Английская Википедия:Battle of Perehonivka

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use American English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox military conflict The Battle of Perehonivka (Шаблон:Lang-uk) or Battle of Peregonovka (Шаблон:Lang-ru) was a September 1919 military conflict in which the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine defeated the Volunteer Army. After retreating west across Ukraine for four months and 600 kilometers, the Insurgent Army turned east and surprised the Volunteer Army. The Insurgent Army reclaimed its capital of Huliaipole within ten days.

Background

In mid-June 1919, Andrei Shkuro, the commander of the Kuban Cossacks, took advantage of the discord between the Bolsheviks and Ukrainian anarchists to raid the Insurgent capital of Huliaipole, forcing the Insurgent Army into a retreat towards right-bank Ukraine.Шаблон:Sfnm The Insurgent Army fell back hundreds of kilometers to the west, eventually reaching Kherson, then under the control of the Otaman Nykyfor Hryhoriv.Шаблон:Sfnm Their alliance with him did not last long, as the Insurgents assassinated him for his connections with the White movement and his participation in antisemitic pogroms.Шаблон:Sfnm Strengthened by defectors from the Red Army, which had since fled Ukraine,Шаблон:Sfnm the reconsolidated Insurgent Army launched a series of attacks behind the White lines.Шаблон:Sfnm

The Volunteer Army commander Yakov Slashchov responded with his own offensive into the insurgents' rear, rescuing a White division that had been trapped at Novoukrainka, but a counter-attack forced them back to Pomichna, causing 300 White casualties and "sowing panic" within the White ranks.Шаблон:Sfn They resolved to attack the following day, causing the insurgents to retreat towards Uman and allowing the Whites to recover 400 POWs and three artillery cannons.Шаблон:Sfn The insurgents continued their retreat for two weeks, carrying with them 8,000 wounded and sick people, while engaging in daily skirmishes with the Whites. When the arrived at Uman, they found it in the hands of the Ukrainian People's Republic, who offered them neutral ground for their wounded to be treated on. While dug in outside of Uman, at the village of Шаблон:Ill, the outnumbered, surrounded and ill-equipped Insurgent Army decided that they had retreated far enough and began to ready themselves for a counteroffensive.Шаблон:Sfnm

Battle

On 22 September, the Whites attacked the surrounded insurgents at Шаблон:Ill, intending to finally annihilate them.Шаблон:Sfnm The Insurgents surveyed their prospective battlefield: it was a hilled area, characterized by its deep ravines, bordered by the Syniukha river in the east and the Шаблон:Ill river in the west, each of which were surrounded by dense forests and could only be crossed at the northern city of Novoarkhanhelsk or the southern village of Шаблон:Ill.Шаблон:Sfn The Insurgents thus deployed their units in the forests and claimed the high ground, east of Krutenkoe and Rogovo, where they prepared for the White assault.Шаблон:Sfnm

Meanwhile, the Шаблон:Ill advanced along the center line towards Perehonivka and Шаблон:Ill's units advanced along the right flank towards Uman, causing the two detachments to lose contact. Despite sustained bombardment by Insurgent artillery, the White advance over the subsequent days managed to drive the insurgents from the high ground, although poor coordination by the Whites left their flanks exposed, allowing the Insurgents to regain some ground by 25 September.Шаблон:Sfn

The following day, Sklyarov occupied Uman, opening up a wide gap between his units and those of the Simferopol Regiment, which now found itself isolated at Rogovo. The insurgent commander Nestor Makhno used the opportunity to regroup on the right-bank of the Iatran, positioning his forces opposite the weakened right flank of the Simferopol Regiment.Шаблон:Sfn Makhno gave his ill-equipped and exhausted troops a rousing speech, declaring that their 600-kilometer retreat was over and now "the real war was about to begin."Шаблон:Sfn

That evening, an insurgent brigade carried out a feint attack against the White positions at Krutenkoe, drawing the Whites westward after a light skirmish, allowing the Insurgent Army itself to move back east.Шаблон:Sfnm In the early hours of the morning, the insurgents detonated some explosives to signal the beginning of their attack.Шаблон:Sfn The battle commenced at 03:00, with the Whites quickly gaining the upper hand and forcing the insurgents back to the outskirts of Perehonivka, where the insurgent staff readied their last stand at 09:00.Шаблон:Sfn The tide of the battle turned in the insurgents' favor when Makhno led his sotnia in a flanking maneuver against the White positions, charging the much larger enemy force with sabres and fighting them in close quarters combat, which forced the Whites into a retreat.Шаблон:Sfnm Makhno then led the pursuit of the retreating Whites, decisively routing the enemy forces.Шаблон:Sfnm

After insurgent infantry pushed the White's machine gun companies back into the forest near Konenkovato, they found themselves surrounded by insurgents and peppered by insurgent artillery fire.Шаблон:Sfn The Whites fell back to the Syniukha river, with one regiment going as far as Lysa Hora, abandoning the others to the insurgent assault.Шаблон:Sfn The White colonel Шаблон:Ill reported that the retreat was constantly under attack by the insurgents, leading to a breakdown in the chain of command, with the Whites using what little ammunition they had remaining to repel the insurgent cavalry.Шаблон:Sfn

Harassed by the insurgent cavalry and running low on ammunition, the Whites retreated towards Ternivka but were unable to reach it. Having sustained heavy losses, some White units attempted a crossing of the Syniukha river at Burakivka under heavy fire, with some of their men drowning.Шаблон:Sfn In desperation, Almendinger's unit was forced to swim across the river and fall back to Novoukrainka, having sustained heavy losses, with barely 100 men remaining out of 6 companies. The final line of retreat was covered by a battalion of 60 men under the command of Шаблон:Ill, who shot himself after his men were all killed in a hail of insurgent machine gun fire and sabre charges.Шаблон:Sfnm

Aftermath

Map showing the Makhnovshchina under the control of most of southern and eastern Ukraine

Map showing the full extent of Makhnovist territory in Ukraine, following the Battle of Perehonivka.

The White defeat at Perehonivka marked the turning point for the entire civil war, with a number of White officers remarking in that moment: "It's over."Шаблон:Sfn In the wake of the battle, the Insurgent Army split up in order to capitalize on their victory and capture as much territory as possible.Шаблон:Sfnm In just over a week, the insurgents had occupied a vast territory in southern and eastern Ukraine, including the major cities of Kryvyi Rih, Yelysavethrad, Nikopol, Melitopol, Oleksandrivsk, Berdiansk, Mariupol and the insurgent capital of Huliaipole.Шаблон:Sfnm

By 20 October, the insurgents had occupied the southern stronghold of Katerynoslav,Шаблон:Sfnm taken full control of the regional rail network and blocked the Allied ports on the southern coast.Шаблон:Sfn As the Whites had now been cut off from their supply lines, the advance on Moscow was halted only 200 kilometers outside of the Russian capital, with the Cossack forces of Konstantin Mamontov and Andrei Shkuro being diverted back towards Ukraine.Шаблон:Sfnm Mamontov's 25,000-strong detachment quickly forced the insurgents to fall back from the sea of Azov, relinquishing control of the port cities of Berdiansk and Mariupol. Nevertheless, the insurgents maintained control of the Dnieper and continued on to capture the cities of Pavlohrad, Synelnykove and Chaplyne.Шаблон:Sfn

In the historiography of the Russian Civil War, the Insurgent victory at Perehonivka has been attributed to the decisive defeat of Anton Denikin's forces and more broadly to the outcome of the war itself.Шаблон:Sfn

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book

Further reading

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Telitsyn, V. L. (1998). Нестор Махно. Историческая хроника [Néstor Majnó. Crónica histórica] (in Russian). Smolensk: РУСИЧ [RUSICH].
• Tymoshchuk, Olexandr Valentínovich (1996). Анархо-коммунистические формирования Н. Махно: сентябрь 1917-август 1921 г [Formación anarcomunista de N. Majnó: septiembre de 1917-agosto de 1921] (in Russian). Simferopol: Tavria. Шаблон:ISBN.
• Шаблон:Cite book