Английская Википедия:Battle of Spokane Plains

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

The Battle of Spokane Plains was a battle during the Coeur d'Alene War of 1858 in the Washington Territory (now the states of Washington and Idaho) in the United States. The Coeur d'Alene War was part of the Yakima War, which began in 1855. The battle was fought west of Fort George Wright near Spokane, Washington, between elements of the United States Army and a coalition of Native American tribes consisting of Kalispel (Pend Oreille), Palus, Schitsu'umsh (Coeur d'Alene), Spokan, and Yakama warriors.

Battle

Although their lands were protected by treaty, the Schitsu'umsh were outraged by miners and illegal white settlers invading their territory. They also perceived the Mullan Road, whose construction had just begun near Fort Dalles, as a precursor to a land grab by the United States.Шаблон:Sfn Two white miners were killed, and the U.S. Army retaliated. The Coeur d'Alene War (the last part of the larger Yakima War)Шаблон:Sfn began with the Battle of Pine Creek (near present-day Rosalia, Washington) on May 17, 1858, during which a column of 164 U.S. Army infantry and cavalry under the command of brevet Lieutenant Colonel Edward Steptoe was routed by a group composed primarily of Cayuse, Schitsu'umsh, Spokan, and Yakama warriors. Шаблон:Sfn

Following Steptoe's defeat, Colonel George Wright, commander of Fort Dalles, led a much larger unit of 500 Army soldiers, 200 civilian drovers, and 30 Niimíipu (or Nez Perce) scouts to nearby Fort Walla Walla and then north to the Spokane Plains (near modern-day Spokane, Washington).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On September 1, 1858, Wright's men defeated the Yakama chief Kamiakin and a force of about 500 Schitsu'umsh, Palus, Spokane, and Yakama warriors in the Battle of Four Lakes.Шаблон:Sfn Wright rested for three days, and at 6:30 A.M. on September 5 moved out again to the north. Шаблон:Sfn

Wright's column had moved about Шаблон:Convert northШаблон:Sfn and emerged onto the Spokane Plains when the reformed group of 500 to 700Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Kalispel, Palus, Schitsu'umsh, Spokan, and Yakama warriors began attacking again.Шаблон:Sfn The Indians harassed the troop by racing toward the column, firing, and speeding away before the soldiers could respond.Шаблон:Sfn Wright headed for a small forest about Шаблон:Convert further to the north.Шаблон:Sfn As the Army troop reached the forest (about the modern-day intersection of W. Deno Road and N. Craig Road), the Native Americans set fire to the prairie all around them. As thick smoke surrounded the soldiers, the Native Americans attempted to drive off the Army pack train. The infantry fired and drove them into the woods,Шаблон:Sfn where Wright fired his two 12-pounder howitzers and two 6-pounder gunsШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn at them.Шаблон:Sfn Although Wright's infantry were armed with the new Springfield Model 1855 rifle-musketШаблон:Sfn (which had a range of Шаблон:Convert).Шаблон:Sfn Native American horsemen used the smoke to cover their approach, effectively negating the guns' longer range.Шаблон:Sfn

Wright now turned east-northeast to the Spokane River where, with the water at his back, he could more effectively concentrate his fire and protect his men. After moving about Шаблон:Convert, Wright temporarily halted his column to allow the pack train to close up.Шаблон:Sfn The troop moved out again. To clear the way, Wright ordered his 30 Niimíipu (or Nez Perce) scouts, led by 1st Lt. John Mullan, to race slightly ahead and scout out the land to ensure the column was moving in the right direction.Шаблон:Sfn Then three companies of Wright's best marksmen moved forward in a skirmish line to the front and right, breaking up the Indian attacks.Шаблон:Sfn They were followed by Wright's cavalry, which charged into the enemy lines and scattered the warriors.Шаблон:Sfn Whenever Native Americans attempted to regroup in the forest to Wright's left, the howitzers, and cannons would rake the trees.Шаблон:Sfn Kamiakin himself was wounded when a shattered tree limb fell on him. Шаблон:Sfn

By nightfall, the Army column had reached the river, and the Native American combatants had scattered. Only a single soldier had been slightly injured, even though the column had come Шаблон:Convert through a near-constant barrage of gunfire.Шаблон:Sfn At least six Native Americans were confirmed dead, and three were wounded (although the number of wounded was undoubtedly much higher).Шаблон:Sfn

Kamiakin had twice assembled a large coalition of warriors from disparate tribes, a feat historian Keith Petersen has noted, which has gone underappreciated for more than a century. He did so the second time despite having. defeat three days earlier. Moreover, until Wright began using his skirmish line and sending out cavalry charges, Kamiakin's forces had come exceedingly close to defeating the professional soldiers through prairie fire, confusion, and hit-and-run tactics.Шаблон:Sfn Nevertheless, the Army victory at Spokane Plains shattered Kamiakin's alliance, effectively ending the Coeur d'Alene War. On September 17, the Schitsu'umsh chiefs signed a document of surrender.Шаблон:Sfn

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book