Английская Википедия:Battle of Taejon

The Battle of Taejon (16–20 July 1950) was an early battle of the Korean War, between U.S. and North Korean forces. Forces of the United States Army attempted to defend the headquarters of the 24th Infantry Division. The 24th Infantry Division was overwhelmed by numerically superior forces of the Korean People's Army (KPA) at the major city and transportation hub of Taejon, now spelled as Daejeon. The 24th Infantry Division's regiments were already exhausted from the previous two weeks of delaying actions to stem the advance of the KPA.

The entire 24th Division gathered to make a final stand around Taejon, holding a line along the Kum River to the east of the city. Hampered by a lack of communication and equipment, and a shortage of heavy weapons to match the KPA's firepower, the outnumbered, ill-equipped and inexperienced U.S. forces were pushed back from the riverbank after several days before fighting an intense urban battle to defend the city. After a fierce three-day struggle, the U.S. withdrew.

Although they could not hold the city, the 24th Infantry Division achieved a strategic victory by delaying the North Koreans, providing time for other U.S. divisions to establish a defensive perimeter around Pusan further south. The delay imposed at Taejon probably prevented a U.S. rout during the subsequent Battle of Pusan Perimeter. During the action, the KPA captured Major General William F. Dean, the commander of the 24th Infantry Division, and highest ranking U.S. prisoner during the Korean War.

Background

Outbreak of war

Arrows symbolizing the North Korean Army pressing against US and South Korean positions

The front line of Korean War, 13 July 1950

Following the invasion of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) by its northern neighbor, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), the United Nations committed forces on behalf of South Korea. The United States subsequently sent ground forces to the Korean peninsula to contain the North Korean invasion and to prevent the collapse of the South Korean state. American forces in the Far East had steadily decreased since the end of World War II, five years earlier.Шаблон:Sfn

When forces were initially committed, the 24th Infantry Division of the Eighth United States Army, headquartered in Japan was the closest US division.Шаблон:Sfn The division was under-strength, and most of its equipment dated from 1945 and earlier due to defense cutbacks enacted in the first Truman administration. Nevertheless, the division was ordered into South Korea.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

The 24th Infantry Division was the first US unit sent into Korea to absorb the initial North Korean advances, and disrupt the more numerous North Korean units.Шаблон:Sfn The 24th Division effectively delayed the North Korean advance to allow the 7th Infantry Division, 25th Infantry Division, 1st Cavalry Division, and other Eighth Army supporting units to establish a defensive line around Pusan.Шаблон:Sfn

Immediately preceding the Battle of Taejon, some of the Bodo League massacres took place around Taejon, where between 3,000 and 7,000 South Korean leftist political prisoners were shot and dumped into mass graves by South Korean troops,Шаблон:Sfn partially recorded by a US Army photographer.Шаблон:Sfn

Delaying action

Soldiers carrying their bags off of a train in Daejeon train station, South Korea

Task Force Smith arrives in Taejon train station, South Korea.

Task Force Smith, an advance element of the 24th Infantry Division was badly defeated in the Battle of Osan on 5 July, during the first encounter between American and North Korean forces.Шаблон:Sfn Task Force Smith retreated from Osan to Pyongtaek, where US forces were again defeated in the Battle of Pyongtaek.Шаблон:Sfn The 24th Infantry Division was repeatedly forced south by the North Korean force's superior numbers and equipment Шаблон:Sfn in engagements at Chochiwon, Chonan, Hadong, and Yechon.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Most of the Americans were out of shape, untrained, undisciplined and had no combat experience.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

On 12 July, the division's commander, Major General William F. Dean, ordered the division's three regiments, the 19th Infantry Regiment, 21st Infantry Regiment, and the 34th Infantry Regiment, to cross the Kum River, destroying all bridges behind them, and to establish defensive positions around Taejon. Taejon was a major South Korean city Шаблон:Convert south of Seoul and Шаблон:Convert northwest of Pusan, and was the site of the 24th Infantry Division's headquarters.Шаблон:Sfn Dean formed a line with the 34th Infantry and 19th Infantry facing east, and held the heavily battered 21st Infantry in reserve to the southeast.Шаблон:Sfn

The Kum River wrapped north and west around the city, providing a defensive line 10 to 15 miles from the outskirts of Taejon, which was surrounded to the south by the Sobaek Mountains. With major railroad junctions and numerous roads leading into the countryside in all directions, Taejon was a major transportation hub between Seoul and Taegu, giving it great strategic value for both the American and North Korean forces.Шаблон:Sfn The division was attempting to make a last stand at Taejon, the last place it could conduct a delaying action before the North Korean forces would converge on the unfinished Pusan Perimeter.Шаблон:Sfn

Prelude

U.S. 24th Infantry Division

A group of soldiers readying a large gun in some brush.

A US howitzer position near the Kum River, 15 July

The 24th Infantry Division's three infantry regiments, which had a wartime strength of 3,000 each, were already below strength on their deployment, and heavy losses in the preceding two weeks had reduced their numbers further. The 21st Infantry had 1,100 men left, having suffered 1,433 casualties.Шаблон:Sfn The 34th Infantry had only 2,020 men and the 19th had 2,276 men. Another 2,007 men stood in the 24th Infantry Division artillery formations.Шаблон:Sfn These counts placed the division's total strength at 11,400.Шаблон:Sfn This was severely reduced from the 15,965 men and 4,773 vehicles that had arrived in Korea at the beginning of the month.Шаблон:Sfn

Each of the regiments had only two battalions of infantry as opposed to the normal three.Шаблон:Sfn Large numbers of men had to be pulled from the lines from combat fatigue.Шаблон:Sfn Morale was extremely low for the soldiers, who were exhausted from days without sleep.Шаблон:Sfn Casualties among the division's commissioned officers were extremely high, forcing younger officers and non-commissioned officers to take leadership positions normally occupied by more experienced ones.Шаблон:Sfn

In addition to casualties, shortages of equipment hampered the 24th Infantry Division's efforts. Losses from earlier fighting reduced artillery support to two battalions.Шаблон:Sfn Communications equipment, weapons, and ammunition was limited and large amounts of equipment had been lost or destroyed in previous engagements. Most of the radios available to the division did not work, and batteries, communication wire, and telephones to communicate among units were in short supply, with some company formations having only one radio for one squad.Шаблон:Sfn

The division had no tanks: its new M26 Pershing and older M4A3 Sherman tanks were still en route. One of the few weapons that could penetrate the North Korean T-34 tanks, the 3.5-inch M20 "Super Bazookas" firing M28A2 HEAT rocket ammunition, were in short supply.Шаблон:Sfn The paucity of radios and wire hampered communication between and among the American units.Шаблон:Sfn

North Korean units

North Korean planners intended for three divisions to attack Taejon from three directions, supported by tanks. The North Korean 3rd Division was ordered to attack from the north, against the flank. The North Korean 4th Division would attack across the Kum River from the east and south, to envelop Taejon and the US 24th Infantry Division with it.Шаблон:Sfn Eventually they would also be supported by elements of the North Korean 105th Armored Division.Шаблон:Sfn Although the North Korean 2nd Infantry Division was ordered to attack from Chongju against the American right flank, it was slow to move and arrived too late to participate in the battle.Шаблон:Sfn

The North Koreans advanced on the town with the 3rd and 4th divisions supported by over 50 T-34 tanks. Each North Korean divisions, normally operating with 20,000 men, was at 60 to 80 percent strength, giving them nearly a two to one numerical superiority over the American forces.Шаблон:Sfn The morale of the two divisions was low, owing to repeated air attacks on equipment and overall exhaustion from continuous combat. Political officers promised the divisions they would be able to rest in Taejon after they took the city.Шаблон:Sfn

Battles

Battle of the Kum River (13–16 July)

First North Korean attack

A map illustrating the contents at this section

A map of the US 34th Infantry Regiment's defense at the Kum River

On the morning of 14 July, American soldiers from 3rd Battalion, 34th Infantry on the heights Шаблон:Convert above the Kum River Line spotted T-34s across the river. The T-34s fired on the 3rd Battalion's position from across the river, to no effect.Шаблон:Sfn By mid-morning, North Korean infantry were spotted crossing the river by boat and mortar and artillery fire began hitting the 34th Infantry's lines.Шаблон:Sfn In the confusion and resulting poor communication, the North Korean infantry managed to move around the American lines.Шаблон:Sfn The 1st Battalion, further north, also came under heavy attack by advancing North Korean forces, and though it repulsed the attack with the help of artillery, it was forced to withdraw to safer positions.Шаблон:Sfn

In the early afternoon, another attacking force, an estimated 1,000 North Korean troops, crossed the river.Шаблон:Sfn The North Koreans captured an outpost of the 63rd Field Artillery Battalion, supporting the 34th Infantry with 105-mm howitzers. They turned a captured machine gun on the battalion's HQ battery and began to fire, taking it by surprise. Artillery fire aimed at the battery destroyed communications and vehicles, and inflicted heavy casualties.Шаблон:Sfn

Its survivors retreated on foot to the south. Meanwhile, only Шаблон:Convert away, a battery of the battalion also came under attack by 100 North Korean infantrymen, resulting in similar casualties and retreat. B Battery was attacked by 400 North Koreans, but an advance of South Korean horse cavalry spared the battery from heavy losses, allowing it to make an organized retreat.Шаблон:Sfn The 63rd Field Artillery lost all of its guns and 80 of its vehicles, many still intact for North Korean forces to use.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Later in the evening, 1st Battalion, 34th Infantry counterattacked the positions but was unable to take them back, in the face of machine gun and small arms fire, and was forced to withdraw by nightfall.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn After this failed attempt to retake the equipment, Dean ordered the positions where the captured equipment was located to be destroyed by an airstrike.Шаблон:Sfn With the 1st Battalion having taken heavy casualties and the 3rd Battalion forced to move to counter North Korean attacks, the northwest flank of the American line had been beaten back.Шаблон:Sfn The North Korean 4th Division began crossing the river, only slightly impeded by US aircraft attacking its boats.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Second North Korean attack

A map illustrating the contents at this section

A map of the US 19th Infantry Regiment's defense at the Kum River

Following the initial penetration, the 34th Infantry line moved south to Nonsan.Шаблон:Sfn The 19th Infantry moved its 2nd Battalion to fill some of the gaps left by the 34th,Шаблон:Sfn reinforced by Republic of Korea Army troops.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The combined forces observed a large build-up of North Korean troops on the other side of the river. At 03:00 on 16 July, the North Koreans launched a massive barrage of tank, artillery and mortar fire on the 19th Infantry's positions and North Korean troops began to cross the river in boats.Шаблон:Sfn The North Korean forces gathered on the west bank and assaulted the positions of 1st Battalion's C and E companies, followed by a second landing against B Company.Шаблон:Sfn

North Korean forces pushed against the entire battalion, threatening to overwhelm it. The regimental commander ordered all support troops and officers to the line and they were able to repulse the assault. However, in the melee, North Korean forces infiltrated their rear elements, attacking the reserve forces and blocking supply lines. Stretched thin, the 19th Infantry was unable to hold the line at the Kum River and simultaneously repel the North Korean forces.Шаблон:Sfn

That evening, 2nd Battalion was moved to attempt to deal with the North Koreans in the rear but suffered casualties as well, and was unable to break the roadblocks. By 17 July, the 19th Infantry withdrew, and was ordered Шаблон:Convert southwest to regroup and re-equip. Less than half of 1st Battalion returned, and only two of 2nd Battalion's companies remained intact. All three regiments of the 24th Infantry Division, having each been defeated and overwhelmed, were down to battalion-strength formations.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

The division's 19th and 34th regiments had engaged the North Korean 3rd Infantry Division and the North Korean 4th Infantry DivisionШаблон:Sfn between 13 and 16 July and suffered 650 casualties among the 3,401 men committed there.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn On 18 July, the Eighth Army commander, Lieutenant General Walton Walker, ordered General Dean to hold Taejon until the 20th so that the 1st Cavalry Division and 25th Infantry Division could establish defensive lines along the Naktong River, forming the Pusan Perimeter.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn As the North Korean push against the US units forced them back, 31 US troops were killed in the Chaplain-Medic Massacre.Шаблон:Sfn

Taejon surrounded

Soldiers stand around a destroyed tank with writing on it reading "Knocked out 20 July 1950 with the supervision of Maj. Gen. W.F. Dean"

The T-34 tank personally knocked out by General Dean on 20 July

The North Koreans then moved against Taejon city.Шаблон:Sfn On 19 July, North Korean forces entered Taejon, the site of the 24th Infantry Division's headquarters.Шаблон:Sfn The North Korean 3rd Division formed a roadblock between Taejon and Okchon, cutting off the 21st Infantry in its reserve positions. The 21st Infantry was subsequently unable to join the fight.Шаблон:Sfn However it attempted to hold the route of escape for the rest of the division during most of the fight at Taejon.Шаблон:Sfn

At the same time, tanks from the North Korean 105th Armored Division began to enter the city, followed by troops of the 3rd and 4th infantry divisions.Шаблон:Sfn There, the North Korean forces deployed, occupying key buildings throughout the city to establish sniper positions. American attacks against these positions later set fire to many of Taejon's wooden buildings.Шаблон:Sfn North Korean forces prioritised and attempted to eliminate American gun emplacements, food stores, and ammunition dumps, having received information on the location of these facilities through agents operating in the city.Шаблон:Sfn

At Taejon, the battered 24th Infantry Division was ordered to make a stand.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The 34th Infantry also moved to the city to oppose the North Korean forces, which assaulted it head-on while attempting to flank and cut off retreat from the rear. Dean began ordering elements of the division, including much of his headquarters, to retreat via train to Taegu, although he remained behind.Шаблон:Sfn By this time, several M24 Chaffee light tanks had been sent to reinforce the division from A Company of the 78th Tank Battalion.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Regardless of the additional tanks, on 20 July, North Korean armored units pushed American forces back from Taejon Airfield, several miles northwest of Taejon, overwhelming the last American units defending the Kum River and forcing the remnants of the division into Taejon itself.Шаблон:Sfn At this point the city was surrounded and North Korean troops began setting roadblocks along the roads out of the city.Шаблон:Sfn

A Caucasian man in his late 50s with gray hair in a military uniform

William F. Dean, commander of the 24th Infantry Division during the fight at Taejon

For two days, the 34th Infantry fought the advancing North Koreans in bitter house-to-house fighting. North Korean soldiers continued to infiltrate the city, often disguised as farmers. The remaining elements of the 24th Infantry Division were pushed back block-by-block.Шаблон:Sfn Without radios, and unable to communicate with the remaining elements of the division, Dean joined the men on the front lines. At one point, he personally attacked a tank with a hand grenade, destroying it.^[1]

Large columns of North Korean forces began marching on the city from the south roads, reinforcing those that had crossed the river. American forces pulled back after suffering heavy losses, allowing the North Korean 3rd and 4th divisions to move on the city freely from the north, south, and east roads.Шаблон:Sfn The 24th Infantry Division repeatedly attempted to establish its defensive lines, and was repeatedly pushed back by the numerically superior North Koreans.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Taejon falls

At the end of the day on 20 July, Dean ordered the headquarters of the 34th Infantry to withdraw. His command was reinforced by several more light tanks from the 1st Cavalry Division. As the tanks fought through a North Korean roadblock, Dean, with a small force of soldiers, followed them.Шаблон:Sfn At the edge of the city, the final elements of the 34th Infantry, leaving the city in 50 vehicles, were ambushed and many of their vehicles were destroyed by machine guns and mortars, forcing the Americans to retreat on foot.Шаблон:Sfn

In the ensuing fight, Dean's jeep made a wrong turn and was separated from the rest of the American forces.Шаблон:Sfn Unable to turn back, Dean and his party attempted to retreat to American lines on their own, but 35 days later, alone and lost in the hills, Dean was captured by North Korean forces.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn For most of his incarceration, the North Koreans were not aware of his rank. Dean repeatedly attempted to make the North Koreans kill him for fear of divulging information under torture. North Korean leaders had threatened to harm Dean if he did not cooperate but he was never actually tortured.^[2] Eventually his rank was uncovered, but they were unable to gather any intelligence from him.Шаблон:Sfn

When the last of the 34th Infantry's defenders left the city, the 21st Infantry, which had been protecting the road to Taegu, also withdrew, leaving Taejon in the hands of the North Korean forces.Шаблон:Sfn

Aftermath

Файл:A memorial stone for Battle of Daejeon.jpg

A memorial stone for the Battle of Taejon at Boramae park where the airfield was located in Daejeon, called Taejon.

By the end of the battle, finaly the Casualties of U.S. 24th Infantry Division are counted as belows.

354 killed, 156 wounded, 185 missing (POW/KIA) - in and around Kum River, date 13–16
463 killed, 325 wounded, 295 missing (POW/KIA) - in and around Daejeon, date 16–20

most of casualties in and around Daejeon, date 16–20 from the 34th Infantry RegimentШаблон:Sfn Evidence suggests that the North Koreans executed some of the missing and captured prisoners immediately after the battle.Шаблон:Sfn Although badly mauled, the 24th Infantry Division accomplished its mission of delaying North Korean forces from advancing until 20 July.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn By that time, American forces had set up the Pusan Perimeter to the southeast.Шаблон:Sfn

On 22 July, the 24th Infantry Division was relieved by the 1st Cavalry Division. It was put under the command of Major General John H. Church, in the absence of Dean, whose whereabouts were unknown. After three weeks of fighting, the division had suffered almost 30 percent casualties.Шаблон:Sfn Historians attribute the substantial tactical losses of the 24th Infantry Division to a lack of training, equipment, and readiness, owing to extended time spent on occupation duty in Japan and without training.Шаблон:Sfn

North Korean casualties could not be estimated because of lack of communications between units during the battle, which limited the value of American signals intelligence.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn North Korean armor suffered heavy losses. A total of 15–20 North Korean tanks were destroyed by anti-tank weapons and US aircraft, and North Korean prisoners estimated that 15 76-mm guns, six 122-mm mortars, and 200 artillerymen were lost. Losses among North Korean infantry were heavy, especially in the NK 3rd Division.Шаблон:Sfn The NK 3rd division was reported between 60 and 80 percent of its strength at the beginning of the battle and was reduced to 50 percent by its end, with total casualties ranging from 1,250 to 3,300.Шаблон:Sfn

By the time the battle ended, the United States had moved enough forces onto the Korean Peninsula to roughly equal the number of attacking North Korean forces.Шаблон:Sfn For its delaying actions in and around Taejon, the 24th Infantry Division was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation and the Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation.Шаблон:Sfn The division went into reserve status while it rested and rebuilt, and the first unit of the division back into action, the 19th Infantry Regiment, moved to the front lines of the Pusan Perimeter on 1 August.Шаблон:Sfn

The first two Medals of Honor for the Korean War were awarded for the Battle of Taejon.Шаблон:Sfn For his actions on the front lines, Dean was awarded the first Medal of Honor, although he remained a prisoner of the North Koreans until the end of the war (released in September 1953).Шаблон:Sfn A second soldier, Sergeant George D. Libby, received the Medal of Honor posthumously, for tending to wounded soldiers during the evacuation: he repeatedly passed over shelled roads to help evacuate them. He was killed while trying to evacuate more soldiers.Шаблон:Sfn Additionally, a chaplain, Herman G. Felhoelter, was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for an incident later known as the Chaplain-Medic Massacre which took place during the battle near the Kum River.Шаблон:Sfn

References

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Sources

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Online sources

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