Английская Википедия:Bavarian language

Upper German language area after 1945: blue: Bavarian-Austrian dialects

Bavarian (Шаблон:Lang-de Шаблон:IPA-de; Bavarian: Boarisch or Boirisch^[1]), alternately Austro-Bavarian, is a major group of Upper German varieties spoken in the southeast of the German language area, including the German state of Bavaria, most of Austria and the Italian region of South Tyrol.Шаблон:Sfn Prior to 1945, Bavarian was also prevalent in parts of the southern Sudetenland and western Hungary.^[2] Bavarian is spoken by approximately 12 million people in an area of around Шаблон:Convert, making it the largest of all German dialects. In 2008, 45 percent of Bavarians claimed to use only dialect in everyday communication.Шаблон:Sfn

Language or dialect

Bavarian is commonly considered to be a dialect of German,^[3]^[4]^[5] but some sources classify it as a separate language: the International Organization for Standardization has assigned a unique ISO 639-3 language code (bar),^[6] and the UNESCO lists Bavarian in the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger since 2009; however, the classification of Bavarian as an individual language has been criticized by some scholars of Bavarian.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Reasons why Bavarian can be viewed as a dialect of German include the perception of its speakers, the lack of standardization, the traditional use of Standard German as a roofing language, the relative closeness to German which does not justify Bavarian to be viewed as an abstand language, or the fact that no country applied for Bavarian to be entered into the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

The difference between Bavarian and Standard German is larger than the difference between Danish and Norwegian or between Czech and Slovak.^[7]

Origins

History and etymology

Шаблон:Further

The word Bavarian is derived from the name of the people who settled Bavaria along with their tribal dialect. The origin of the word is disputed. The most common theory traces the word to Bajowarjōz, meaning "inhabitants of Bojer land". In turn, Bojer (Шаблон:Lang-la, Шаблон:Lang-de) originated as the name for former Celtic inhabitants of the area, with the name passing to the mixed population of Celts, Romans, and successive waves of German arrivals during the early medieval period.^[8]

The local population eventually established the Duchy of Bavaria, forming the south-eastern part of the kingdom of Germany. The Old High German documents from the area of Bavaria are identified as Шаблон:Lang ("Old Bavarian"), even though at this early date there were few distinctive features that would divide it from Alemannic German.

The dialectal separation of Upper German into East Upper German (Bavarian) and West Upper German (Alemannic) became more tangible in the Middle High German period, from about the 12th century.

Geographical distribution and dialects

In Europe:
- In Germany, the language is spoken in Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, and the Upper Palatinate districts in Bavaria. It is also spoken in southern Vogtland, in Saxony;
- In Austria, except Vorarlberg and Reutte;
- In Italy in South Tyrol and a handful of linguistic enclaves of Cimbrian and Carnic people in Northern Italy;
- In Switzerland, it is spoken in the village of Samnaun, in Grisons;
- In Sopron (Hungary) and surroundings.
Outside of Europe:
- In Treze Tílias, Brazil
- In Pozuzo, Peru
- In the United States and Canada (Hutterite German)

Three main dialects of Bavarian are:

Northern Bavarian, mainly spoken in Upper Palatinate, but also in adjacent areas (small parts of Upper Franconia (Wunsiedel district and Bayreuth district), Saxony (southern Vogtland), Middle Franconia, Upper Bavaria and Lower Bavaria).
Central Bavarian along the main rivers Isar and Danube, spoken in Upper Bavaria (including Munich, which has a standard German-speaking majority), Lower Bavaria, southern Upper Palatinate, the Swabian district of Aichach-Friedberg, the northern parts of the State of Salzburg, Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Vienna (see Viennese German) and the Northern Burgenland.
Southern Bavarian in Samnaun, Tyrol, South Tyrol, Carinthia, Styria, and the southern parts of Salzburg and Burgenland.

Differences are clearly noticeable within those three subgroups, which in Austria often coincide with the borders of the particular states. For example, each of the accents of Carinthia, Styria, and Tyrol can be easily recognised. Also, there is a marked difference between eastern and western central Bavarian, roughly coinciding with the border between Austria and Bavaria. In addition, the Viennese dialect has some characteristics distinguishing it from all other dialects. In Vienna, minor, but recognizable, variations are characteristic for distinct districts of the city.

Before the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia, the linguistic border of Bavarian with Czech was on the farther side of the Bohemian Forest and its Bohemian foreland was Bavarian-speaking.

Alternatively, there are four main dialects:^[9]

North Bavarian
Middle Bavarian
South Middle Bavarian
South Bavarian

Use

Шаблон:For

Файл:Rottach-Egern - Kramer Lad’l - Essen ist ein Bedürfnis.jpg

Public sign combining Standard German and Bavarian

Шаблон:Citation needed span Given that Central German and Upper German together comprise the High German languages, out of which the then new, written standard was developed and as opposed to Low German, that is an alternative naming many High German dialect speakers regard justified.

School

Шаблон:Citation needed span

Literature

Шаблон:Citation needed span

Web

There is a Bavarian Wikipedia. Also, the official FC Bayern Munich website was available in Bavarian.^[10]

Phonology

Consonants

	Labial	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Шаблон:Left Nasal	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA			Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:Left Stop	Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA			Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA	(Шаблон:IPA)
Шаблон:Left Affricate	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:Left Fricative	Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	(Шаблон:IPA)	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:Left Trill		Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:Left Approximant		Шаблон:IPA		Шаблон:IPA

Notes:

Aspiration may occur among voiceless plosives in word-initial position.
The phoneme Шаблон:IPA is frequently realised as Шаблон:IPAblink or Шаблон:IPAblink word-internally and is realised as Шаблон:IPAblink word-initially.
Intervocalic Шаблон:IPA can be voiced to Шаблон:IPAblink, unless it is fortis (lengthened), such as in Шаблон:IPA 'to be named', compared to Шаблон:IPA 'to travel', where the sibilant is lenis.
A trill sound Шаблон:IPA may also be realised as a flap [[[:Шаблон:IPA link]]].
Intervocalic Шаблон:IPA can be realised as [[[:Шаблон:IPA link]]] or [[[:Шаблон:IPA link]], Шаблон:IPA link].
Some dialects, such as the Bavarian dialect in South Tyrol, realise Шаблон:IPA as an affricate Шаблон:IPAblink word-initially and before Шаблон:IPA, which is an extension of the High German consonant shift to velar consonants.

Vowels

Vowel phonemes in parentheses occur only in certain Bavarian dialects or only appear as allophones or in diphthongs. Nasalization may also be distinguished in some dialects.

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded	Central	Back
Close	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA		Шаблон:IPA
Near-close	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA		Шаблон:IPA
Close-mid	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	(Шаблон:IPA)	Шаблон:IPA
Open-mid	Шаблон:IPA	Шаблон:IPA	(Шаблон:IPA)	Шаблон:IPA
Open	(Шаблон:IPA)	(Шаблон:IPA)	Шаблон:IPA	(Шаблон:IPA)	Шаблон:IPA

Bavarian has an extensive vowel inventory, like most Germanic languages. Vowels can be grouped as back rounded, front unrounded and front rounded. They are also traditionally distinguished by length or tenseness.

Grammar

Bavarian usually has case inflection only for the article. With very few exceptions, nouns are not inflected for case.
The simple past tense is very rare in Bavarian and has been retained for only a few verbs, including 'to be' and 'to want'. In general, the perfect is used to express past time.
Bavarian features verbal inflection for several moods such as indicative, subjunctive, imperative and optative. See the table below for inflection of the Bavarian verb Шаблон:Lang, 'make; do':

Шаблон:Lang	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1. Sg	Шаблон:Lang	—	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang
2. Sg (informal)	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang
3. Sg	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang
1. Pl	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang
2. Pl	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang
3. Pl	Шаблон:Lang	—	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang
2. Sg (formal)	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

	Singular				Plural
	1st person	2nd person informal	2nd person formal	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Nominative	i	du	Si	ea, se/de, des	mia	eß/öß / ia*	se
Unstressed	i	--	-'S	-a, -'s, -'s	-ma	-'s	-'s
Dative	mia	dia	Eana	eam, eara/iara, dem	uns, ins	enk / eich*	ea, eana
Unstressed	-ma	-da
Accusative	-mi	-di	Eana	eam, eara/iara, des	uns, ins	enk / eich*	ea, eana
Unstressed			Si	-'n, ..., -'s			-'s

* These are typically used in the very northern dialects of Bavarian.

Possessive pronouns

	Masculine singular		Feminine singular		Neuter singular		Plural (any gender)
Nominative	mei	meina	mei	meine	mei	mei(n)s	meine
Accusative	mein		mei	meine	mei	mei(n)s
Dative	meim		meina		meim

The possessive pronouns Deina and Seina inflect in the same manner. Oftentimes, -nige is added to the nominative to form the adjective form of the possessive pronoun, like mei(nige), dei(nige), and the like.

Indefinite pronouns

Just like the possessive pronouns listed above, the indefinite pronouns koana, "none", and oana, "one" are inflected the same way.

There is also the indefinite pronoun ebba(d), "someone" with its impersonal form ebb(a)s, "something". It is inflected in the following way:

	Personal	Impersonal
Nominative	ebba	ebbs
Accusative	ebban	ebbs
Dative	ebbam

Interrogative pronouns

The interrogative pronouns wea, "who", and wås, "what" are inflected the same way the indefinite pronoun ebba is inflected.

	Personal	Impersonal
Nominative	wea	wås
Accusative	wen	wås
Dative	wem

Society

Шаблон:More citations needed section Bavarians produce a variety of nicknames for those who bear traditional Bavarian or German names like Josef, Theresa or Georg (becoming Sepp'l or more commonly Sepp, Resi and Schorsch, respectively). Bavarians often refer to names with the family name coming first (like da Stoiber Ede instead of Edmund Stoiber). The use of the article is considered mandatory when using this linguistic variation. In addition, nicknames different from the family name exist for almost all families, especially in small villages. They consist largely of their profession, names or professions of deceased inhabitants of their homes or the site where their homes are located. This nickname is called Hausname (en: name of the house) and is seldom used to name the person, but more to state where they come from or live or to whom they are related. Examples of this are:

Mohler (e.g. Maler – painter)
Bachbauer (farmer who lives near a brook/creek)
Moosrees (Theresa (Rees/Resi) who lives near a moss)
Schreiner (joiner/carpenter)

Samples of Bavarian dialects

Файл:Bavarian (Wikitongues).ogg

Spoken Bavarian

	Шаблон:Lang
	Шаблон:Lang
Yiddish	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
German	Шаблон:Lang
English	Bavarian is a group of dialects in the south of the German Sprachraum.

	Шаблон:Lang
	Шаблон:Lang
Yiddish	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
Standard German	Шаблон:Lang
English	Hello, I am Peter and I come from Munich.

	Шаблон:Lang
Bavarian	Шаблон:Lang
Yiddish	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
Standard German	Шаблон:Lang
English	Lisa broke/has broken her leg.

	Шаблон:Lang
	Шаблон:Lang
Yiddish	Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang
Standard German	Шаблон:Lang
English	I (have) found money.

The dialects can be seen to share a number of features with Yiddish.^[11]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:InterWiki

Шаблон:Commons category-inline
Bavarian Wikipedia: Wikipedia:Boarische Umschrift, Boarische Dialekte im Vagleich

Шаблон:Languages of Germany Шаблон:Languages of Austria Шаблон:Languages of Italy Шаблон:Germanic languages

Шаблон:Authority control

↑ Шаблон:Cite book
↑ Шаблон:Cite news
↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Bairisch ist der oberdeutsche Dialekt, der dem Stamm der Baiern (oder Bajuwaren) eigen ist." [Bavarian is the Upper German dialect that is proper to the tribe of the Bavarians (or Baiuvarii).]
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Harvtxt quoted in Шаблон:Harvtxt.
↑ Шаблон:Cite book
↑ Kurt Gustav Goblirsch, Consonant Strength in Upper German Dialects, John Benjamins Publishing Company 2012 as NOWELE Supplement Series vol. 10 (originally Odense University Press 1994), p. 23 f.
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Uriel Weinrich, Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. New York, 1953. Reprint, Mouton, The Hague, 1963, Шаблон:ISBN.

[1] Шаблон:Cite book

[2] Шаблон:Cite news

[3] Шаблон:Harvnb: "Bairisch ist der oberdeutsche Dialekt, der dem Stamm der Baiern (oder Bajuwaren) eigen ist." [Bavarian is the Upper German dialect that is proper to the tribe of the Bavarians (or Baiuvarii).]

[4] Шаблон:Cite web

[5] Шаблон:Cite web

[:0-6] Шаблон:Cite web

[7] Шаблон:Harvtxt quoted in Шаблон:Harvtxt.

[barbrite-8] Шаблон:Cite book

[9] Kurt Gustav Goblirsch, Consonant Strength in Upper German Dialects, John Benjamins Publishing Company 2012 as NOWELE Supplement Series vol. 10 (originally Odense University Press 1994), p. 23 f.

[10] Шаблон:Cite web

[11] Uriel Weinrich, Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. New York, 1953. Reprint, Mouton, The Hague, 1963, Шаблон:ISBN.

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[3]

[4]

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