Английская Википедия:Bayt 'Itab

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox settlement Bayt ʿIṭāb (Шаблон:Lang-ar) was a Palestinian Arab village located in the Jerusalem Subdistrict. The village is believed to have been inhabited since the biblical period. An ancient tunnel which led to the village spring is associated with the story of Samson.Шаблон:Citation needed Both during and after its incorporation into Crusader fiefdoms in the 12th century, its population was Arab. Sheikhs from the Lahham family clan, who were associated with the Qays tribo-political faction, ruled the village during Ottoman era. In the 19th century, this clan controlled 24 villages in the vicinity. The homes were built of stone. The local farmers cultivated cereals, fruit trees and olive groves and some engaged in livestock breeding.

After a military assault on Bayt ʿIṭāb by Israeli forces in October 1948, the village was depopulated and demolished.[1] Many of the villagers had fled to refugee camps in the West Bank less than Шаблон:Convert from the village. In 1950, an Israeli moshav, Nes Harim, was established north of the built up portion of Bayt 'Itab, on an adjacent peak.[2]

History

Late Roman Enadab

Bayt ʿIṭāb is identified with Enadab, a name that appears in Eusebius' Onomasticon, written in the fourth century CE.[3][4] Agmon conjectured that its ancient name was batˁaṭami = "place of the vulture-goddess shrine", in reference to the Egyptian deity Nekhbet.[5]

Crusader period

Файл:PikiWiki Israel 13525 Geography of Israel.jpg
Crusader ruins at Bayt Itab.

In the mid-12th century, Bayt ʿIṭāb hosted an impressive maison forte (see French article here), or fortified hall house, in the ancient centre of the modern village, that is thought to have served as the residence of Johannes Gothman, a Frankish crusader knight. The building had two stories, both vaulted; the ground floor entrance was protected by a slit-machicolation and had stairs leading to the basement and upper floor.[6]

Gothman's wife was forced to sell his landholdings after he was taken prisoner by Islamic forces in 1161, in order to raise the money needed for his ransom.[1][7][8][9][10] The village was then acquired by and made a fief of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, possibly organised by the Order of the Holy Sepulchre.[11]

The Arabic name of the village appears in Latin transliteration as Bethaatap in a list recording the 1161 sale of Gothman's land.[1][8] Its affiliations with the Crusader era has led some to erroneously characterize the village as "Crusader", when in fact its habitation by Arabs predates, persisted through and extended beyond this period.[1]

Ottoman period

Edward Robinson visited the village in 1838, and described its stone houses, several of which had two storeys, as solidly built. In the center of the village were the ruins of a castle or tower. Robinson estimates, the village population was six to seven hundred people. He notes that Beit 'Atab, as he transcribes it, was the chief town of the 'Arkub (Arqub) district and the Nazir (warden) of the district lived there. Robinson recounts that he was "a good-looking man" from the Lahaam clan, and that when they arrived in the village, he was sitting conversing with other sheikhs on a carpet under a fig tree. Rising to greet them, he invited them to stay for the night, but as they were in a hurry to see more of the country before the setting of the sun, and so declined his offer.[12]

In the mid-19th century, the sheikh of Bayt 'Itab was named 'Utham al-Lahham (Sheikh 'Othman al-Lahaam). He had been exiled in 1846, but had managed to escape and return. A supporter of the Qays faction, Lahham was in conflict with the Yamani faction leaders, especially the sheikh of Abu Ghosh.[1][13] In the 1850s the conflict between these two families over the control of the district of Bani Hasan dominated the area.[14] As Meron Benvenisti writes, al-Lahham waged "a bloody war against Sheik Mustafa Abu Ghosh, whose capital and fortified seat was in the village of Suba."[1] In 1855, Mohammad Atallah in Bayt Nattif, a cousin of 'Utham al-Lahham, contested his rule over the region. In order to win support from Abu Ghosh, Mohammad Atallah changed side over to the Yamani faction. This is said to have enraged 'Utham al-Lahham. He raised a fighting force and fell on Bayt Nattif on 3 January 1855. The village lost 21 dead. According to an eyewitness description by the horrified British consul, James Finn, their corpses were terribly mutilated.[15][16]

In February 1855, the Abu Ghosh clan came to the aid of Atallah, conquered Bayt ʿIṭāb, and imprisoned ʿUtham al-Laḥḥām in his own house. With the help of one of the younger members of the Abu Ghosh clan, James Finn was able to negotiate a cease-fire between the Atallah and Lahham factions in Bayt 'Itab.[15] For three years, relative peace reigned in the area; however, the Ottoman governor of Jerusalem, Thurayya Pasha and his policy of step-by-step consolidation of Ottoman control over the local districts led to the last rebellion of the sheikhs in 1858–59. By the fall of 1859, when 'Utham al-Lahham was ninety years old, both he and Mohammad Atallah were deported to Cyprus by Thurayya Pasha. The rest of the Laḥḥām family was resettled in Ramla.[17]

When French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village in 1863, "he found that the Sheikh's house, with the adjoining houses, is built upon the site of an old fort, some vaults of which remain, and seemed to him older than the Crusades. The people say that there is a subterranean passage from the castle to the spring at the bottom of the hill. They also told him that the village of Eshua (4 miles to the north-west) was formerly called Ashtual, and that between the villages of Sur'ah and Eshua is a waly consecrated to Sheikh Gherib, and known also as the Kabr Shamshun, Tomb of Samson."[18]

An official Ottoman village list from about 1870 cited by Socin shows that Bayt 'Itab had a total of 89 houses inhabited by 241 people, with the caveat that the population count included men only.[19]

In the late 19th century, Bayt ʿIṭāb was described as a village built on stone, perched on a rocky knoll that rose 60 to 100 feet above the surrounding hilly ridge. Its population in 1875 was approximately 700, all Muslim. Olive trees were cultivated on terraces to the north of the village. A large cavern (18 feet wide and 6 feet high) ran beneath the houses. [20]

According to Hartmann, in 1883 Bayt 'Itab had 100 houses.[21] In 1896 the population of Bet 'atab was estimated to be about 543 persons.[22]

British Mandatory period

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Bayt 'Itab had a population of 504 residents; all Muslims,[23] increasing in the 1931 census to 606, still all Muslims, in a total of 187 houses.[24] It was in the sub-district of Ramle, but due to the rearrangement of district boundaries it was later in the sub-district of Jerusalem.[24][25]

The original layout of Bayt ʿIṭāb was circular, but newer construction to the southwest (towards Sufla), gave the village an arc-shape. Most houses were built of stone.[26] Agriculture was the main source of income. The village owned extensive areas on the coastal plain that were planted with grain. During the British Mandate in Palestine, some of this land was expropriated to make a large, government-owned woodland.[26]

In the 1945 statistics, it had a population of 540 Muslims,[27] with 5,447 dunums of land.[28] Of this, a total of 1,400 dunams were used for cereals, 665 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,[29] while 14 dunams were built-up (urban) Arab land.[30] 116 dunums were planted with olive trees, and the villagers also engaged in livestock breeding.[26]

1948 War; Israeli period

War, depopulation and destruction

Файл:Bayt 'Itab demolition 1948.jpg
Member of Harel Brigade during demolition of Bayt 'Itab, 1948
Файл:Beit Aitb 1948.jpg
House demolition in Bayt 'Itab, 1948.

The village was depopulated between 19 and 24 October 1948, after the Harel Brigade captured the village as part of Operation Ha-Har.[31] This operation was complementary to Operation Yoav, a simultaneous offensive on the southern front.[26] One IDF account says that when the Harel Brigade approached the village at night, they already found the village deserted, but proceeded to destroy its houses.[32] Most of the village population fled southwards, towards Bethlehem and Hebron.[31] Many refugees from Bayt 'Itab, and other Palestinian villages clustered together on the western slope of the Judean mountains, ended up in Dheisheh refugee camp in the West Bank, roughly Шаблон:Convert from their former homes.[33]

In 1950, the Israeli moshav-type village of Nes Harim was established north of the village site on village land.[26] In 1992, Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi found the site strewn with rubble and the remains of a Crusader fortress. He noted two cemeteries that lay east and west of the village, and the fact that some of the surrounding land was cultivated by Israeli farmers.[26]

Archaeological park

[34] Remains at the site include a Crusader fortress, vaults, remnants of a wall and towers, tunnels, a columbarium and an olive press. A conservation project was undertaken to stabilize the vaulted building utilizing traditional technology.[35]

Geography

Bayt ʿIṭāb was located Шаблон:Convert south southwest of Jerusalem, on a high mountain Шаблон:Convert above sea level, overlooking some lower mountains peaks below.[3][34] A Roman road ran along a narrow ridge to the south of the village which also passed by Solomon's Pools.[36] A low cliff to the east of the village was known as 'Arâk el-Jemâl ("the cliff, cavern or buttress of the camels").[37]

Southeast of the village on the main road was the chief village spring known as ʿAin Beit ʿAṭāb (Шаблон:Lang-ar) or ʿAin Haud.[11][38] Below this spring to the northwest, was a pool known as Birket 'Atab with its own spring, `Ain el-Birkeh.[39] Another spring nearby was known as 'Ain el Khanzierh ("the spring of the sow").[40] Connecting the village to the chief spring was a rock tunnel said to be "of great antiquity," the entrance of which was known only to those well acquainted with the site.[41] This cavern or tunnel, known in Arabic as Mgharat Bīr el-Hasuta, ("Cave of the Well of Hasuta") is "evidently artificial," and was hewn into the rock.[11][42] Some 250 feet long, it runs in a south-south-west direction from the village emerging as a vertical shaft (6 ft x 5 ft x 10 ft deep) about 60 yards away from the spring that supplied the village with water. The average height of the tunnel is about 5 to 8 feet with a width of about 18 feet. There were two entrances to it from the village, one in the west, and the other at the center, the latter being closed at one author's time of writing in the 19th century.[11]

Biblical identification

In 1879, Lieutenant C. R. Conder, of the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF), thought that the place Bayt ʿIṭāb should be identified with the biblical site known as "Rock of Etam" (Judges 15:11), by way of a corruption of its name, and which, according to Conder, was not a town at all, but "a strong rock."[43][44] John William McGarvey (1881) quotes Conder on the linguistic evidence: "The substitution of B for M is so common (as in Tibneh for Timnah) that the name Atab may very properly represent the Hebrew Etam (eagle's nest); and there are other indications as to the identity of the site."[45]

Survey of Western Palestine (1883), notes that the name of the "curious cave" at Bayt ʿIṭāb in Arabic is Bir el-Has Utah. Unable to find a meaning for the word in Arabic, they find it corresponds to the Hebrew word Hasutah, "[...] which is translated 'a place of refuge.' Thus the name seems to indicate that this place has been used from a very early time as a lurking or hiding place, as we gather it to have been in the time of Samson."[11] McGarvey also relays Conder's belief that the cavern within the rock formation was "the real hiding place" of Samson after his destruction of the Philistine's grains.[45]

Henry B. Tristram (1897) writes of Bayt 'Itab that it crowned "a remarkable rocky knoll," which he states is, "probably, the Rock Etam." Noting that an ancient tunnel ran down from the village eastward through the rock to the chief spring, he speculates that this would have made a good hiding place for Samson when according to biblical tradition, he "went down and dwelt in the top of the rock Etam" (Book of Judges, xv. 8).[46]

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War Шаблон:National parks of Israel Шаблон:Crusader Sites in Israel

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
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Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 Benvenisti, 2002, in a chapter named "The Convenience of the Crusades", p. 301
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Khalidi, 1992, p. 274
  4. ↑ Eusebius, Onomasticon - The Place Names of Divine Scripture, (ed.) R. Steve Notley & Ze'ev Safrai, Brill: Leiden 2005, p. 92 (§477)
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. ↑ CHRAM, 1994, p. 342 pg=PA342 short
  7. ↑ de Roziére, 1849, pp. 195-199, No. 99-100; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 97, No 368-9
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Levy, 1998, p. 505
  9. ↑ Riley-Smith, 2001, p. 171
  10. ↑ Pringle, 1997, p.26
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 11,4 Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 23
  12. ↑ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 338. Cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 274
  13. ↑ Schölch, 1993, p. 231
  14. ↑ Schölch, 1993, p. 229
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Schölch, 1993, p. 232
  16. ↑ Benvenisti notes that, "The long history of Beit ʿIṭāb and the tale of the wars of the Quays and Yaman have been recounted at length in many books, and British consul James Finn (mid-nineteenth century) left a particularly vivid description of this village and its houses, both ancient and new. But there is no mention of any of this in Israeli guidebooks, save for the routine remark, "destroyed in the War for Independence." By contrast, the guidebook makes sure to inform its readers that "it is almost certain that its Arab name, Beit ʿIṭāb, is a corruption of its Latin name, Atap, meaning a small fortress," and at the site there are "remains of ancient structures, apparently from a Crusader farm.""
  17. ↑ Schölch, 1993, pp.232-3, party based on Finn, p.193 ff.
  18. ↑ Guérin, 1869, pp. 381-3, as cited in Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 83
  19. ↑ Socin, 1879, p. 145
  20. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, pp. 22-24. Also quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 275
  21. ↑ Hartmann, 1883, p. 145
  22. ↑ Schick, 1896, p. 123
  23. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramleh, p. 21
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Mills, 1932, p. 19
  25. ↑ Kark and Oren-Nordheim, 2001, p. 192
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 26,3 26,4 26,5 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Khalidi275 не указан текст
  27. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок 1945p24 не указан текст
  28. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Hadawi56 не указан текст
  29. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 101
  30. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 151
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 Morris, 2004, p. 466
  32. ↑ Har’el: Palmach brigade in Jerusalem, Zvi Dror (ed. Nathan Shoḥam), Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishers: Benei Barak 2005, p. 270 (Hebrew)
  33. ↑ Rosenfeld, 2004, p. 322
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 38
  37. ↑ Palmer, 1881, p. 284
  38. ↑ Palmer, 1881, p. 278
  39. ↑ Palmer, 1881, p. 279
  40. ↑ Palmer, 1881, p. 280
  41. ↑ Lias, 2009, pp. 165-166
  42. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 137
  43. ↑ Conder, 1879, pp. 273, 275
  44. ↑ Conder, 1878, p. 117
  45. ↑ 45,0 45,1 McGarvey, 2002, pp. 246-247
  46. ↑ Tristram, 1897, pp. 66-67
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