarian Mechanised Brigade, and twelve other JNA officers with war crimes against the civilian population. The charges include causing the deaths of 307 civilians in Osijek and surrounding areas, injuries to another 171 civilians, and the destruction of at least 1,188 different structures. Шаблон:As of, all of the indicted officers remain at large in Serbia.Шаблон:Sfn

In 2005, the Osijek District Court convicted former Croatian soldier Nikola Ivanković for his involvement in the killings at Paulin Dvor, and sentenced him to 15 years in prison. In 2012, Enes Vitesković was also convicted for his involvement in the atrocity, and given an eleven-year sentence.Шаблон:Sfn

After the war, five Croatian fighters were charged and convicted of eleven counts of murder, one of attempted murder, and one of torture of Serb civilians found in the JNA barracks, which surrendered on 15 September 1991. They received prison sentences of between five and eight years. Glavaš, who was tried alongside them for the same crimes, received a ten-year sentence.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Before the conviction became final in 2009, and to avoid extradition, Glavaš fled to Bosnia and Herzegovina, where he had granted citizenship. His sentence was reduced to eight years and became final in 2010, when he was arrested and imprisoned in Bosnia and Herzegovina.Шаблон:Sfn In January 2015, the conviction was set aside by the Constitutional Court of Croatia, pending a new trial before the Supreme Court of Croatia.Шаблон:Sfn

Footnotes

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References

Books

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Английская Википедия:Battle of Osijek

Содержание

Background

Timeline

Bombardment of the city

Ground offensive

Operation Devil's Beam

Aftermath

War crime trials

Footnotes

References

Further reading

Навигация

Действия на странице

Действия на странице

Персональные инструменты

Навигация

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Инструменты