Английская Википедия:Battle of Ronas Voe

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy datesШаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Infobox military conflict

The Battle of Ronas Voe was a naval engagement between the English Royal Navy and the Dutch East India ship Wapen van Rotterdam on 14 March 1674 in Ronas Voe, Shetland as part of the Third Anglo-Dutch War. Having occurred 23 days after the signing of the Treaty of Westminster, it is likely to have been the final battle of the Third Anglo-Dutch War.

Shortly after embarking on a journey towards the Dutch East Indies with trade goods and a company of soldiers, extreme weather conditions caused Wapen van Rotterdam to lose its masts and rudder and it was forced to take shelter in Ronas Voe for a number of months. A whistleblower in Shetland informed the English authorities of the ship's presence, and in response three Royal Navy men-of-war and a dogger were dispatched to capture the ship. After a short battle, the ship was captured and taken back to England as a prize of war.

An unknown number of up to 300 of the ship's crew were killed in the battle and were buried nearby in Heylor. A modern memorial to the Dutch crew is erected where they are believed to be buried, bearing the inscription "The Hollanders' Graves".

Background

Файл:NL-HaNA 2.22.24 HCA30-1064 0452b(1).jpg
An English language letter dated 24 November 1673, taken from aboard Wapen van Rotterdam, the first part of which explains the situation of the war which the ship may have been unfamiliar with upon their return from Batavia. It gives permission to the ship's crew to "use all hoſtilitie and dammage to French and Engliſh."

Wapen van RotterdamШаблон:Efn-lr was an East Indiaman with a capacity of 1,124 tonsШаблон:Sfn and between 60Шаблон:Sfn and 70Шаблон:Sfn guns. On 16 December 1673, it departed the Texel bound for the Dutch East IndiesШаблон:Sfn with both trade goods and a company of soldiers from the Dutch East India Company's private army, along with an army captain.Шаблон:Sfn The ship itself was captained by Jacob Martens Cloet.

To avoid conflict with the English (with whom, due to the Third Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch were at war), rather than passing through the English Channel, the ship was directed northwards where the plan would be to sail around the north of the British Isles (known as "going north about", which was commonly practised by Dutch East India ships at that time),Шаблон:Sfn before heading southwards again.Шаблон:Sfn Due to the extreme weather conditions in its journey northwards, the ship lost its masts and rudder,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and southerly winds prevented the ship from being able to pass through either the Pentland Firth or the Fair Isle Channel, so the ship was (probably with considerable difficulty)Шаблон:Sfn taken into Ronas Voe in the north-west of Northmavine, Mainland, Shetland to shelter until the weather improved,Шаблон:Sfn and to allow the ship to be repaired.Шаблон:Sfn The voe (Shetland dialect for an inlet, firth or fjord)Шаблон:Sfn forms a crescent shape around Ronas Hill, which would have allowed the ship to lie sheltered regardless of the direction of the wind.Шаблон:Sfn A combination of prevailing southerly winds,Шаблон:Sfn and, presumably, a scarcity of suitable wood available in Shetland at that time to replace its mastsШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn-lr prevented the ship from continuing its journey, and as such it remained in Ronas Voe until March 1674.Шаблон:Sfn

During their stay, the crew of the ship would have most likely traded Dutch goods such as Hollands gin and tobacco (and perhaps also goods on the ship originally destined for the Dutch East Indies) with the Shetlanders, in exchange for local foodstuffs available at that time, such as kale,Шаблон:Sfn meal and mutton – either fresh or reestit.Шаблон:Sfn The Shetlanders probably would have had quite a lot in common with the Dutch.Шаблон:Sfn The native language of the local Shetlanders at that time would have been Norn, though English would have been understood and used fluently by most.Шаблон:Sfn Many Shetlanders (of both the affluent and Commoners) were also fluent in Dutch, despite never having never left Shetland, due to the amount of trade done by Dutch ships in Shetland's ports.Шаблон:Sfn

From 1603, the Kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland had all shared the same monarch with the Union of the Crowns, who by 1674 was Charles II. As such, Scotland was actively involved in the Third Anglo-Dutch War, despite not being included in the conflict's name.Шаблон:Sfn Shetland, being a part of the Kingdom of Scotland, was therefore at war with the Dutch, however the local Shetland residents of Heylor and adjacent areas in direct contact with the Dutch may not have been aware of the conflict, and would not have considered the visitors as "enemies".Шаблон:Sfn A letter must have been sent by someone with an understanding of the political situation (most likely a laird, minister, merchant, or some other member of the gentry in Shetland) to inform the authorities of the Dutch ship's presence,Шаблон:Sfn and that it could not proceed due to it losing its masts and rudder.Шаблон:Sfn As a result, a total of four Royal Navy ships – HMS Cambridge,Шаблон:Sfn captained by Arthur Herbert (later the Earl of Torrington);Шаблон:Sfn HMS Newcastle,Шаблон:Sfn captained by John Wetwang (later Sir John Wetwang);Шаблон:Sfn HMS Crown,Шаблон:Sfn captained by Richard Carter;Шаблон:Sfn and Dove,Шаблон:Sfn captained by Abraham HyattШаблон:Sfn – were ordered to set sail for Shetland and to capture the ship.

Call to arms

Rendition of HMS Newcastle by Willem van de Velde, 1676
HMS Newcastle, one of the English men-of-war sent to capture Wapen van Rotterdam. Drawing by Willem van de Velde, 1676.

Captain Herbert (Cambridge) was the first to receive his orders in a letter sent Шаблон:OldStyleDate by the Royal Navy's Chief Secretary to the Admiralty Samuel Pepys.Шаблон:Sfn He stated the orders were "at the desire of the Royal Highness", and stressed that the orders were to be carried out swiftly, as the Treaty of Westminster concluding the war was expected to be published within eight days, and any subsequent hostilities were to last no longer than twelve days.Шаблон:Sfn The Treaty of Westminster had in fact been signed two days prior to this letter being sent, and was ratified in England the day before the letter was sent.Шаблон:Sfn

The following day letters were sent to both Captains Wetwang (Newcastle) and Carter (Crown) enclosing the same orders.Шаблон:Sfn Pepys also wrote again to Captain Herbert (Cambridge) to convey he had arranged for a pilot knowledgeable of Shetland's coast to be sent to him, as well as to inform him that Crown and Dove would accompany his ship.Шаблон:Sfn

On Шаблон:OldStyleDateNY Captain Herbert (Cambridge) wrote to Pepys to inform him that neither the pilot nor Dove had yet arrived. Pepys replied on Шаблон:OldStyleDateNY to say he had sent instruction to hasten the pilot, and had enquired into Dove's delay.Шаблон:Sfn

On Шаблон:OldStyleDateNY Captain Taylor stationed at Harwich wrote to Pepys to inform him that Cambridge and Crown had passed by on their way to Shetland.Шаблон:Sfn The same day, Pepys replied to a letter from Carter (Crown) to inform him that his five weeks' supply of victuals were enough to support his crew until their return from Shetland.Шаблон:Sfn

On Шаблон:OldStyleDateNY, Dove was wrecked on the coast of Northumberland on the journey northwards, leaving the three remaining ships to continue towards Shetland.Шаблон:Sfn

Battle

Файл:Battle of Ronas Voe Bar Shot.jpg
Bar shot fired during the Battle of Ronas Voe, discovered by Jack Edwardson in Heylor. Held by Shetland Museum & Archives.Шаблон:Sfn

The battle is commonly reported to have occurred in February 1674,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn however the only known extant contemporary report of the battle indicates that it occurred on Шаблон:OldStyleDate.Шаблон:Sfn This was one day after Pepys' original twenty day deadline for the completion of his orders sent to Captain Herbert,Шаблон:Sfn and 23 days after the signing of the Treaty of Westminster.Шаблон:Sfn

Upon their arrival, Cambridge, Newcastle and Crown entered Ronas Voe, where a short, one-sided battle ensued.Шаблон:Sfn While a single East Indiaman might have stood a chance, however small, against three much more manoeuvrable men-of-war on open seas, in the confined space of Ronas Voe and most likely still without replacement masts (evidenced by the fact the ship had not left Ronas Voe), Wapen van Rotterdam was completely outmatched.Шаблон:Sfn

It is recorded that Newcastle captured Wapen van Rotterdam, and it was taken back to England as a prize of war.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A contemporary Dutch newspaper reported that while 400 crew were originally on board Wapen van Rotterdam, later only 100 prisoners were being transported by Crown,Шаблон:Sfn suggesting up to 300 crew may have been killed, although additional prisoners might have been transported on the other English ships. Those killed in the battle were buried nearby in Heylor.Шаблон:Sfn Both Cloet and the army captain survived the battle and were taken back to England with the rest of the surviving crew.Шаблон:Sfn

Aftermath

Crown took aboard one hundred Dutch prisoners. When the ship returned to England, it experienced extremely bad weather (in which it was reported that 10 valuable ships between Great Yarmouth and Winterton-on-Sea had to be stranded, some of which were destroyed) and was unable to land before it reached Dover on Шаблон:OldStyleDate.Шаблон:Sfn Samuel Pepys wrote to Captain Carter (Crown) on Шаблон:OldStyleDateNY, telling him "His Majesty and his Royal Highness are well pleased with his account of the good success of the Cambridge and Newcastle."Шаблон:Sfn The ships returned to the Downs by Шаблон:OldStyleDateNY.Шаблон:Sfn Pepys wrote to Captain Herbert (Cambridge) on Шаблон:OldStyleDateNY and passed on that the Lords had commented, "Long may the civility which you mention of the Dutch to his Majesty's ships continue."Шаблон:Sfn

Captain Wetwang directed the Dutch ship to Harwich on Шаблон:OldStyleDateNY en route to the River Thames.Шаблон:Sfn The remaining Dutch crew were put ashore in Harwich, after which Cloet and the army captain set sail back to the Dutch Republic in a packet boat.Шаблон:Sfn Before departing, the Dutch captains valued Wapen van Rotterdam (and presumably also the trade goods on board) at approximately £50,000Шаблон:Sfn – Шаблон:Inflation. In June the same year, the Lord Privy Seal Arthur Annesley asked the Principal Commissioners of Prizes and the Lord High Treasurer to award Captain Wetwang £500 – Шаблон:Inflation – for his capture of the ship and its safe return to the Thames. This prize was to be funded from the sale of the goods aboard the ship, or if the value raised was insufficient to fund this prize, the Privy Seal instructed the Lord High Treasurer "to find out some other proper way for payment thereof, as a free gift."Шаблон:Sfn

Letters carried by Wapen van Rotterdam were captured, and still survive in the English admiralty archives. They were partly published in 2014.Шаблон:Sfn

Goods put up for sale

On Шаблон:OldStyleDate, many of the goods aboard the ship were put up for sale at the East India House, City of London:

Item Quantity Notes Maximum total sale valueШаблон:Efn-lr Source
English Metric equivalent

(approx)

1674 value Equivalent value

(Шаблон:Inflation/year)

£ s d
Scarlet 229 yards 209 Metres 148 17 0 £Шаблон:Inflation Шаблон:Sfn
Crimson cloth 234 yards 214 metres 140 8 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Crimson cloth 209 yards 191 metres 83 12 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Red cloth 223 yards 204 metres 78 1 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Scarlet and crimson cloth 41 yards 37 metres 3 remnants 20 10 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Amber 2 small cases
Mum brown Hollands beer 180 barrels 28,281 Litres Sale programme states "or what it is" 120 0 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Spanish wine 10 leadgers and 1 puncheon Sale programme states "or what it is"
Rhenish wine 8 leadgers
Vinegar 21 puncheons 6,636 – 6,720 litres 84 0 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Rack 5 rundlets 340 litres 6 0 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Butter 4 firkins 100 Kilograms In barrels of pickle 4 12 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Oil 15 rundlets 1,020 litres 27 0 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Malay language New Testaments 220 11 0 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Small Books 6 bundles 6 13 8 £Шаблон:Inflation
Prayer books 283
Rushes 150 bundles 1 17 6 £Шаблон:Inflation
Prunes 10 drum hogsheads and 1 butt
Glue 2 tierces 316–320 litres
Spruce beer 40 gallons 185 litres Among 3 rundlets 5 0 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Isinglass 2 cases
Round shaves 47 1 11 4 £Шаблон:Inflation Шаблон:Sfn
Howells 42 1 1 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Percers 192 2 8 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Gilt leaf 5 boxes 1 0 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Iron plates 100
Tew irons cast for bellows 20
Beak irons for smiths 5
Pairs of wooden screws 1 1 0 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Copper Kettles 23
Copper plates or bottoms 21
Pairs of pinchers 75 0 18 9 £Шаблон:Inflation
Drills 2 0 5 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Small Brushes 100 0 12 6 £Шаблон:Inflation
Carpenters' brass compasses 156 With iron points 6 10 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Iron collars or turners 3 0 9 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Handvices 36 1 16 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Brass cocks 30 1 10 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Small cabin Bells 30
Sea compasses 49 6 2 6 £Шаблон:Inflation
Square Glasses for compasses 34 0 4 3 £Шаблон:Inflation
Cards for compasses 72 1 4 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Round glasses for compasses 18 0 1 6 £Шаблон:Inflation
Half-hour glasses 46 0 15 4 £Шаблон:Inflation
Cardis 1 chest 1 11 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Wormwood 1 chest 1 11 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Roots 1 cask In sand 1 11 0 £Шаблон:Inflation
Empty cases lined with sheet lead 4 1 11 0 £Шаблон:Inflation

Remaining goods

Those goods still remaining on the ship following the sale, along with the sails and cables not offered for sale were catalogued and stored at his Majesties stores in Woolwich Dockyard by Шаблон:OldStyleDate:

Goods
Item Quantity Notes Total estimated weight Source
English Metric

kg

cwt qr lbs
Nails 98 Barrels 601 0 14 30,539 Шаблон:Sfn
Holland's duck canvas 82 bales 17,712 Yards (16.2 kilometres)
Fine canvas 5 bales 1,292 yards (1,181 metres)
Beef 1 puncheon Damaged
Butter 9 casks 31 1 10 1,592
Butter 4 small casks 0 0 280 127
Pork 32 casks 105 1 20 5,356
Rosin 40 barrels 153 0 16 7,780
Pitch 25 barrels 90 2 21 4,607
Tar 77 barrels 281 0 4 14,277
Tallow 8 casks 47 2 13 2,419
Grout 25 Hogsheads
Grout & pea gravel mix 13 hogsheads
Grout 13 butts, pipes and puncheons
Rusk 53 casks
Pea gravel Twelve hogsheads
Oil 4 Rundlets
Twine 10 3 12 552
Sail needles 2400
Herbs 3 chests Damaged
Hogs' Bristles 2 casks 10 1 13 527
Swines 2 casks
Leather 100 backs
Grindstones 39
Blacking 255 barrels
Housing and marlings Damaged, 1,345 small lines 13 1 7 676
Ram block with 4 brass Sheaves 1 Containing 4 Fathoms 11 Inches (7.59 metres)
Ram block with lignum vities 11 Containing 21 fathoms 10 inches (38.66 metres)
Block with ash sheaves 63 Containing 67 fathoms (122.5 metres)
Anchors 2 55 1 2 2,808
Anchor 1 6 0 24 316
Grapnels 2 1 1 10 68
Flour 2 casks 3 0 23 163
Small cordage 197 coils 152 1 16 7,742 Шаблон:Sfn
Sails
Sail Size Material Condition Source
English Metric
Width

(cloths)

Depth

(yards)

Width

(metres)Шаблон:Efn-lr

Depth

(metres)Шаблон:Efn-lr

Bonnet 29 1 ¾ 53 1.5 Duck canvas ½ worn Шаблон:Sfn
Topsail 21 14 38 12.75 Duck canvas
Mizzen sail 12 14 22 12.75 Duck canvas
Spritsail 22 5 ½ 40 5 ½ worn
Foresail 29 8 ¼ 53 7.5 20 yards damaged
Main canvas 33 10 ¼ 60 9.25
Studding sail 7 16 ¾ 13 15.25 Small canvas
Mainsail (piece) 15 9 27 8.25 ⅓ worn
Mizzen topsail 13 7 ¾ 24 7 Small canvas
Boat sail 5 ½ 9 ½ 10 8.75 Duck canvas
Boat sail 5 8 9 7.25 Small canvas
Mizzen sail 11 ½ 17 21 15.5 Duck canvas ½ worn Шаблон:Sfn
Topsail 15 8 27 7.25
Topsail 12 7 ¾ 22 7 Small canvas
Bonnet 29 1 ¾ 53 1.5 Duck canvas
Boat sail 2 ½ 7 5 6.5 Duck canvas
Course sail 24 8 ½ 44 7.75 Duck canvas ½ worn
Staysail 9 ½ 10 17 9.25 Duck canvas New
Bonnet 29 2 53 1.75 Duck canvas New
Topsail 15 9 27 8.25 Small cloth ¾ worn
Course sail (piece) 5 8 9 7.25 Duck canvas
Topsail 13 7 ½ 24 6.75 ½ small canvas
Awning (piece) 5 11 9 10 Duck canvas ½ worn
Cables
Item Size Notes Source
English Metric
Circumference

(Inches)

Length

(Fathoms)

Diameter

(mm)

Length

(m)

Shroud hawser 8 92 65 168 Шаблон:Sfn
8 66 65 121
8 93 65 170
7 ½ 93 61 170
8 91 65 166
Cable 9 ¾ 88 79 161
9 ½ 87 77 159
11 87 89 159
11 89 89 163
10 ½ 90 85 165
11 ½ 86 93 157
8 ¾ 87 71 159
8 ¾ 90 71 165
8 ½ 90 69 165
8 ½ 93 69 170
8 ½ 89 69 163
9 94 73 172
9 89 73 163
10 ½ 9 85 16
7 ½ 174 61 318
9 27 73 49
7 ½ 86 61 157
8 87 65 159
12 86 97 157
11 94 89 172
13 90 105 165
13 90 105 165
15 87 121 159
17 86 137 157
15 ½ 90 125 165
16 47 129 86
16 ½ 88 133 161
20 89 162 163
20 89 162 163 Шаблон:Sfn
Rope with 4 strands 5 ½ 53 44 97
Tacks Two pieces
Warp 5 69 40 126
Shot 21 265 170 485 ⅓ worn
Tack
Tack ½ worn

Fate of Wapen van Rotterdam

Wapen van Rotterdam was renamed HMS Arms of Rotterdam and was refitted as an unarmed hulk. In 1703 Arms of Rotterdam was broken down in Chatham.Шаблон:Sfn

The Hollanders' Graves

Файл:The Hollanders' Graves 01.jpg
The Hollanders' Graves

The site where the bodies of those killed in the battle were buried is known as the Hollanders' Knowe, and the site is marked by a small granite cairn with a plaque that reads "The Hollanders' Graves". These are likely to be the first War graves recorded in Shetland.Шаблон:Sfn

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist-lr

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

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