Английская Википедия:Battle of Tsushima

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The Battle of Tsushima (Шаблон:Lang-ru, Tsusimskoye srazheniye), also known in Japan as the Шаблон:Nihongo, was the final naval battle of the Russo-Japanese War, fought on 27–28 May 1905 in the Tsushima Strait. A devastating defeat for the Imperial Russian Navy, the battle was the only decisive engagement ever fought between modern steel battleship fleets and the first in which wireless telegraphy (radio) played a critically important role. The battle was described by Sir George Clarke as "by far the greatest and the most important naval event since Trafalgar".Шаблон:Sfn

The battle involved the Japanese Combined Fleet under Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō and the Russian Second Pacific Squadron under Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky, which had sailed over seven months and Шаблон:Convert from the Baltic Sea. The Russians hoped to reach Vladivostok and establish naval control of the Far East in order to relieve the Imperial Russian Army in Manchuria. The Russian fleet had a large advantage in the number of battleships, but was overall older and slower than the Japanese fleet. The Russians were sighted in the early morning on 27 May, and the battle began in the afternoon. Rozhestvensky was wounded and knocked unconscious in the initial action, and four of his battleships were sunk by sunset. At night, Japanese destroyers and torpedo boats attacked the remaining ships, and Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov surrendered in the morning of 28 May.

All 11 Russian battleships were lost, out of which seven were sunk and four captured. Only a few warships escaped, with one cruiser and two destroyers reaching Vladivostok, and two auxiliary cruisers as well as one transport escaping back to Madagascar. Three cruisers were interned at Manila by the United States until the war was over. Eight auxiliaries and one destroyer were disarmed and remanded at Shanghai by China. Russian casualties were high, with more than 5,000 dead and 6,000 captured. The Japanese, which had lost no heavy ships, had 117 dead.

The loss of almost every heavy warship of the Baltic Fleet forced Russia to sue for peace, and the Treaty of Portsmouth was signed in September 1905. In Japan, the battle was hailed as one of the greatest naval victories in Japanese history, and Admiral Tōgō was revered as a national hero.Шаблон:Efn His flagship Mikasa has been preserved as a museum ship in Yokosuka Harbour.

Background

Conflict in the Far East

On 8 February 1904, destroyers of the Imperial Japanese Navy launched a surprise attack on the Russian Far East Fleet anchored in Port Arthur; three ships – two battleships and a cruiser – were damaged in the attack. The Russo-Japanese war had thus begun. Japan's first objective was to secure its lines of communication and supply to the Asian mainland, enabling it to conduct a ground war in Manchuria. To achieve this, it was necessary to neutralize Russian naval power in the Far East. At first, the Russian naval forces remained inactive and did not engage the Japanese, who staged unopposed landings in Korea. The Russians were revitalised by the arrival of Admiral Stepan Makarov and were able to achieve some degree of success against the Japanese, but on 13 April Makarov's flagship, the battleship Шаблон:Ship, struck a mine and sank; Makarov was among the dead.Шаблон:Sfn His successors failed to challenge the Japanese Navy, and the remaining six Russian battleshipsШаблон:Efn and five armoured cruisers Шаблон:Efn were effectively bottled up in their base at Port Arthur.

By May, the Japanese had landed forces on the Liaodong Peninsula and in August began the siege of the naval station. On 9 August, Admiral Wilgelm Vitgeft, commander of the 1st Pacific Squadron, was ordered to sortie his fleet to Vladivostok,Шаблон:Sfn link up with the Squadron stationed there, and then engage the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in a decisive battle.Шаблон:Sfn Both squadrons of the Russian Pacific Fleet would ultimately become dispersed during the battles of the Yellow Sea, where Admiral Vitgeft was killed by a salvo strike from the Шаблон:Ship on 10 August, and the Ulsan on 14 August 1904. What remained of Russian Pacific naval power would eventually be sunk in Port Arthur in December 1904.Шаблон:Sfn

Departure

With the inactivity of the First Pacific Squadron after the death of Admiral Makarov and the tightening of the Japanese noose around Port Arthur, the Russians considered sending part of their Baltic Fleet to the Far East. The plan was to relieve Port Arthur by sea, link up with the First Pacific Squadron, overwhelm the Imperial Japanese Navy, and then delay the Japanese advance into Manchuria until Russian reinforcements could arrive via the Trans-Siberian railroad and overwhelm the Japanese land forces in Manchuria. As the situation in the Far East deteriorated, the Tsar (encouraged by his cousin Kaiser Wilhelm II),Шаблон:Sfn agreed to the formation of the Second Pacific Squadron.Шаблон:Sfn This would consist of five divisions of the Baltic Fleet, including 11 of its 13 battleships. The squadron departed the Baltic ports of Reval (Tallinn) and Libau (Liepāja) on 15–16 October 1904 (Rozhestvensky and von Fölkersahm fleets), and the Black Sea port of Odessa on 3 November 1904 (armored cruisers Oleg and Izumrud, auxiliary cruisers Rion and Dniepr under the command of Captain Leonid DobrotvorskyШаблон:Sfn), numbering 48 ships and auxiliaries.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn

Dogger Bank

The Rozhestvensky and von Fölkersahm fleets sailed through Øresund strait into the North Sea. The Russians had heard fictitious reports of Japanese torpedo boats operating in the area and were on high alert. In the Dogger Bank incident, the Russian fleet mistook a group of British fishing trawlers operating near the Dogger Bank at night for hostile Japanese ships. The fleet fired upon the small civilian vessels, killing several British fishermen; one trawler was sunk while another six were damaged.Шаблон:Sfn In confusion, the Russians even fired upon two of their own vessels, killing some of their own men. The firing continued for twenty minutes before Rozhestvensky ordered firing to cease; greater loss of life was avoided as the Russian gunnery was highly inaccurate.Шаблон:Sfn The British were outraged by the incident and incredulous that the Russians could mistake a group of fishing trawlers for Japanese warships, thousands of kilometres from the nearest Japanese port. Britain almost entered the war in support of Japan, with whom it had a mutual defense agreement (but was neutral in the war, as their treaty contained a specific exemption for Japanese actions in China and Korea). The Royal Navy sortied and shadowed the Russian fleet until a diplomatic agreement was reached.Шаблон:Sfn France, which had hoped to eventually bring the British and Russians together in an anti-German bloc, intervened diplomatically to restrain Britain from declaring war.Шаблон:Sfn The Russians were forced to accept responsibility for the incident, compensate the fishermen, and disembark officers who were suspected of misconduct to give evidence to the enquiry.

Routes

Файл:Russian 2nd and 3rd Pacific Fleet voyage in 1905.svg

Routes taken by the Russian fleets from the Baltic to the Battle of Tsushima. Dobrotvorsky unitШаблон:Efn and Fölkersahm detachment in purple, Rozhestvensky fleet in blue, and Nevogatov's 3rd Pacific Squadron in green.

The draught of the newer battleships, which had proven to be considerably greater than designed, preventing their passage through the Suez CanalШаблон:Efn caused the fleet to separate after leaving Tangiers on 3 November 1904. The newer battleships and a few cruisers proceeded around the Cape of Good Hope under the command of Admiral Rozhestvensky while the older battleships and lighter cruisers made their way through the Suez Canal under the command of Admiral von Fölkersahm. They planned to rendezvous in Madagascar, and both sections of the fleet successfully completed this part of the voyage. The longer journey around Africa took a toll on the Russian crews under Rozhestvensky, "who had never experienced such a different climate or such a long time at sea" as "conditions on the ships deteriorated, and disease and respiratory issues killed a number of sailors". The voyage took half a year in rough seas, with difficulty obtaining coal for refueling – as the warships could not legally enter the ports of neutral nations – and the morale of the crews plummeted. The Russians needed Шаблон:Convert of coal and 30 to 40 re-coaling sessions to reach French Indochina (now Vietnam), and coal was provided by 60 colliers from the Hamburg-Amerika Line. By April and May 1905 the reunited fleet had anchored at Cam Ranh Bay in French Indochina.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn

The Russians had been ordered to break the blockade of Port Arthur, but the battleships in the port were sunk by the Japanese land artillery, and the heavily fortified city/port had already fallen on 2 January just after the Second Pacific Squadron arrived at Nossi Be, Madagascar, before the arrival of the Fölkersahm detachment. The objective was therefore shifted to linking up with the remaining Russian ships stationed in the port of Vladivostok, before bringing the Japanese fleet to battle.Шаблон:Sfn

Prelude

Файл:TsuShima Strait.png

Map of the Korea Strait and Tsushima Strait, either side of the Tsushima Islands.

Файл:Blank.png

Шаблон:Cite web on 8 April 1905.

The Russians had three possible routes to enter the Sea of Japan and reach Vladivostok: the longer were the La Pérouse Strait and Tsugaru Strait, on either side of Hokkaido. Admiral Rozhestvensky did not reveal his choice even to his subordinates until 25 May, when it became apparent he chose Tsushima by ordering the fleet to head North East after detaching transports Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Kuronia, Voronezh, Livonia and Meteor as well as auxiliary cruisers Rion and Dniepr with the instruction to go to the near-by neutral port of Shanghai.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The Tsushima Strait is the body of water eastward of the Tsushima Island group, located midway between the Japanese island of Kyushu and the Korean Peninsula, the shortest and most direct route from Indochina. The other routes would have required the fleet to sail east around Japan.Шаблон:Efn The Japanese Combined Fleet and the Russian Second and Third Pacific Squadrons, sent from the Baltic Sea now numbering 38, would fight in the straits between Korea and Japan near the Tsushima Islands.Шаблон:Sfn

Because of the Шаблон:Convert journey, the Russian fleet was in a poor condition for battle. Apart from the four newest Шаблон:Sclasss, Admiral Nebogatov's 3rd Pacific Fleet consisted of older and poorly maintained warships.Шаблон:Sfn Overall, the Japanese side had a maneuverability advantage. The long voyage, combined with a lack of opportunity for maintenance, meant the Russian ships were heavily fouled, significantly reducing their speed. The Japanese 1st Battle Division could exceed Шаблон:Convert, but the Russian fleet included warships with the maximum speed of 14 to 15 knots (with normal load and clean hull) and the auxiliaries of 10-12 knots.

Additionally, there were significant deficiencies in the Russian naval fleet's equipment and training. Russian naval tests with their torpedoes exposed major technological failings.Шаблон:Efn Tōgō's greatest advantage was that of experience, having five of the ten fleet commanders in either navy with combat experience aboard modern warships on his side,Шаблон:Efn while Rozhestvensky had none. The others were all Russian admirals whom he had defeated, including Oskar Starck, who had been relieved of his command following his humiliating defeat in the Battle of Port Arthur; Admiral Stepan Makarov, killed by a mine off Port Arthur; Wilgelm Vitgeft, who had been killed in the Battle of the Yellow Sea; and Admiral (Prince) Pavel Ukhtomsky who was relieved and recalled to Mukden by Viceroy Yevgeni AlekseyevШаблон:Efn after six battleships of the Pacific Squadron failed to reach Vladivostok as a result of Battle of the Yellow Sea.Шаблон:Sfn Admiral Karl Jessen, who experienced Battle off Ulsan, remained in Vladivostok.

Battle

First contact

Файл:Japanese Fleet Proceeding Toward The Baltic Fleet.jpg

Departure of the Japanese Combined Fleet in the morning of 27 May 1905

Because the Russians wanted to slip undetected into Vladivostok, they approached Japanese waters in radio silence. They steered outside regular shipping channels to reduce the chance of detection. On the night of 26 May 1905 the Russian fleet approached the Tsushima Strait.

In the night, thick fog blanketed the straits, giving the Russians an advantage. At 02:45 on 27 May Japan Standard Time (JST), the Japanese auxiliary cruiser Shinano Maru observed three lights on what appeared to be a vessel on the distant horizon and closed to investigate. These lights were from the Russian hospital ship Orel,Шаблон:Efn which, in compliance with the rules of war, had continued to burn them.Шаблон:Sfn At 04:30, Shinano Maru approached the vessel, noting that she carried no guns and appeared to be an auxiliary. The Orel mistook the Shinano Maru for another Russian vessel and did not attempt to notify the fleet. Instead, she signaled to Shinano Maru in Russian code, which made no sense to the Japanese ship. The Shinano Maru then sighted the shapes of ten other Russian ships in the mist.

Wireless telegraphy played an important role from the start. At 04:55, Captain Narikawa of the Shinano Maru sent a message to the Combined Fleet command onboard Mikasa in Masampo that the "Enemy is in grid 203". By 05:00, intercepted radio signals informed the Russians that they had been discovered and that Japanese scouting cruisers were shadowing them. Admiral Tōgō received the message at 05:05, and immediately began to prepare his battle fleet for a sortie.

Beginning of the battle

Файл:Tsushima battle map-en.svg

Routes of the Russian and Japanese fleets on 27–28 May 1905

At 06:34, before departing with the Combined Fleet, Admiral Tōgō wired a confident message to the navy minister in Tokyo:

The final sentence of this telegram has become famous in Japanese military history, and has been quoted by former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe.

The entire Japanese fleet was put to sea, with Tōgō in his flagship Mikasa leading over 40 vessels to meet the Russians. Meanwhile, the shadowing Japanese scouting vessels sent wireless reports every few minutes as to the formation and course of the Russian fleet. There was mist which reduced visibility and the weather was poor. Wireless gave the Japanese an advantage; in his report on the battle, Admiral Tōgō noted the following:

At 13:40, both fleets sighted each other, ready to engage. At around 13:55, Tōgō ordered the hoisting of the Z flag, issuing a predetermined announcement to the entire fleet:

By 14:45, Tōgō had 'crossed the Russian T'Шаблон:Sfn enabling him to fire broadsides, while the Russians could reply only with their forward turrets.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Daylight action

Файл:Oslyabya1903Bizerte.jpg

Russian battleship Oslyabya, the first warship sunk in the battle

The Russians sailed from south-southwest to north-northeast; "continuing to a point of intersection which allowed only their bow guns to bear; enabling him [Tōgō] to throw most of the Russian batteries successively out of bearing." The Japanese fleet steamed from northeast to southwest, then Tōgō ordered the fleet to turn 180-degrees in sequence, which enabled his ships to take the same course as the Russians. Although Tōgō's U-turn was successful, Russian gunnery had proven surprisingly good and the flagship Mikasa was hit 15 times in five minutes. Before the end of the engagement, she was struck 15 more times by large calibre shells.Шаблон:Sfn Rozhestvensky had only two alternatives, "a charge direct, in line abreast", or to commence "a formal pitched battle." He chose the latter, and at 14:08, the Japanese flagship Mikasa was hit at about 7,000 metres, with the Japanese replying at 6,400 meters. Superior Japanese gunnery then took its toll,Шаблон:Sfn with most of the Russian battleships being crippled.

Captain 2nd Rank Vladimir Semenoff, a Russian staff officer aboard the flagship Шаблон:Ship, said "It seemed impossible even to count the number of projectiles striking us. Shells seemed to be pouring upon us incessantly one after another. The steel plates and superstructure on the upper decks were torn to pieces, and the splinters caused many casualties. Iron ladders were crumpled up into rings, guns were literally hurled from their mountings. In addition to this, there was the unusually high temperature and liquid flame of the explosion, which seemed to spread over everything. I actually watched a steel plate catch fire from a burst."Шаблон:Sfn

Ninety minutes into the battle, the first warship to be sunk was the Шаблон:Ship from Rozhestvensky's 2nd Battleship division. This was the first time a modern armoured warship had been sunk by gunfire alone.Шаблон:Sfn

A direct hit on the Шаблон:Ship's magazines by the Japanese battleship Fuji caused her to explode, which sent smoke thousands of metres into the air and trapped all but oneШаблон:Efn of her crew onboard as she sank. Rozhestvensky was knocked out of action by a shell fragment that struck his skull. In the evening, Rear Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov took over command of the Russian fleet. The Russians lost the battleships Knyaz Suvorov, Oslyabya, Шаблон:Ship and Borodino. The Japanese ships suffered only light damage.

Night attacks

At night, around 20:00, 21 destroyers and 45 Japanese torpedo boatsШаблон:Efn were thrown against the Russians.Шаблон:Efn The destroyers attacked from the vanguard while the torpedo boats attacked from the east and south of the Russian fleet.Шаблон:Efn The Japanese were aggressive, continuing their attacks for three hours without a break; as a result, during the night there were a number of collisions between the small craft and Russian warships. The Russians were now dispersed in small groups trying to break northwards. By 23:00, it appeared that the Russians had vanished, but they revealed their positions to their pursuers by switching on their searchlights – ironically, the searchlights had been turned on to spot the attackers. The old battleship Шаблон:Ship struck a chained floating minesШаблон:Efn laid in front and was forced to stop in order not to push the chain forward, inviting other floating mines on the chain in on herself. She was consequently torpedoed four times and sunk. Out of a crew of 622, only three survived, one to be rescued by the Japanese and the other two by a British merchant ship.Шаблон:Sfn

The battleship Шаблон:Ship was badly damaged by a torpedo in the stern and was scuttled the next day. Two old armoured cruisers – Шаблон:Ship and Шаблон:Ship – were badly damaged, the former by a torpedo hit to the bow, the latter by colliding with a Japanese destroyer. They were both scuttled by their crews the next morning off Tsushima Island, where they headed while taking on water.Шаблон:Sfn The night attacks placed a great strain on the Russians, as they lost two battleships and two armoured cruisers, while the Japanese lost only three torpedo boats.

XGE signal and Russian surrender

At 05:23 on 28 May, what remained of the Russian fleet was sighted heading northeast. Tōgō's battleships proceeded to surround Nebogatov's remaining squadron south of the island of Takeshima and commenced main battery fire at 12,000 meters.Шаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Ship then turned South and started to flee.Шаблон:Rp Realising that his guns were outranged by at least one thousand metres,Шаблон:Efn and the Japanese battleships had proven on the day before to be faster than his own so that he could not close the distance if he tried, Nebogatov ordered the six ships remaining under his command to surrender.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn XGE, an international signal of surrender, was hoisted; however, the Japanese navy continued to fire as they did not have "surrender" in their code books and had to hastily find one that did. Still under heavy fire, Nebogatov then ordered a white table cloth sent up the masthead, but Tōgō, having faced the difficult decision to sink a British transport ship full of Chinese soldiers during the First Sino-Japanese War as the commander of IJN Cruiser Naniwa,Шаблон:Efn knew the signal meant a request for a truce or parley, not 'surrender' in the legal definition, and that either meaning contradicted not stopping the ships.

His lieutenants found the codebook that included XGE signal and reported that stopping engines is a requirement for the signal and all the Russian ships were still moving, so he continued firing while the response flag signal "STOP" hoisted.Шаблон:Rp Nebogatov then ordered St. Andrew's Cross lowered and the Japanese national flag raised on the gaff and all engines stopped. Seeing the requirement for the signal met, Tōgō gave the cease-fire and accepted Nebogatov's surrender. Nebogatov surrendered knowing that he could be shot for doing so. He said to his men:

Файл:Orel1905Maizuru.jpg

Damaged Шаблон:ShipШаблон:Efn at Maizuru Naval ArsenalШаблон:Efn

As an example of the level of damage inflicted on a Russian battleship, Шаблон:ShipШаблон:Efn was hit by five 12-inch, nine 8-inch, 39 six-inch and 21 smaller or unidentified shells.Шаблон:Efn This damage caused her to list, and the engine ceased to operate when she was being taken by the Japanese navy to First Battle Division home port of Sasebo in Nagasaki after Tōgō accepted the surrender. Cruiser Шаблон:Ship and then battleship Шаблон:Ship had to tow Oryol, and their destination was changed to the closer Maizuru Naval Arsenal to avoid losing the prize of war.Шаблон:Rp

Capture of Rozhestvensky

Russian destroyer Buyniy, after rescuing the squadron command including Admiral Rozhestvensky from the burning Knyaz Suvorov at 15:50 during the day battle on the 27th, found Cruiser Donskoi, destroyers Byedoviy and Grozniy in convoy on the morning of May 28. Rozhestvensky chose Byedoviy to move the fleet command officers and himself as Buyniy and Donskoi had serious damages, and Buyniy was sunk by gunfire from Donskoi after taking all the crew aboard. Leaving the slow and struggling cruiser DonskoiШаблон:Efn behind, Byedoviy and Grozniy headed for Vladivostok.Шаблон:Sfn

Japanese destroyers Sazanami and Kagerō had mechanical issues during the night battle on the 27th and had to fix the problems at the Port of Ulsan.Шаблон:Efn Both destroyers finished their temporary repair work by the morning of the 28th and left the port together. They spotted the two Russian destroyers and engaged at 16:45 on the way to join the rest of the Combined Fleet.Шаблон:Efn

Файл:Japanese destroyer Satsuki in 1905.jpg

Captured Russian destroyer Byedoviy at Sasebo on 3 June 1905 Шаблон:Efn before she became IJN Satsuki.

Destroyer Grozniy increased speed being chased by Kagerō, but Byedoviy slowed down and stopped in the face of firing and approaching Sazanami while raising a white flag.Шаблон:Sfn Grozniy outran Kagerō and became one of the three warships reaching Vladivostok after surviving the battle. The Combined Fleet command could not believe the news when Cruiser Akashi, which rendezvoused Sazanami shortly after dawn the next day, sent a radio telegraph message about the capture of Admiral Rozhestvensky, as they were certain to have sunk Knyaz Suvorov and assumed the squadron commander went down with the flagship.Шаблон:Sfn But Sazanami arrived in the morning of 29 May with Byedoviy in tow, with not only the injured admiral but also the entire surviving members of the Russian fleet command onboard.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

The wounded Admiral Rozhestvensky went to the Imperial Japanese Naval Hospital in Sasebo to recover from a head injury caused by shrapnel; there, the victorious Admiral Tōgō visited him personally in plain clothes, comforting him with kind words: "Defeat is a common fate of a soldier. There is nothing to be ashamed of in it. The great point is whether we have performed our duty."

Nebogatov and Rozhestvensky were placed on trial on return to Russia. Rozhestvensky claimed full responsibility for the fiasco and was sentenced to death, but as he had been wounded and unconscious during the last part of the battle, the Tsar commuted his death sentence. Nebogatov, who had surrendered the fleet, was imprisoned for several years and eventually pardoned by the Tsar.Шаблон:Citation needed

Until the evening of 28 May, isolated Russian ships were pursued by the Japanese until almost all were destroyed or captured. Three Russian warships reached Vladivostok. The cruiser Шаблон:Ship, which escaped from the Japanese despite being present at Nebogatov's surrender, was destroyed by her crew after running aground on the Siberian coast.Шаблон:Sfn

Contributing factors

Commander and crew experience

Admiral Rozhestvensky faced a more combat-experienced battleship admiral in Tōgō Heihachirō. Admiral Tōgō had already killed two Russian admirals: Stepan Makarov outside of Port Arthur in the battleship Petropavlovsk in April 1904, then Wilgelm Vitgeft in his battleship Шаблон:Ship in August of the same year. Before those two deaths, Tōgō had chased Admiral Oskar Starck, also flying his flag in the Petropavlovsk, off the battlefield. Admiral Tōgō and his men had two battleship fleet action experiences, which amounted to over four hours of combat experience in battleship-to-battleship combat at Port Arthur and the Yellow Sea.Шаблон:Sfn The Japanese fleets had practiced gunnery extensively since the beginning of the war, using sub-calibre practice gunsШаблон:Efn mounted in their larger guns.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn

In contrast, Шаблон:Ship underwent sea trials from 23 August to 13 September 1904 as a brand new ship upon her completion,Шаблон:Sfn and the new crew did not have much time for training before she set sail for the Pacific on 15 October 1904. BorodinoШаблон:'s sister ship, Шаблон:Ship started trials on 9 August, Шаблон:ShipШаблон:Efn started trials the latest on 10 September 1904, leaving Шаблон:Ship (the trials finished in October 1903) as the only Borodino-class ship actually ready for deployment.Шаблон:Efn As the Imperial Russian Navy planned on building 10 Borodino-class battleships (5 were ultimately built) with the requirement for thousands of additional crewmen, the basic training, quality and experience of the crew and cadets were far lower than those onboard the battleships in the seasoned Pacific Fleet.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:"The Hamburg- American Line" "Twin Screw Express Steamers" 1899 ad in The Mail and Express (New York City), from- A pictorial description of Broadway from The Mail and Express Advertisement 14 (cropped).jpg

Файл:"The Greatest Steamship Company in the World" "Twin Screw Express Service" 1899 ad in The Mail and Express (New York City), from- A pictorial description of Broadway from The Mail and Express Advertisement 14 (cropped).jpg

1899 ad in The Mail and Express of New York

The Imperial Russian Admiralty Council (Адмиралтейств-совет) and the rest of the Admiralty were quite aware of this disadvantage, and opposed the October dispatch plan for the following reasons:

1. The Japanese navy has completed the battle preparations with all the crew having some combat experience.

2. The long voyage is mostly through extreme tropical weather, so a meaningful training is practically impossible on the way.

3. Therefore, the newly created Second Pacific Fleet should conduct training in the Baltic until the next spring while waiting for the rigging of another battleship, Шаблон:Ship,Шаблон:Efn and the purchase of Chilean and Argentine warships.Шаблон:Efn

However, at the council in the imperial presence on 23 August 1904 held at the Peterhof Grand Palace, this opinion was overruled by Admiral Rozhestvensky (Commander in Chief of the Fleet), Navy Minister Avellan, and Tsar Nicholas II; for it was deemed impossible to re-arrange the massive coaling for the long voyage if the navy broke the contract that was already signed with Hamburg-American Steamship Line of Germany.

Salvo firing director system

Up to the Battle of the Yellow Sea on 10 August 1904, naval guns were controlled locally by a gunnery officer assigned to that gun or a turret. He specified the elevation and deflection figures, gave the firing order while keeping his eyes on the inclinometers indicating the rolling and pitching angles of the ship, received the fall of shot observation report from the spotter on the mast, calculated the new elevation and deflection to 'walk' the shots in on the target for the next round, without much means to discern or measure the movements of his own ship and the target. He typically had a view on the horizon, but with the new 12-inch gun's range extended to over Шаблон:Convert, his vantage point was lower than desired.Шаблон:Citation neededШаблон:Efn

In the months before the battle, the Chief Gunnery Officer of Asahi, Lieutenant Commander Katō Hiroharu, aided by a Royal Navy advisor who introduced him to the use of the early mechanical computer Dumaresq in fire control, introduced a system for centrally issuing the gun-laying and salvo-firing orders. Using a central system allowed the spotter to identify a salvo of distant shell splashes much more effectively than trying to identify a single splash among the many in the confusion of fleet-to-fleet combat.Шаблон:Better source needed Further, the spotter needed to keep track of just one firing at a time as opposed to multiple shots on multiple stopwatches, in addition to having to report to just one officer on the bridge. The 'director' officer on the bridge had the advantage of having a higher vantage point than in the gun turrets, in addition to being steps away from the ship commander giving orders to change the course and the speed in response to the incoming reports on target movements.

This fire control director system was introduced to other ships in the fleet with Katō being promoted to the Chief Gunnery Officer of the fleet flagship Mikasa in March 1905. The training and practice on this system were carried out in the months waiting for the arrival of the Baltic FleetШаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn while its progress was reported by the British intelligence from their naval stations at Gibraltar, Malta, Aden (Yemen), Cape of Good Hope, Trincomalee (Ceylon), Singapore and Hong Kong, among other locations.

As a result, Japanese fire was more accurate in the far range (Шаблон:Convert), on top of the advantage they held in the shorter distances using the latest 1903 issue Barr and Stroud FA3 coincidence rangefinders of baselength Шаблон:Cvt,Шаблон:Efn which had a range of Шаблон:Convert, while the Russian battleships were equipped with Liuzhol stadiametric rangefinders from the 1880s (except battleships Oslyabya and Navarin, which had the Barr and Stroud 1895 issue FA2 of baselength Шаблон:Cvt retrofitted), which only had a range of about Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn

Wireless telegraphy

The wireless telegraph (radio) had been invented during the last half of the 1890s, and by the turn of the century nearly all major navies were adopting this improved communications technology. Tsushima was "the first major sea battle in which wireless played any role whatsoever".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Lieutenant Akiyama Saneyuki (who was the key staff to Admiral Tōgō in formulating plans and directives before and during the battle as a Commander, who also went aboard Nikolai I to accompany Admiral Nebogatov to Mikasa for a formal meeting with Tōgō) had been sent to the United States as a naval attaché in 1897. He witnessed firsthand the capabilities of radio telegraphy and sent a memo to the Navy Ministry urging that they push ahead as rapidly as possible to acquire the new technology.Шаблон:Sfn The ministry became heavily interested in the technology; however it found the Marconi wireless system, which was then operating with the Royal Navy, to be exceedingly expensive. The Japanese therefore decided to create their own radio sets by setting up a radio research committee under Professor Kimura Shunkichi,Шаблон:Efn which eventually produced an acceptable system. In 1901, having attained radio transmissions of up to Шаблон:Convert, the Navy formally adopted radio telegraphy. Two years later, a laboratory, a factory, and a radio communication school were set up at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal to produce the Type 36 (1903) radios, and these were quickly installed on every major warship in the Combined Fleet by the time the war started.Шаблон:Sfn

Alexander Stepanovich Popov of the Naval Warfare Institute had built and demonstrated a wireless telegraphy set in 1900. However, technology improvement and production in the Russian empire lagged those of Germany, and "System Slaby-Arco",Шаблон:Efn originally made by Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG) and then produced in volume by its successor radio maker Telefunken in Germany (by 1904, this system was in wide use by Kaiserliche Marine) was adopted by the Imperial Russian Navy. Although both sides had early wireless telegraphy, the Russians were using German sets tuned and maintained by German technicians half-way into the voyage,Шаблон:Sfn while the Japanese had the advantage of using their own equipment maintained and operated by their own navy specialists trained at the Yokosuka school.

British support

The United Kingdom assisted Japan by manufacturing gunsШаблон:Efn and building battleships for the IJN. As the ally in the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, the UK also assisted Japan in intelligence, finance, technology, training and other aspects of the war against Russia. At the time, Britain owned and controlled more harbour facilities around the world – specifically shipyards and coaling stations – than Russia and its allies (France,Шаблон:Efn and to some extent Germany) combined. The UK also obstructed, where possible, Russian attempts to purchase ships and coal.

At the end of the Argentine-Chilean naval arms race in 1903, two Chilean-ordered and British-built battleships (then called Constitución and Libertad) and two Argentine-ordered, Italian-built cruisers (then called Bernardino Rivadavia and Mariano Moreno) were offered to Russia and the purchase was about to be finalized. Britain stepped in as the mediator of Pacts of May that ended the race, bought the Chilean battleships (which became Шаблон:HMS and Шаблон:HMS), and brokered the sale of Argentine cruisers to Japan. This support not only limited the growth of the Imperial Russian Navy, but also helped IJN in obtaining the Italian-built cruisers (IJN Шаблон:Ship and Шаблон:Ship) with the latest armour design that enabled IJN to use the cruisers in the main line of battle along with the heavier-armoured battleships.Шаблон:Efn

Also, this support created a major logistics problem for around the world deployment of the Baltic Fleet to the Pacific in procuring coal and supplies on the way.Шаблон:Sfn At Nosy Be in Madagascar and at Camranh Bay, French Indochina, the fleet was forced to be anchored for about two months each, seriously degrading morale of the crew. By the time it reached the Sea of Japan after crossing the warm waters of the equator twice, the hulls of all the ships in the fleet were heavily fouled in addition to carrying the extra coal otherwise not required on deck.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

The Japanese ships, on the other hand, were well maintained in the ample time given by the intelligence. For example, battleship Шаблон:Ship was under repair from November 1904 to April 1905 at Sasebo Naval Arsenal for two 12-inch guns lost and serious damage to the hull from striking a mine. They were divided into battle divisions of as much uniform speed and gun range so that a fleet would not suffer a bottleneck in speed, and the range of guns would not render some ships useless within a group in extended-range combat.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

High explosive and cordite

The Japanese used mostly high-explosive shells filled with Shimose powder, which was a pure picric acid (as opposed to the French Melinite or the British Lyddite, which were picric acid mixed with collodion (French) or with dinitrobenzene and vaseline (British) for stability). Engineer Shimose Masachika (1860–1911) solved the instability problem of picric acid on contact with iron and other heavy metals by coating the inside of a shell with unpigmented Japanese lacquer and further sealing with wax. Because it was undiluted, Shimose powder had a stronger power in terms of detonation velocity and temperature than other high explosives at the time. These shells had a sensitive Ijuin fuse (named after Vice Admiral Ijuin GorōШаблон:Efn) at the base as opposed to the tip of a shell that armed itself when the shell was spun by the rifling. These fuses were designed to explode on contact and wreck the upper structure of ships.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn The Japanese Navy imported Cordite from Great Britain as the smokeless propellant for these Shimose shells, so that the smoke off the muzzle would not impede the visibility for the spotters.

In the early 1890s, Vice Admiral Stepan O. Makarov, then the Chief Inspector of Russian naval artillery, proposed a new 12-inch gun design, and assigned a junior officer, Semyon V. Panpushko, to research the use of picric acid as the explosive in the shell. However, Panpushko was blown into pieces in an accidental explosion in experiment due to the instability.Шаблон:Efn Consequently, high explosive shells remained unreachable for the Russian Navy at the time of the Russo-Japanese War, and the navy continued to use the older armour-piercing rounds with guncotton (Nitrocellulose, Pyroxylin) bursting charges and the insensitive delayed-detonation fuses. They mostly used brown powder or black powder as the propellant, except Sissoi Veliky and the four Borodino-class ships that used smokeless gunpowder for the main 12-inch guns.Шаблон:Sfn

As a result, Japanese hits caused more damage to Russian ships than Russian hits on Japanese ships. Shimose blasts often set the superstructure, the paintwork and the large quantities of coal stored on the decks on fire,Шаблон:Sfn and the sight of the spotters on Russian ships was hindered by the large amount of smoke generated by the propellant on each uncoordinated firing.Шаблон:Efn Moreover, the sensitivity difference of the fuse caused the Japanese off-the-target shells to explode upon falling on the water creating a much larger splash that sent destabilizing waves to Russian inclinometers,Шаблон:Efn as opposed to the Russian shells not detonating upon falling on the water.Шаблон:Efn This made an additional difference in the aforementioned shot accuracy by aiding the Japanese spotters to make an easier identification in fall of shot observation.

Gun range and rate of fire

The Makarov proposal resulted in Model 1895 12-inch gun that extended the range of the previous Model 1886 12-inch Krupp guns (installed on Imperator Nikolai I and Navarin) from 5–6 km to 11 km (at 15-degrees elevation) at the expense of significantly limited amount of explosives that can be contained in the Шаблон:Cvt shell.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Reload time was also improved from 2–4 minutes previously to a rated 90 seconds, but in reality, it was 2.5–3 minutes.Шаблон:Sfn These guns were installed to Sissoi Veliky and the four Borodino-class ships.Шаблон:Sfn

The four Japanese battleships, Mikasa, Shikishima, Fuji and Asahi, had the latest Armstrong 12-inch 40-calibre naval gun designed and manufactured by Sir W.G. Armstrong & Company ahead of its acceptance by the Royal Navy in the UK. These British-built 12-inch guns had a range of 15,000 yards (14 km) at 15-degrees elevation and the rate of fire at 60 seconds with a heavier Шаблон:Cvt shell. One of the reasons for the Royal Navy's late adoption of this type of gun was the accidental shell explosions in the barrel Japanese battleships experienced up to the Battle of the Yellow Sea in August 1904, which were diagnosed and almost rectifiedШаблон:Efn by the Japanese Navy with the use of aforementioned Ijuin Fuse by the time of this battle.

The Russian fleet had 20 of the 1895-issue longer range 12" guns on five battleships compared to 16 of the Armstrong 12" guns on four battleships for the Japanese. Statistically, this 20% advantage in the number of guns was much more than offset by the 60% disadvantage in the rate of fire difference of one shot in 2.5 minutes versus one minute. The range difference of 11 km versus 14 km translated into a flatter trajectory (smaller elevation and fall angle) for the Japanese shells, which resulted in a better hit rate for the Japanese shotsШаблон:Efn when both sides had an equal distance facing each other in 11 km and shorter range.Шаблон:Efn

Aftermath

Battle damage and casualties

Source:Шаблон:Sfn

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Heavy damage to Шаблон:ShipШаблон:Efn

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Шаблон:ShipШаблон:Efn port side damage

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Light damage to Шаблон:Ship.

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The wreck of the cruiser Шаблон:Ship off St. Vladimir Bay

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Battle damage to the cruiser Шаблон:Ship, with shell hole in the stack

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Battle damage to the cruiser Шаблон:Ship

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Damage to the cruiser Шаблон:Ship, in Manila Bay

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Battle damage to the cruiser Шаблон:Ship

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Hospital ship Orel

Russian 2nd. & 3rd. Pacific FleetШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn	Primary Armament	Water Line/Turret Armour	Disp./Length	Speed in Knots	Damage/Casualties/Remarks
			Launched/Builder
Шаблон:Ship, battleship	4 10-inch guns 11 6-inch guns	9 inches 9 inches	14,639tons/132.4m Шаблон:Center	18.3	First modern battleship sunk by gunfire alone, sunk at 15:10 27 May. She was the flagship for the fleet's second in command, Rear Admiral von Fölkersahm, who had died 3 days earlier.Шаблон:Efn The Japanese and most of the Russian fleet were unaware of his death. Complement 771 officers and men.
Шаблон:Ship, battleship (Borodino class)	4 12-inch guns 12 6-inch guns	7 5/8 inches 10 inches	14,409tons/121m Шаблон:Center	17.7	Sunk by gunfire from Japanese 1st Battle Div. at 18:50 27 May, complement 830 officers and men, 4 survivors.
Шаблон:Ship, battleship (Borodino class), fleet flagship	4 12-inch guns 12 6-inch guns	7 5/8 inches 10 inches	14,646tons/121m Шаблон:Center	17.5	Shot into a wreck. Sunk at 19:20 27 May. Destroyers were ordered to administer the coup de grace, "while she had a gun above water she fired...[SuvorovШаблон:'s] stubborn gallantry, no words can do justice. If there is immortality in naval memory it is hers and theirs." Of her 40 officers and 888 men there were no survivorsШаблон:Sfn (except the injured Admiral Rozhestvensky and his staff who were rescued from the burning ship at 15:50 by destroyer Buyniy).Шаблон:RpШаблон:Efn
Шаблон:Ship, battleship (Borodino class)	4 12-inch guns 12 6-inch guns	7 5/8 inches 10 inches	14,317tons/121m Шаблон:Center	16.2	Sunk at 19:30 27 May by a 12-inch Parthian shot from the battleship Шаблон:Ship which detonated the ammunition magazines, 1 survivorШаблон:Efn from a complement of 32 officers and 822 men.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Ship,Шаблон:Efn battleship (Borodino class)	4 12-inch guns 12 6-inch guns	1-10 inches 5.7–7.64 inches	14,378tons/121m Шаблон:Center	18	Damaged seriously. Captured at 10:30 on 28 May under the command of Rear Admiral Nebogatov who surrendered to the Japanese after taking command from the injured Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky. Recommissioned as IJN Iwami after an extensive repair on 2 November 1907. Stricken 1 September 1922. Sunk as an air-raid target on 10 July 1924.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Ship, battleship	4 12-inch guns 8 6-inch guns	16 inches 12 inches	10,370tons/107m Шаблон:Center	15.9	Sunk in the night of 27 May by destroyer torpedoes, 3 survivors from a complement of 674 officers and men. 1 man picked up by local fishing boat, 2 picked up by a British merchantman.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Ship, battleship	4 12-inch guns 6 6-inch guns	16 inches 12 inches	10,567tons/107.23m Шаблон:Center	15.7	Damaged heavily in the night of 27 May by destroyer torpedoes and could not keep up with Nebogatov group. Disabled by 6:00 on 28 May, Surrendered to armed merchant cruisers Shinano Maru and Dainan Maru at 8:15, capsized and Sank at 10:05.Шаблон:Sfn 47 men lost, 42 officers and 571 men saved.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Ship, battleship flagship for 3rd Pacific Fleet	2 12-inch guns 4 9-inch guns	2.5–10 inches 6–14 inches	9,748tons/105.61m Шаблон:Center	14	Captured at 10:30 28 May as the flagship for the commander of the 3rd Pacific Fleet, Rear Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov, when he hoisted the flag signal "XGE P" meaning "Surrendered. Go still (proceeding slow)."Шаблон:Rp Received one 12-inch, two 8-inch, and two 6-inch hits. 5 officers/men killed, 35 wounded. Recommissioned as IJN Iki. Stricken 1 May 1915. Sunk as a gunnery target for IJN Battleships Kongō and Hiei on 3 October 1915.
Шаблон:Ship, battleship	4 10-inch guns 4 4.7-inch guns	10 inches 8 inches	5,081tons/87.3m Шаблон:Center	16.1	Arrived late at 15:00 28 May to the Nebogatov surrender site. She did not accept the signaled news of surrender and started firing while fleeing from the site. Shot into a wreck by Шаблон:Ship and Шаблон:Ship, scuttled at 19:00 as she was already sinking. 12 officers and 339 men saved from her complement of 422 officers and men.Шаблон:Rp Her commander, Captain Vladimir Nikolaevich Miklukha, refused help from the Japanese and went down with his ship.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn
Шаблон:Ship, battleship	4 10-inch guns 4 4.7-inch guns	9.8 inches 3–7.9 inches	4,232tons/84.6m Шаблон:Center	16	Captured at 10:30 28 May following the surrender together with her sister-ship General-Admiral Apraksin, flagship Imperator Nikolai I, and the battleship Oryol.Шаблон:Rp Admiral Seniavin became IJN Mishima, stricken 10 October 1935. Sunk as an air-raid target for IJN Hōshō on 5 May 1936.
Шаблон:Ship, battleship	3 10-inch guns 4 4.7-inch guns	9.8 inches 3–7.9 inches	4,165tons/80.62m Шаблон:Center	15	Captured at 10:30 28 May following the surrender together with her sister-ship Admiral Seniavin, flagship Imperator Nikolai I, and the battleship Oryol.Шаблон:Rp General-Admiral Apraksin became IJN Okinoshima, decommissioned 1 April 1922, used as a training ship for Sasebo Marine CorpsШаблон:Efn until stricken in 1924. Sold in 1925, scrapped in 1939.
Шаблон:Ship, armoured cruiser	8 8-inch guns 10 6-inch guns	10 inches 8 inches	7,906tons/103.3m Шаблон:Center	16.6	Sunk in the night of 27 May by destroyer torpedoes. Over 600 men saved by lifeboats, local fishing boats, and armed merchant cruiser Sado Maru.
Шаблон:Ship, armoured cruiser	5 6-inch guns 6 4.7-inch guns	6 inches –	5,683tons/90.3m Шаблон:Center	15.8	Sunk in the night of 27 May by destroyer torpedoes. 32 officers and 374 men rescued by armed merchant cruiser IJN Manshu (IJN Manshu was the Austrian-built cruise ship Manchuria Шаблон:Efn owned and operated by the Russian Chinese Eastern Railway before the war). Complement of 493 officers/men.
Шаблон:Ship, armoured cruiser	6 6-inch guns 10 4.7-inch guns	6 inches –	5,976tons/93.4m Шаблон:Center	16.5	Suffered severe damage during the day 27 May. Scuttled in the early morning 29 May by her crew in Matsushima Bay.Шаблон:Efn They rowed to Matsushima Island and camped out.Шаблон:Sfn The survivors were taken prisoner that afternoon by landing parties from the destroyer Fubuki and the armed merchant cruiser Kasuga Maru.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn
Svetlana, protected cruiser	6 6-inch guns 10 47mm Hotchkiss guns	2 inches –	3,924tons/101m Шаблон:Center	21	Sunk at 10:50, 28 May by gunfire from IJN cruisers Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship and destroyer Шаблон:Ship east of Jukbyeon Bay on the east coast of Korea.Шаблон:Efn Estimated 169 men lost. 290 men (23 wounded) rescued by IJN Amerika Maru.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Ship, protected cruiser	8 4.7-inch guns 4 47mm Hotchkiss guns	1.3–3.0 inches 1.3 inches	3,153tons/111m Шаблон:Center	24	Ran aground outside of St. Vladimir Bay (300 km ENE of Vladivostok)Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn in the night of 29 May. Destroyed by her crew. Complement of 350 eventually reached Vladivostok by land.
Bezuprechni, torpedo boat destroyer	3 torpedo tubes (carried 6 torpedoes) 1 3-inch gun 5 3-pounder guns	N/A	350tons/64m Шаблон:Center	26	Sunk by gunfire on 28 May from IJN protected cruiser Шаблон:Ship which expended 68 120mm, and 39 3-inch shells; joined later by IJN torpedo boat destroyer Шаблон:Ship, which expended 12 rounds of her 3-inch shells at Bezuprechni.Шаблон:Sfn
Buyniy, torpedo boat destroyer	3 torpedo tubes (carried 6 torpedoes) 1 3-inch gun 5 3-pounder guns	N/A	350tons/64m Шаблон:Center	26	Shot into a wreck during the day 27 May.Шаблон:Efn Kingston valves opened, and then she was sunk by gunfire from the armoured cruiser Шаблон:Ship on 28 May.Шаблон:Sfn Survivors of Buyniy onboard Dmitrii Donskoi paddled ashore with the rest of the men to Matsushima Island when Donskoi was scuttled on 29 May.Шаблон:Sfn
Gromkiy, torpedo boat destroyer	3 torpedo tubes (carried 6 torpedoes) 1 3-inch gun 5 3-pounder guns	N/A	420tons/64m Шаблон:Center	26	IJN torpedo boat destroyer Шаблон:Ship dueled with Gromkiy on 28 May for over an hour at ranges from 4,000 to 5,000 meters. Destroyer Shiranui was equipped with 2 3-inch guns and 4 6-pounder guns, 2 torpedo tubes and 4 torpedoes, with a complement of 52 men. IJN Torpedo Boat #63 arrived, and Gromkiy surrendered. Japanese prize crew boarded Gromkiy, but she was so heavily damaged that she began to sink, forcing the prize crew to quickly abandon ship. She rolled over and sank at 12:43.Шаблон:Sfn
Blestyashchiy, torpedo boat destroyer	3 torpedo tubes (carried 6 torpedoes) 1 3-inch gun 5 3-pounder guns	N/A	440tons/64m Шаблон:Center	26	Took active role in rescuing survivors of Oslyabya, and received an 8-inch hit while doing so during the day action 27 May. This hit killed the commander, Alexander Sergeevich Shamov. Scuttled after the crew and eight Oslyabya survivors were transferred to destroyer Bodriy on 28 May.Шаблон:Efn 3 men lost.Шаблон:Efn
Bistriy, torpedo boat destroyer	3 torpedo tubes (carried 6 torpedoes) 1 3-inch gun 5 3-pounder guns	N/A	350tons/64m Шаблон:Center	26	Accompanied Шаблон:Ship to the end. Fired upon and chased by cruisers Niitaka, Otowa and destroyer Murakumo. Destroyed after running ashoreШаблон:Sfn north of Jukbyeon BayШаблон:Efn on 28 May by her crew, who surrendered to the Japanese Jukbyeon signal station guards.
Byedoviy, torpedo boat destroyer	3 torpedo tubes (carried 6 torpedoes) 1 3-inch gun 5 3-pounder guns	N/A	350tons/64m Шаблон:Center	26	Surrendered and captured by IJN Destroyer Шаблон:Ship in the late afternoon on 28 May with Admiral Rozhestvensky and the members of Russian Second Pacific Fleet command.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn Byedoviy became IJN Satsuki, stricken 1 April 1913, BU 1921.Шаблон:Efn
Ural, auxiliary cruiser	2 4.7-inch 4 76mm guns 8 57mm Hotch. GunsШаблон:Efn	N/A	7,840tons/160m Шаблон:Center	20	Sunk by the Japanese 1st Div. bombardment and a torpedo by battleship Shikishima at 17:51 on 27 May.Шаблон:Rp
Irtysh, auxiliary cruiser	8 3-pounder guns	N/A	7,661tons/- Шаблон:Center	10.5	Disabled by battle damage and abandoned 4 km off the Japanese coast of Shimane on 28 May. Sank before dawn 29 May. All 235 onboard including Captain Egormyshev were rescued by the residents of Waki town.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn
Kamchatka, Repair ship	6 47mm Hotchkiss guns	N/A	7,200tons/76.25m Шаблон:Center	12	Shot into a wreck by the Japanese 1st Div. at 17:36, sunk by Sixth Div.Шаблон:Efn at 19:30 on 27 May.Шаблон:Rp
Orel,Шаблон:Efn Hospital ship	N/A	N/A	5,073tons/131.7m Шаблон:Center	19	Captured by IJN merchant cruiser Sado Maru at 15:30 on 27 May.Шаблон:Efn Converted back to ocean liner, renamed Kusuho Maru and operated by Tōyō Kisen Kaisha on Tokyo-Honolulu route. Engines and other equipment gutted at Port of Osaka in 1910, and returned to Russia in 1916, scrapped shortly after.
Rus, Ocean tug	N/A	N/A	611tons/51.4m Шаблон:Center	10	Sunk by Japanese cruisers after being rammed by auxiliary cruiser Anadyr (On her way to save the crew of the sinking Ural) on 27 May.

The Шаблон:Ship (imperial yacht) and two torpedo boat destroyers Grozniy and Braviy reached Vladivostok. Protected cruisers, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, and Шаблон:Ship, escaped to the U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay in the Philippines, and were interned.Шаблон:Sfn Destroyer Bodriy,Шаблон:Efn ammunition ship Koreya, transports Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Kuronia, Voronezh, Livonia and Meteor as well as ocean tug Svir were interned in Shanghai. Auxiliary cruisers Rion and Dniepr eventually reached back home after some raiding activities in the Yellow Sea. Auxiliary cruisers Kuban and Terek were interned at Batavia in Dutch East Indies by the Netherlands. Auxiliary (merchant) cruiser Anadyr escaped to Madagascar. Hospital ships OrelШаблон:Efn and Kostroma were captured by the Japanese. Kostroma was released afterwards.Шаблон:Efn

 

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Battle damage to the cruiser Nisshin

Japanese Combined Fleet	Primary Armament	Water Line/Turret Armour	Disp./Length	Speed In Knots	Damage/Casualties/Remarks
			Launched/Builder
Шаблон:Ship, battleship fleet flagship	4 12-inch guns 14 6-inch guns	9 inches 14 inches	15,140tons/131.7m Шаблон:Center	18.5	Took over 30 large-calibre hits; ventilators and funnels holed, armour penetrated in several places, top part of rear mast lost; over 100 casualties, complement of 875 officers/men.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Ship, battleship	4 12-inch guns 14 6-inch guns	9 inches 14 inches	14,850tons/133.5m Шаблон:Center	19	Several large-calibre hits in the total of nine times. Lost one 12-inch gun barrel to a "burst" (barrel exploded).
Шаблон:Ship, battleship	4 12-inch guns 10 6-inch guns	18 inches 14 inches	12,533tons/114m Шаблон:Center	18.5	Several large-calibre hits in the total of 12 times. Lost eight men and nine wounded.Шаблон:Sfn One 12-inch gun barrel shot off by a 12-inch shell from Imperator Nikolai I.
Шаблон:Ship, battleship	4 12-inch guns 14 6-inch guns	9 inches 14 inches	15,200tons/129.62m Шаблон:Center	18.3	A few large-calibre hits in the total of 6 hits.Шаблон:Sfn Complement of 835 officers/men, lost 1 officer and 6 men, 5 men seriously wounded, 1 officer and 18 men lightly wounded.Шаблон:Rp
Шаблон:Ship, armoured cruiser	1 10-inch gun 2 8-inch guns 14 6-inch guns	5 1/2 inches 5 1/2 inches	7,700tons/105m Шаблон:Center	20.1	One 12-inch, one 6-inch, and one unidentified hits.Шаблон:Sfn Complement of 609 officers/men.
Шаблон:Ship, armoured cruiser flagship of 1st Div.Шаблон:Efn	4 8-inch guns 14 6-inch guns	5.9 inches 5.9 inches	7,700tons/105m Шаблон:Center	20.2	Hit by 6 twelve-inch, 1 nine-inch, 2 six-inch and 4 unidentified shells.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Two 8-inch gun barrels shot off, another 8-inch gun lost to a "burst". The 1st Div. command, Vice Admiral Misu Sōtarō, seriously injured, his Chief of Staff, Commander Matsui Kenkichi killed. Complement 609 officers/men; 50 casualties.
Шаблон:Ship, armoured cruiser (2nd Div.)	4 8-inch guns 14 6-inch guns 5 torpedo tubes	3.5-7 inches 6.3 inches	9,710tons/134.7m Шаблон:Center	22.1	Hit by a 12-inch shell at 14:27 on 27 May, which took her steering mechanism out of order, and she fell out of formation. Received three 12-inch, two 8-inch, and about seven smaller hits. Lost 11 men, injured 13 out of the complement of 676.
Шаблон:Ship, armoured cruiser (2nd Div.)	4 8-inch guns 14 6-inch guns 4 torpedo tubes	3.5-7 inches 6.3 inches	9,423tons/132.3m Шаблон:Center	20.75	2nd Div. initially fired on Oslyabya, then the Russian 3rd Pacific Squadron, and faced the damaged Knyaz Suvorov who appeared out of a mist at about 2,000m range at 15:35 on 27 May. Hit by two 12-inch, three 8-inch, two 6-inch, and four smaller/unidentified shells. One of them hit the starboard forward upper 6" casemate, igniting the ready-use ammunition inside. 40 officers/men killed and 37 wounded out of the Complement of 672.
Шаблон:Ship, armoured cruiser 3rd Div. flagshipШаблон:Efn	2 8-inch guns 10 12 cm guns 5 torpedo tubes	- 4.5 inches	4,862tons/114.1m Шаблон:Center	22.5	Japanese 3rd Div. engaged Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship and Шаблон:Ship at about 14:30 27 May, and the flagship Kasagi received a 6" hit below waterline where she does not have armour plates. This hit flooded a boiler room and a coal bunker, killing one and injuring nine men, which necessitated a repair. Kasagi and her American-built sister Шаблон:Ship withdrew from the battle and Vice Admiral Dewa Shigetō moved his flag to Chitose. Complement of 405.
Harusame, torpedo boat destroyer First Destroyer Div. lead shipШаблон:Efn	2 3-inch guns 4 57mm guns 2 torpedo tubes	N/A	375tons/69.2m Шаблон:Center	29	In the confusion of the night attack on 27 May, Harusame collided with Yūgiri and incurred serious flooding but avoided sinking. Complement 62.
Yūgiri, torpedo boat destroyer (Fifth Destroyer Div.)Шаблон:Efn	1 8 cm gun 5 57mm guns 2 torpedo tubes	N/A	322tons/63.6m Шаблон:Center	30	During the night of 27 May, Yūgiri collided with the fellow destroyer Harusame, seriously damaging the bow. She avoided sinking and limped back to Sasebo on 28 May. Complement 58.
Torpedo Boat #34	1 3-pounder gun 3 torpedo tubes	N/A	83tons/39m Шаблон:Center	24	Sunk by Russian gunfire, 27 May. This boat belonged to Takeshiki Guard District outside of the Combined Fleet.
Torpedo Boat #35	1 3-pounder gun 3 torpedo tubes	N/A	83tons/39m Шаблон:Center	24	Sunk by Russian gunfire, 27 May. This boat belonged to Takeshiki Guard District outside of the Combined Fleet.
Torpedo Boat #69	2 3-pounder guns 3 torpedo tubes	N/A	89tons/40.1m Шаблон:Center	24	Sank during a torpedo attack on the night of 27 May, after colliding with IJN torpedo boat destroyer Akatsuki. Akatsuki (later renamed Yamabiko) was a Russian prize from Battle of the Yellow Sea, captured on 12 August 1904, the ex-Reshitel‘nyi.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn

Russian losses

Russian personnel losses were 216 officers and 4,614 men killed; with 278 officers and 5,629 men taken as Prisoners Of War (POW). Interned in neutral ports were 79 officers and 1,783 men. Escaping to Vladivostok and Diego-Suarez were 62 officers and 1,165 men. Japanese personnel losses were 117 officers and men killed and 583 officers and men wounded.

The battle was humiliating for Russia, which lost all its battleships and most of its cruisers and destroyers. The battle effectively ended the Russo-Japanese War in Japan's favour. The Russians lost 4,380 killed and 5,917 captured with a further 1,862 interned. Two admirals, Rozhestvensky and Nebogatov, were captured by the Japanese Navy. The second in command of the fleet, Rear Admiral Dmitry Gustavovich von Fölkersahm, after suffering a cerebral hemorrhage on 16 April, died in the night of 24 May 1905 onboard battleship Шаблон:Ship. Vice Admiral Oskar Enqvist fled to Manila onboard cruiser Шаблон:Ship and was interned by the United States.

Battleships

The Russians lost eleven battleships, including three smaller coastal battleships, either sunk or captured by the Japanese, or scuttled by their crews to prevent capture. Four were lost to enemy action during the daylight battle on 27 May: Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship and Шаблон:Ship. Шаблон:Ship was lost during the night action on 27–28 May, while the Шаблон:Ship and Шаблон:ShipШаблон:Sfn were either scuttled or sunk the next day. Four other battleships, under Rear Admiral Nebogatov, were forced to surrender and would end up as prizes of war. This group consisted of only one modern battleship, Шаблон:Ship, along with the old battleship Шаблон:Ship and two small coastal battleships Шаблон:Ship and Шаблон:Ship.Шаблон:Sfn

Cruisers

The Russian Navy lost five of its nine cruisers during the battle, three more were interned by the Americans, with just one reaching Vladivostok. Шаблон:Ship and Шаблон:Ship were sunk the next day after the daylight battle. The cruiser Шаблон:Ship fought against six Japanese cruisers and survived; however, she was scuttled on 29 May 1905 due to heavy damage. Izumrud ran aground on the Siberian coast.Шаблон:Sfn Three Russian protected cruisers, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, and Шаблон:Ship, escaped to the U.S. naval base at ManilaШаблон:Sfn in the then-American-controlled Philippines where they were interned by the United States. The armed yacht (classified as a cruiser) Шаблон:Ship, alone was able to reach Vladivostok.Шаблон:Sfn

Destroyers and auxiliaries

Imperial Russia also lost six of its nine destroyers in the battle, had one interned by the Chinese, and the other two reached Vladivostok. Buyniy ("Буйный"), Bezuprechniy ("Безупречный"), Gromkiy ("Громкий") and Blestyashchiy ("Блестящий") were sunk on 27 May. Bistriy ("Быстрый") was beached and destroyed by her crew the next day. Byedoviy ("Бедовый") surrendered also on 28 May. Bodriy ("Бодрый") was interned in Shanghai;Шаблон:Efn Grozniy ("Грозный") and Braviy ("Бравый") reached Vladivostok.

Of the auxiliaries, repair ship Kamchatka, auxiliary cruiser Шаблон:Ship and ocean tug Rus were sunk on 27 May, auxiliary cruiser Irtysh was disabled, abandoned on 28 May, then sank on 29 May. Ammunition ship Koreya and ocean tug Svir reached Shanghai and were interned. After being ordered to separate from the fleet on May 8–9, auxiliary cruisers Kuban and Terek were interned at Batavia in Dutch East Indies by the Netherlands on 9 June 1905 after raiding a British and a Danish steamer destined for Japan. Transports Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Kuronia, Voronezh, Livonia and Meteor were detached from the fleet on 25 May and had been interned in Shanghai. Auxiliary cruisers Rion and Dniepr escorted the transports to Shanghai, engaged in commerce raiding activities in the Yellow Sea, and returned to Kronstadt on 31 July 1905. Merchant cruiser Anadyr escaped to Madagascar and then returned home. The hospital ships Orel and Kostroma were captured during the battle; Kostroma was released afterwards.Шаблон:Efn

Japanese losses

The Japanese lost three torpedo boats (Nos. 34, 35 and 69). Total casualty of 117 men killed and 500 wounded.

Political consequences

Imperial Russia's prestige was badly damaged and the defeat was a blow to the Romanov dynasty. Most of the Russian fleet was lost; the fast armed yacht Almaz (classified as a cruiser of the 2nd rank) and the destroyers Grozny and Bravy were the only Russian ships to reach Vladivostok.Шаблон:Sfn In The Guns of August, the American historian and author Barbara Tuchman argued that because Russia's loss destabilized the balance of power in Europe, it emboldened the Central Powers and contributed to their decision to go to war in 1914.Шаблон:Sfn

The battle had a profound cultural and political impact on the world. It was the first defeat of a European power by an Asian nation in the modern era.Шаблон:Sfn It also heightened the alarm of "The Yellow Peril" as well as weakening the notion of white superiority that was prevalent in some Western countries.Шаблон:Sfn Mahatma Gandhi (India), Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (Turkey), Sun Yat-sen (China) and Jawaharlal Nehru (India) were amongst the future national leaders to celebrate this defeat of a colonial power. The victory established Japan as the sixth greatest naval powerШаблон:Sfn while the Russian navy declined to one barely stronger than that of Austria-Hungary.Шаблон:Sfn

In The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles, the British historian Geoffrey Regan argues that the victory bolstered Japan's increasingly aggressive political and military establishment. According to Regan, the lopsided Japanese victory at Tsushima:

...created a legend that was to haunt Japan's leaders for forty years. A British admiral once said, 'It takes three years to build a ship, but 300 years to build a tradition.' Japan thought that the victory had completed this task in a matter of a few years ... It had all been too easy. Looking at Tōgō's victory over one of the world's great powers convinced some Japanese military men that with more ships, and bigger and better ones, similar victories could be won throughout the Pacific. Perhaps no power could resist the Japanese navy, not even Britain and the United States.

Regan also believes the victory contributed to the Japanese road to later disaster, "because the result was so misleading. Certainly the Japanese navy had performed well, but its opponents had been weak, and it was not invincible... Tōgō's victory [helped] set Japan on a path that would eventually lead her" to the Second World War.

Takano Isoroku, the future Japanese admiral Yamamoto Isoroku who would plan the attack on Pearl Harbor and command the Imperial Japanese Navy through much of the Second World War, served as a junior officer (aboard Шаблон:Ship) during the battle and was wounded and lost two fingers by an accidental explosion of an 8-inch shell in a forward gun. Had he lost a third, he would have been medically discharged from the IJN.Шаблон:Citation needed

Dreadnought arms race

Шаблон:Main Prior to the Russo-Japanese War, countries constructed their battleships with mixed batteries of mainly 6-inch (152 mm), 8-inch (203 mm), 10-inch (254 mm) and 12-inch (305 mm) guns, with the intent that these battleships fight on the battle line in a close-quarter, decisive fleet action. The Battle of Tsushima conclusively demonstrated that faster battleships and big gunsШаблон:Sfn with longer ranges were superior to batteries of mixed-size guns.Шаблон:Sfn

Britain's First Sea Lord, Admiral Jackie Fisher, reasoned that the Japanese victory at Tsushima confirmed the importance of large guns and speed for modern battleships.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn While Captain William Pakenham of the British Royal Navy, who had been present aboard the Japanese battleship Asahi as an official observer during the Tsushima Battle, "famously remarked...the effect of the fire of every gun is so much less than that of the next larger size, that when 12in guns are firing, shots from 10in pass unnoticed...everything in this war has tended to emphasize the vast importance to a ship, at every stage of her career, of carrying some of the heaviest and furthest shooting guns that can be got into her."Шаблон:Sfn In October 1905 the British started the construction of Шаблон:HMS, which marked the beginning of a naval arms race between Britain and Germany in the years before 1914.

The battle also accelerated the naval arms race on a geopolitical level; though the Anglo-German naval arms race had begun in 1897, the collapse of Russian naval power in 1905 allowed Britain to send the bulk of its naval forces to other regions, reassured by the naval superiority of its ally Japan in the Far East. In turn, the presence of a larger British fleet in Europe meant that the Germans must build a proportionally larger fleet to maintain the same relative power, in accordance with Tirpitz' fleet in being principle. The Royal Navy, in turn, must increase its fleet size to maintain the relative power as set out by its two-power standard. This positive feedback meant that any external increase in the regional naval power of one side – in this case, the British – would precipitate not just a proportional increase in naval power from the opposing side, but rather a mutual multi-stage build-up in naval power on both sides, before settling to a higher equilibrium. Ultimately, the Germans passed three of its five Fleet Acts after Tsushima within a span of 6 years.

Upon the breakout of World War I, the British and Germans were both aware of the potentially devastating consequences of a naval defeat on the scale of Tsushima. Britain needed its battle fleet to protect its empire, and the trade routes vital to its war effort. Winston Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty, described British Admiral John Jellicoe as "the only man who on either side could lose the war in an afternoon."Шаблон:Sfn German naval commanders, for their part, understood the importance Kaiser Wilhelm II attached to his navy and the diplomatic prestige it carried. As a result of caution, the British and German fleets met in only one major action in World War I, the indecisive Battle of Jutland.

Timeline

Файл:Tsushima 27 May 1905.jpg

Day Action, Battle of Tsushima 27 May 1905 (click to enlarge)

Файл:Cruiser Aurora.jpg

Шаблон:Ship, preserved as a museum ship in Saint Petersburg, Russia

Файл:Yokosuka-mikasa-08-2010.png

The battleship Шаблон:Ship, Admiral Tōgō's flagship at the battle of Tsushima, preserved as a memorial in Yokosuka, Japan

Файл:Knyaz'Suvorov1904Reval.jpg

Other than the 20 wounded officers evacuated by a destroyer, Admiral Rozhestvensky's flagship Шаблон:Ship was sunk with all hands

27 May 1905 (JST)Шаблон:Sfn

• 04:45 The Shinano Maru (Japan) locates the Russian Baltic Fleet and sends a wireless message "Spotted enemy in grid 203, Appears to be headed for the Eastern channel (of Tsushima)." to cruiser Шаблон:Ship, which relays it to the Combined Fleet flagship Mikasa.
• 06:05 The 1st (Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship), 2nd (Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship) and 4th (Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship) battle divisionsШаблон:Efn of the Japanese Combined Fleet leave mooring in Jinhae (Chinhae, or Chinkai) BayШаблон:Efn head East at 15 knots. "Weather is half-cloudy, wind from the South West, wave is still high from the stormy weather in the last two days."
• 07:00 Cruiser Шаблон:Ship relieves Shinano Maru of reporting task and shadows the Baltic Fleet alone, reports "Enemy fleet is in grid 224 (20 nm NW of Ukushima Island, Nagasaki) heading North North East".
• 10:00 Mikasa sends a wireless message to the Imperial General Headquarters: "Upon receiving its spotting report, Combined Fleet is going into battle with enemy fleet today near Okinoshima Island. Today's weather is fine but waves are high. (Japanese: 本日天気晴朗なれども波高し)".
• 10:30 The 5th battle division (Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship) makes contact with the Baltic Fleet. Stays with the fleet on its right flank.
• 11:00 Details of Russian fleet formation is assembled: "Right (East) flank, 1st column Destroyers, 2nd column Knyaz Suvorov, Borodino-class, Borodino-class, Borodino-class, Oslyabya, Sissoi Veliky, Navarin, Nakhimov; 3rd and 4th columns (slightly behind) Transports and Auxiliaries guarded by destroyers; 5th column (Left flank -West) Nikolai I, Admiral-class Coastal Battleship, Admiral-class, Admiral-class, Oleg, Aurora, Donskoi, Monomakh"
• 11:30 The 3rd battle division (Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship) makes contact with the Baltic Fleet. Stays with the fleet on its left flank.
• 11:55 Tōgō gathers all hands on Mikasa rear deck, tells the known situation, and says "Accurate aim on all the shots is the foremost and the only wish I have at this moment."Шаблон:Rp
• 12:00 MikasaШаблон:'s chief navigation officerШаблон:Efn records the current coordinates, Шаблон:Coord.Шаблон:Rp
• 12:00 Russian fleet starts shifting formations. Kasagi and Itsukushima report all the details in radio telegrams: "Right flank Suvorov and 3 Borodino-class; Left flank Шаблон:Ship, Veliky, Шаблон:Ship, Nakhimov, Nikolai I and Admiral-class ships."
• 12:30 The 6th battle division (Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Akitsushima) tails the Baltic Fleet.
• 12:38 "Battle stations" ordered on Mikasa.Шаблон:Rp
• 13:15 The Japanese main group (Mikasa, Shikishima, Fuji, Asahi, Kasuga, Nisshin and the 2nd battle division in this order) gains visual contact.
• 13:30 The Russian main group (Suvorov, Aleksandr III, Шаблон:Ship and Шаблон:Ship in this order) shifts heading Left (to North) to cover the Left column led by Oslyabya.
• 13:39 Mikasa hoists the battle flag, heading SSW approaching the West side of the Russian Left flank.
• 13:54 Mikasa to the closest Russian ship, Oslyabya: 12,000 yards. Mikasa sends up the 'Z' flag, meaning "The Empire's fate depends on the result of this battle, let every man do his utmost duty."
• 14:00 Mikasa to Oslyabya: 10,000 yards. Mikasa turns her helm aport and starts a U-turn with the 5 ships following in sequence to head NNE.
• 14:03 Shikishima to Oslyabya: 9,000 yards. As Shikishima starts to turn, Oslyabya opens fire.
• 14:07 Fuji to Oslyabya: 8,200 yards. Fuji completes her turn. Knyaz Suvorov and the Russian Baltic Fleet open fire with their main batteries.
• 14:10 Asahi to Oslyabya: 7,300 yards. Asahi completes her turn. Mikasa opens fire on Oslyabya with a salvo 6" test shot to establish distance baseline.Шаблон:RpШаблон:Efn
• 14:12 Kasuga to Oslyabya: 6,500 yards. Mikasa receives her first hit from the Russian guns. Shikishima, Fuji, Asahi, Kasuga and Nisshin open fire on Oslyabya.
• 14:14 Nisshin to Oslyabya: 6,000 yards. Oslyabya loses her front mast and the center stack.
• 14:15 Oslyabya catches major fire and slows down.
• 14:19 Mikasa to Suvorov: 5,800 yards. Japanese main group concentrates their fire on the Russian flagship, Шаблон:Ship, which is now leading the Left column heading NNE.
• 14:25 Mikasa loses top part of rear mast.Шаблон:Efn Mikasa and her line turns NE and then to East to "cross the T". Russian Left column turns NE and to ESE in response.
• 14:43 Knyaz Suvorov is set on fire and fall away from the battle line.
• 14:50 With the Japanese 1st Battle Div. completely overtaking the Russian battleships heading ESE, Aleksandr turns to the North with Borodino and Oryol following.
• 14:55 Mikasa and the 5 ships make immediate U-turn Left on the spot and heads WNW in reverse order (Nisshin first, Mikasa last). Japanese 2nd Battle Div. continues on heading SE and then South attacking the secondary Russian warships.
• 15:10 Nisshin to Aleksandr: 4,000 yards. Oslyabya sinks. Knyaz Suvorov attempts to withdraw.
• 15:14 Asahi to Aleksandr: 3,000 yards. Aleksandr, apparently giving up fleeing North, turns SE with Borodino and Oryol following.
• 15:18 Asahi to Borodino: 2,500 yards.
• 15:50 Nisshin and the 5 ships make another immediate U-turn Left, heads NE in normal order (Mikasa first, Nisshin last). Japanese main group loses sight of the Russian main group in the battle smoke and mist.
• 16:45 One torpedo from the Japanese 4th Destroyer Div. hits Knyaz Suvorov in the port side stern, causing her to list about 10 degrees to port.
• 17:51 Russian auxiliary cruiser Шаблон:Ship sunk by the 1st battle division bombardment and a torpedo by battleship Shikishima.Шаблон:Sfn
• 18:03 Mikasa and the main group finds the remainder of the Russian main group (heading N) in NW, catch up and concentrate fire on the leading Aleksandr III.
• 18:16 Aleksandr III (heading NW) catches major fire. Japanese main group concentrates fire on Borodino (heading NW).
• 19:03 Imperator Aleksandr III sinks.
• 19:04 Huge explosion occurs in BorodinoШаблон:'s stern.
• 19:05 Japanese main group concentrates fire on Oryol (heading NW).
• 19:20 Knyaz Suvorov sinks.
• 19:28 The Sun sets.
• 19:30 Borodino sinks. Russian repair ship Шаблон:Ship sinks.
• 19:30 Leaving the destroyer divisions and torpedo boat flotillas in position to commence attack in the dark, Japanese 1st Battle Division leaves the battleground after ordering 2nd and 4th battle divisions to gather in Matsushima Island area in the North.Шаблон:Efn

28 May 1905 (JST)Шаблон:Sfn

• 05:23 The scout ship of the 5th battle division, Yaeyama, sends "Spotted enemy in grid 603 heading NE" to Шаблон:Ship.
• 05:30 The Japanese Combined Fleet starts assembling a surrounding formation with over 20 capital ships among all the battle divisions.
• 09:30 Formation is mostly in place. Mikasa and the 1st battle division approach from the North heading South.
• 10:00 Шаблон:Ship turns South and runs at high speed away from the rest of the Russian fleet.
• 10:31 Mikasa opens fire at 10,000 yards to Nikolai I with Шаблон:Ship, Apraksin and Seniavin following in this order.
• 10:34 Admiral Nebogatov signals "XGE P", which is "Surrendered. Go still (Proceeding slow)" in the International Code of Signals used at the time.
• 10:42 Kasuga hoists flag signal "enemy surrendered".
• 10:45 Admiral Tōgō accepts the surrender. Cruiser Шаблон:Ship sunk by the 3rd battle division on its way North to the surrounding formation.
• 10:53 Firing stops.

• Crossing the T: Japanese are in white, the Russians in red. At this point, Second Battle Div. followed the wake of First Battle Div.

  Crossing the T: Japanese are in white, the Russians in red. At this point, Second Battle Div. followed the wake of First Battle Div.

• Oslyabya and Knyaz Suvorov are damaged and breaking off. Imperator Aleksandr III, Borodino, and Oryol turn North, fleeing from the out-running Japanese divisions.

  Oslyabya and Knyaz Suvorov are damaged and breaking off. Imperator Aleksandr III, Borodino, and Oryol turn North, fleeing from the out-running Japanese divisions.

• The Japanese first and second divisions sandwiching the Russian fleet.

  The Japanese first and second divisions sandwiching the Russian fleet.

• The Russian ships in a shambles.

  The Russian ships in a shambles.

On film

The battle has been the main focus for two historical films in Japan. The first, 1969's Battle of the Japan Sea (日本海大海戦, Nihonkai Daikaisen), directed by Seiji Maruyama, starring Toshiro Mifune as Admiral Tōgō, with music by Masaru Sato and special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya. It was dramatized again in 1983's Battle Anthem (日本海大海戦・海ゆかば, Nihonkai Daikaisen—Umi Yukaba) with Mifune reprising his role.

Another, more recent, depiction is episode 4, season 3 of the 2009–2011 NHK taiga drama series Шаблон:Nihongo (lit. "Clouds Above the Slope").

See also

• Order of battle at the Battle of Tsushima
• Imperial Japanese Navy#Naval Buildup and tensions with Russia
• Baltic Fleet#Russo-Japanese War
• Military attachés and observers in the Russo-Japanese War
• Naval history of Japan
• Nicholas II of Russia

General bibliography

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Шаблон:Refend  Notes: Шаблон:Notelist

Further reading

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  • Volume 7: From Libau to Tsushima: A narrative of the voyage of Admiral Rojdestvensky’s fleet to Eastern seas, including a detailed account of the Dogger Bank Incident, translated by Major, Frederick Rowlandson Godfrey (1906), by Eugene S. Politovsky. Шаблон:ISBN
  • Volume 8: The Battle of Tsushima Between the Japanese and Russian Fleets, fought on 27 May 1905, translated by Captain Alexander Bertram Lindsay (1912) by Captain Vladimir Semeoff; combined with A Subaltern in Old Russia, translated by Ivor Montagu (1944) by Lieutenant-General A.A. Ignatyev. Шаблон:ISBN
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External links

• Шаблон:Cite web
• History.com—This Day In History: The Battle of Tsushima Strait
• Battlefleet 1900—Free naval wargame rules covering pre-dreadnought era, including Russo-Japanese War
• Russojapanesewar.com—complete order of battle of both fleets, Admiral Tōgō's post-battle report and the account of Russian ensign Sememov