Английская Википедия:Battle of Spion Kop

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The Battle of Spioen Kop (Шаблон:Lang-nl; Шаблон:Lang-af) was a military engagement between British forces and two Boer Republics, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State, during the campaign by the British to relieve the besieged city Ladysmith during the initial months of the Second Boer War. The battle was fought 23–24 January 1900 on the hilltop of Spioen Kop⁽¹⁾, about Шаблон:Convert west-southwest of Ladysmith and resulted in a Boer victory.

Prelude

Planning and crossing the Tugela

General Sir Redvers Buller, VC, commander of the British forces in Natal, was attempting to relieve a British force besieged in Ladysmith. The Boers under General Louis Botha held the Tugela River against him. Although Botha's men were outnumbered, they were mostly equipped with modern Mauser rifles and up-to-date field guns, and had carefully entrenched their positions. In late December, 1899, Buller made a frontal assault on the Boer positions at the Battle of Colenso. The result was a heavy British defeat.

Over the next few weeks, Buller received further reinforcements, and also acquired sufficient carts and transport to operate away from the railway line which was his main supply line. Buller devised a new plan of attack to relieve Ladysmith. His army was to launch a two-pronged offensive designed to cross the Tugela River at two points and create a bridgehead. They would then attack the defensive line that blocked Buller's advance to Ladysmith. The area was only Шаблон:Convert from Ladysmith. Buller delegated control of his main force to General Sir Charles Warren, to cross at Trichardt's Drift. Buller would then send a second smaller force, under Major-General Neville Lyttelton to attack east of Warren's force as a diversion at Potgieter's Drift. Once across the Tugela the British would attack the Boer defensive positions and then cross the open plains to relieve Ladysmith.

Warren's force numbered 11,000 infantry, 2,200 cavalry, and 36 field guns. (2nd and 5th Divisions) The Order of Battle for the British were: Cavalry Brigade, commanded by the Earl of Dundonald comprised: 1st Royal Dragoons, 13th Hussars, Bethune's Mounted Infantry, Thorneycroft's Mounted Infantry, Natal Carbineers, South African Light Horse, Imperial Light Horse, Imperial Light Infantry and the Natal Police. Second Division, commanded by Lt.-Genl. Sir C.F. Clery comprised: Second Brigade commanded by Maj-Genl. Hildyard: 2nd East Surreys, 2nd West Yorks, 2nd Devons, 2nd Queens, West Surreys. The 4th Brigade commanded by Maj-Genl Lyttleton: 1st Rifle Brigade, 1st Durham Light Infantry, 3rd King's Royal Rifle Corps and the 2nd Scottish Rifles. The Third Division: Fifth Irish Brigade, commanded by Maj.-Genl. Hart: 1st Inniskilling Fusilliers, 1st Connaught Rangers, 1st Royal Dublin Fusilliers, 1st Border Regiment. Sixth Fusillier Brigade commanded by Maj.-Genl. Barton: 2nd Royal Fusilliers, 2nd Royal Scots Fusilliers, 1st Royal Welch Fusilliers, 2nd Royal Irish Fusilliers, a squadron of the 14th Hussars, 63rd, 64th and 73rd Batteries Royal Field Artillery. Fifth Division, commanded by Lt.-Genl. Sir Charles Warren: 10th Brigade (Maj.-Genl. Coke, 2nd Dorset Regiment, 2nd Middlesex Regiment. The 11th Brigade, commanded by Maj.-Genl. Woodgate: 2nd King's Royal Lancaster Regiment, 2nd Lancashire Fusilliers, 1st Lancashire Regiment, 1st York and Lancashire Regiment, 19th, 20th and 28th Batteries Royal Field Artillery. Corps troops: 2nd Royal Dublin Fusilliers, 2nd Somerset Light Infantry, 61st Battery (Howitzers), Natal Battery with 9 pounders, Battery of six Royal Navy 12 pounders, 4th Mountain Battery, 4.7 inch Royal Navy guns. On the 11th they marched westward to cross the Little Tugela and take up position in front of Potgieter's Ferry. However their march was easily visible to the Boers, and so slow (due in part to the massive baggage trains necessary to British officers at the time – Warren's included a cast iron bathroom and well-equipped kitchen) that by the time they arrived at the Tugela, the Boers had entrenched a new position covering it. On the 18th British mounted troops under the Earl of Dundonald enterprisingly reached the extreme Boer right flank, from where there was little to stop them riding to Ladysmith, but Warren recalled them to guard the force's baggage. Once all his force had crossed the river, Warren sent part of the 2nd Division under Lieutenant-General Francis Clery against the Boer right flank positions on a plateau named Tabanyama. The Boers had once again entrenched a new position on the reverse slopes of the plateau, and Clery's attack made no progress. Meanwhile, the secondary British attack by Lyttelton at Potgieter's Drift had yet to commence in full.

Battle

Шаблон:More citations needed Spioen Kop, just northeast of Warren's force, was the largest hill in the region, being over Шаблон:Convert in height (relative height from its base). It lay almost exactly at the centre of the Boer line. If the British could capture this position and bring artillery to the hill then they would command the flanks of the surrounding Boer positions. On the night of 23 January, Warren sent the larger part of his force under Major-General Edward Woodgate to secure Spioen Kop. Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Thorneycroft was selected to lead the initial assault. (Thorneycroft was one of six "special service" officers, among who were also Robert Baden-Powell and Herbert Plumer, despatched to South Africa shortly before the war to recruit local irregular corps. Thorneycroft's mounted infantry were raised in Natal and numbered 360.)

The British climbed up the hill at night and in dense mist. They surprised the small Boer piquet and drove them off the kop at bayonet point. Of the 15 men in the Boer piquet, one was mortally wounded and his grave lies on the hill to this day. Ten British soldiers were wounded in the charge. The surviving Boers retreated down the hill to their camp waking up their fellow Boers by screaming "Die Engelse is op die kop!" (The English are on the hill!). A half-company of British sappers began to entrench the position with a mere 20 picks and 20 shovels (while almost 1,000 soldiers stood around idle) and Woodgate notified Warren of the successful capture of the hilltop.

As dawn broke, the British discovered that they held only the smaller and lower part of the hilltop of Spioen Kop, while the Boers occupied higher ground on three sides of the British position. The British had no direct knowledge of the topography of the summit and the darkness and fog had compounded the problem. Furthermore, the British trenches were inadequate for all defensive purposes. Because the summit of the kop was mostly hard rock, the trenches were at most Шаблон:Convert deep and provided an exceptionally poor defensive position – the British infantry in the trenches could not see over the crest of the plateau and the Boers were able to fire down the length of the crescent-shaped trench from the adjacent peaks.

The Boer generals were not unduly concerned by the news that the British had taken the kop. They knew that their artillery on Tabanyama could be brought to bear on the British position and that rifle fire could be brought to bear from parts of the kop not yet occupied by the British. However, the Boer generals also knew that sniping and artillery alone would not be sufficient to dislodge the British – and the Boer position was desperately vulnerable. If the British immediately established positions on Conical Hill and Aloe Knoll (the two unoccupied kopjes on the kop itself) they could bring their artillery to bear on Tabanyama, threatening the key Boer positions there. More importantly, there was a risk that the British would storm Trinity Peaks (Drielingkoppe) to the eastern end of Spioen Kop. If Twin Peaks fell, the British would be able to turn the Boers' left flank and annihilate the main Boer encampment. The Boer generals realised that Spioen Kop would have to be stormed quickly if certain defeat were to be averted.

The Boer artillery began to bombard the British position, dropping shells from the adjacent plateau of Tabanyama at a rate of ten rounds per minute. Meanwhile, Commandant Hendrik Prinsloo of the Carolina Commando captured Aloe Knoll and Conical Hill with some 88 men, while around 300 burghers, mainly of the Pretoria Commando, climbed the kop to frontal assault on the British position. Prinsloo told his men: "Burghers, we're now going in to attack the enemy and we shan't all be coming back. Do your duty and trust in the Lord." Minutes later, hundreds of Boers swarmed in to attack the British positions at the Spioen Kop crestline, much to the surprise of the British. It was very unusual for the Boers to launch a daytime massed attack quickly resulting in vicious, close-quarters combat. This was not a custom of the Boers' style of warfare. The British Lee–Metford and Lee–Enfield rifles were no less effective than the Boer Mauser rifles. However, the British excelled in close combat; albeit the surprise of the unusually direct Boer attack likely aided the Boer in the early stages of the engagement. Both sides exchanged fire at close range and engaged in hand-to-hand combat, with the British wielding fixed bayonets and the Boers wielding hunting knives and their own rifles used as bludgeons. After suffering serious losses, the Boer assault carried the crest line after several minutes of brutal hand-to-hand combat, but could advance no further. Шаблон:Citation needed

Over the next several hours, a kind of stalemate settled over the kop. The Boers had failed to drive the British from the kop, but the surviving men of the Pretoria and Carolina commando now held a firing line on Aloe Knoll from where they could enfilade the British position and the British were now under sustained bombardment from the Boer artillery. The British had failed to exploit their initial success, and the initiative now passed to the Boers. Шаблон:Citation needed

Файл:Spioenkop01.jpg

2008 view of Spioen Kop

Файл:Battles of the nineteenth century (1901) (14779947974).jpg

A sketch of the summits of Spioen Kop

Файл:Battle of Spion Kop Map.jpg

Battle of Spioen Kop map

Файл:Spioenkop2.jpg

Dead Boer sniper at Battle of Spioen Kop

Morale began to sag on both sides as the extreme heat, exhaustion and thirst took hold. On the one hand the Boers on the kop could see large numbers of burghers on the plains below them who refused to join the fight. A sense of betrayal, the bloody failure of the frontal assault, the indiscipline inherent in a civilian army and the apparent security of the British position proved too much for some Boers, who began to abandon their hard-won positions. On the other hand, the bombardment began to take its toll on the British. Woodgate fell at about 08:30, mortally wounded by a shell splinter. In quick succession, Colonel Blomfield of the Lancashire Fusiliers took command but was wounded soon after Woodgate's death, while the sappers' officer, Major H.H.Massy, and Woodgate's brigade major, Captain N.H. Vertue, were killed. Officers and men from different units were intermingled, and the British were now leaderless, confused and pinned down by the heavy Boer artillery and rifle fire. The British artillery, positioned lower down the slopes of Spioen Kop, were unable to hit back at the Boer guns. The British artillery was also missing their marks causing one soldier to remark in his diary of the events "our gunners, by the inaccuracy of their fire did far more damage to our front line of infantry than to the Boers!"

Colonel Malby Crofton of the Royal Lancasters took charge and semaphored a plea for help, "Reinforce at once or all is lost. General dead." After that the stunned colonel failed to exercise any leadership. Thorneycroft seems to have taken charge, leading a spirited counterattack that failed in the face of withering fire.

Warren had already dispatched Major-General John Talbot Coke's brigade of two regular battalions and the Imperial Light Infantry (raised in Durban) to reinforce the summit. However, he refused to launch an attack on Tabanyama and barred his guns from firing on Aloe Knoll, believing this to be part of the British position. At 11:40, Buller, who could see that things were not going well, suggested to Warren that Thorneycroft be appointed commander on the kop. The first runner to Thorneycroft was shot dead before he could utter a word. Finally, a second runner brought the news, "You are a general."

Winston Churchill was a journalist stationed in South Africa and had been commissioned as a lieutenant in the South African Light Horse by General Buller after his well-publicised escape from Boer captivity. Churchill acted as a courier to and from Spioen Kop and Buller's headquarters and made a statement about the scene: "Corpses lay here and there. Many of the wounds were of a horrible nature. The splinters and fragments of the shells had torn and mutilated them. The shallow trenches were choked with dead and wounded."

About 13:00, the situation proved too much for some men of the Lancashire Fusiliers who attempted to surrender. Thorneycroft personally intervened and shouted at the Boers who advanced to round up prisoners, "I'm the commandant here; take your men back to hell sir. I allow no surrenders." Fortunately for Thorneycroft, the first of the British reinforcements arrived at this moment. A vicious point-blank firefight ensued but the British line had been saved. At 14:30, Thorneycroft sent Warren a plea for reinforcements and water. Meanwhile, Coke never reached the summit. He saw Thorneycroft's message for help but then did nothing to assure the lieutenant colonel of his nearby presence or support.

The Middlesex Regiment and the Imperial Light Infantry, under Colonel Augustus Hill, who was senior to Thorneycroft in the army list and who also believed he was overall commander on the kop, held the British right for two and a half hours until a second crisis occurred when they too began to give way. The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) arrived at this point, and drove the Boers back with a bayonet charge. The fighting on the British right now became a stalemate.

In the morning, Warren had asked for reinforcements from Lyttelton's division, even though he had eleven battalions of his own to draw upon. Without asking Buller, Lyttelton sent two battalions toward Spioen Kop. One battalion, the King's Royal Rifle Corps, turned aside to attack Twin Peaks. After losing Lieutenant Colonel Riddell killed and 100 other casualties, the rifles cracked the thin Boer line and carried the double summit at 17:00.

Aftermath

Файл:Memorial-Edward Woodgate-001.jpg

Major-General Woodgate's cenopath monument on the Spioen Kop battlefield, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Shattered by the loss of Twin Peaks, General Schalk Willem Burger took his commando out of the battle line that night. On Spioen Kop, the Boers who had fought bravely since morning abandoned their positions as darkness fell. They were about to retreat, when Botha appeared and persuaded them to stay. The Boers, however, did not reclaim their positions, and unknown to Thorneycroft, the battle was as good as won. But Thorneycroft's nerve was also shattered. After sixteen hours on the kop doing the job of a brigadier-general in total absence of instructions from Warren, he ordered an unauthorised withdrawal from Spioen Kop after reporting that the soldiers had no water and ammunition was running short. His reasons for withdrawing were that without artillery support to counter the heavy Boer artillery fire, there was no possibility of defending the position and the extreme difficulty of digging trenches on the summit of Spioen Kop left the British soldiers completely exposed. Churchill appeared on the scene for the second time. This time he brought the first orders from Warren since he elevated Thorneycroft to brigadier. Churchill said 1,400 men were on the way with two large naval guns. Thorneycroft told him, "better six good battalions safely down the hill than a bloody mop-up in the morning." He ordered the brigade to retreat.

At the same time, Buller sent Lyttelton strict orders to recall his troops from Twin Peaks.

When morning came, the Boer generals were astonished to see two burghers on the top of Spioen Kop, waving their slouch-hats in triumph. The only British on the kop were the dead and the dying.

The British suffered 243 fatalities during the battle; many were buried in the trenches where they fell. Approximately 1,250 British were either wounded or captured. Mohandas Gandhi was a stretcher-bearer at the battle, in the Indian Ambulance Corps he had organised, and was decorated. The Boers suffered 335 casualties of which 68 were dead, including Commandant Prinsloo's commando casualties of 55 killed and wounded out of 88 men.

The British retreated back over the Tugela, but the Boers were too exhausted to pursue and follow up their success. Once across the river, Buller managed to rally his troops. Ladysmith would be relieved by the British four weeks later.

Reaction and legacy

The battle was the background for Louwrens Penning's best known novel De held van Spioenkop (1901, The Hero of Spioenkop). Penning's story concerns the very real Commandant Louis Wessels, who leads the Boer commando to defeat the British at the battle.

Commentary

Buller erred in appointing Warren an independent commander, despite his own doubts about his subordinate's capacity. On the evening of the battle, Warren only ordered up reinforcements in men and heavy guns at the late hour of 21:00. Medical assistance, water and ammunition were also tardy in arriving.

Still, perhaps it was not Warren's failure to remedy these deficiencies that proved his worst error. It was his failure to tell Thorneycroft of his plans to do so. Astonishing as it may seem, he had sent no direct instructions to Thorneycroft since the heliogram appointing him a general at midday. He had left it to Coke to reassure Thorneycroft, although (by another astonishing blunder) Warren had never actually told Coke that he had put Thorneycroft in charge. Then, to compound all these blunders, at 9:00 pm Warren had ordered Coke to return to the HQ for consultation, leaving Thorneycroft alone among the horrors on the summit.

Note about the name

The common English name for the battle is "Spion Kop" throughout the Commonwealth and its historical literature, the official South African English and Afrikaans name for the battle is "Spioenkop": spioen means "spy" or "look-out", and kop means "hill" or "outcropping". Another variant that is sometimes found is the combination into "Spioenkop".

The reason why the older spelling is used internationally is because the name "Spioenkop" originates from Dutch; Spion [spee-yawn], and not spioen [spee-yoon], is the Dutch word for "spy". Until the 1920s, Dutch was still the official written language of the Boers, which is why the older Dutch spelling persists outside South Africa. Within South Africa, the spelling was updated along with Afrikaans spelling reform and recognition of Afrikaans as a language in its own right.

Legacy of the name

Файл:Spioenkoploopgraf3.JPG

This photo shows a section of the British graves at the site of the Battle of Spioenkop. Many of the fallen soldiers were buried in the trenches where they died. These graves therefore give an indication of where the trenches were located at the time of the battle.

• Many football grounds in England in the Premier League and Football League have one terrace or stand in their stadia named "Kop" or "Spioen Kop" because of the steep nature of the terracing. For a history and list of these, see Spioen Kop (stadiums).
• The village of Spioen Kop near Mansfield, Nottinghamshire was named after the battle.
• A hill outside Llanwrtyd Wells, Powys is called Spioen Kop, in memory of the battle.
• The 18th hole at The Otago Golf Club, Dunedin, New Zealand oldest golf club in the southern hemisphere, is called Spioen Kop.
• Daleview cottages, in the village of Ballybrack, in Co. Dublin, Ireland, were known locally as "The Kop". They were built around 1900 and are on a steep hill.
• The higher part of Wivenhoe village, Essex, England, is known as Spioen Kop, possibly because veterans of the Boer war once lived on Manor road.
• A cemetery on the coast in Hartlepool is named Spion Kop Cemetery.
• A row of cottages in Belfield Rochdale are named Spioen Cop and dated 1900
• Spioen Kop is the name of a small street in the town of Ashton-in-Makerfield (Wigan District, Greater Manchester, UK)
• 2 cottages in Watledge, Gloucestershire, are named Spioen Kop and dated 1901.
• The 13th hole of the Launceston Golf Club, Tasmania, Australia is called Spioen Kop.
• There is a hill in Paracombe, South Australia named Spioenkop, approximately 400 metres high
• A locality forming part of the town of Kurri Kurri NSW in Australia has the name Spioen Kop
• A junction in the West Melbourne railyards is called Spion Kop.
• The South African Navy Valour-class frigate SAS Spioenkop (F147) is named after the battle.
• The 5th hole at Craigie Hill Golf Club in Perth, Scotland is called Spioen Kop.
• A steep rocky outcrop on the north beach of Arklow, Ireland, is known as Spioen Kop. It acquired this name as the land was part of the Kynoch's armaments and explosives factory, who supplied munitions for the Boer War. It inspired the poem "Spioen Kop" by poet Toddy Kennedy.
• The 16th hole at Edzell golf course, the 5th hole at Strathtay golf course and the 2nd hole at Traigh golf course, all in Scotland, are each named Spioen Kop.
• A mountain top east of Narvik, Norway, was named Spioenkopen after news of the battle reached the navvies constructing the nearby Ofoten railway line.
• In Whitby, a rocky outcrop created by the cutting of Kyber Pass is called Spioen Kop.
• There is a named area in Judith Basin, Montana called Spioen Kop. A post office was established there in 1906.
• A residential street in Selkirk, Scottish Borders is called Spioen Kop.
• A hill in Queenstown, Tasmania is called Spioen Kop(f).
• The 4th hole at East Geelong Golf Club in Victoria, Australia is called Spioen Kopf.
• A hill that housed a fire control position as part of the York Redoubt fortifications outside of Halifax, Nova Scotia was called Spioen Kop due to how much it resembled the hilltop.
• A mountain to the North of Kelowna, British Columbia is called Spioen Kop (Sometimes Spioen Kopje). It is often described as a rocky outcropping that overlooks the central Okanagan Valley
• in the 2007 Doctor Who episode "Human Nature", Nurse Joan Redfern tells the Tenth Doctor that her husband Oliver was killed in the Battle of Spioen Kop. In the source novel however, Joan's husband's name is reported as Arthur.
• A variety of fuchsia has been named after the battle.

See also

• Military history of South Africa
• Second Boer War
• Spioen Kop Battlefield Memorials

Bibliography

• The 7 volume "The Times History of the War in South Africa", ed L.S. Amery, (pub 1900–1909)
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Churchill, Winston My Early Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1930.
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Farwell, Byron, The Great Anglo-Boer War. New York: Harper & Row 1976.
• Judd, Dennis. (2003) The Boer War. New York: MacMillan. Шаблон:ISBN?
• Knight, Ian. (1995) Colenso 1899: The Boer War in Natal. Osprey Campaign Series #38; Osprey Publishing Шаблон:ISBN
• Kruger, Rayne. (1964) Goodbye Dolly Gray, New English Library.
• Pakenham, Thomas. (1979) The Boer War. New York: Random House.
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• An Illustrated History of South Africa, Cameron & Spies, Human & Rousseau publishers, 1986. (Шаблон:ISBN).
• Military Heritage did a feature about the bloody Spioen Kop battle for a hill of the Boer War (Herman T. Voelkner, Military Heritage, October 2005, Volume 7, No. 2, pp 28–35,  71), Шаблон:ISSN.
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Manchester, William, The Last Lion. Boston: Little Brown, 1983. Шаблон:ISBN?
• Sandys, Celida. Churchill: Wanted Dead or Alive. New York: Carroll and Graf, 1999. Шаблон:ISBN?

External links

• Personal reflections on a trip to Spioen Kop Extensive page on the battle with dozens of photos
• BBC Sport – page containing a video which, although about the football stand called the Kop, goes through in detail the Spioen Kop battle
• Despatches in the London Gazette original reports from the commanding officers.