Английская Википедия:Be languages
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Infobox language
Be (Шаблон:IPA-all), also known as Ong Be, Bê, or Vo Limgao (Mandarin: 临高话 Lín'gāohuà), is a pair of languages spoken by 600,000 people, 100,000 of them monolingual, on the north-central coast of Hainan Island, including the suburbs of the provincial capital Haikou. The speakers are counted as part of the Han Chinese nationality in census. According to Ethnologue, it is taught in primary schools.[1]
Names
Be speakers refer to themselves as Шаблон:IPA, with Шаблон:IPA being the prefix for persons and Шаблон:IPA meaning 'village'.Шаблон:Sfn Liang (1997) notes that it is similar to the autonym Шаблон:IPA (from Шаблон:IPA 'person' and Шаблон:IPA 'village'), by which Gelong 仡隆 (Cun language) speakers refer to themselves.
Classification
The Be languages are a pair of Kra–Dai languages, but its precise relationship to other branches within the Kra-Dai family has yet not been conclusively determined. Hansell (1988)[2] considers Be to be a sister of the Tai branch based on shared vocabulary, and proposes a Be–Tai grouping.
Based on toponymic evidence from place names with the prefix dya- (调 diao), Jinfang Li considers Be to have originated from the Leizhou peninsula of Guangdong province.[3] Liang (1997:16) considers Be to have migrated to Hainan from the Leizhou Peninsula of Guangdong about 2,500 years ago during the Warring States Period, but not over 3,000 years ago. Liang & Zhang (1996:21–25)[4] also believe that Be had migrated from the Leizhou Peninsula to northern Hainan about 2,500 years ago during the Warring States period.
Weera Ostapirat (1998),[5] analyzing data from Zhang (1992),[6] notes that Be and Jizhao share many lexical similarities and sound correspondences, and that Jizhao may be a remnant Be-related language on the Chinese mainland.
Dialects
Be consists of the Lincheng 临城 (Western) and Qiongshan 琼山 (Eastern) dialects.Шаблон:Sfn Liang (1997:32) documents the following varieties of Be.
- Lingao County (including Lincheng 临城镇 and Xinying 新盈镇 towns)
- Bailian 白莲, Chengmai County
- Longtang Township 龙塘镇, Qiongshan District
Be of Chengmai is intermediate between the Lincheng and Qiongshan dialects, and has features of both.Шаблон:Sfn
Chen (2018) contains extensive comparative lexical data for the Be dialects of Changliu (長流), Yongxing (永興), Longtang (龍塘), Qiaotou (橋頭), Huangtong (皇桐), and Xinying (新盈). The Qiaotou, Huangtong, and Xinying dialects are unintelligible with the Changliu, Yongxing, Longtang, and Shishan (石山) dialects. Chen (2018) also reconstructs Proto-Ong-Be on the basis of this comparative lexical data.
Classification
Chen (2018: 82) classifies the Ong-Be dialects into two groups, which are mutually unintelligible with each other.
- Ong-Be
- Western Ong-Be
- Qiaotou 橋頭
- Huangtong 皇桐
- Maniao 馬裊
- Lincheng 臨城
- Jialai 加來
- Meiliang 美良
- Xinying 新盈
- Eastern Ong-Be
- Longtang 龍塘
- Longqiao 龍橋
- Longquan 龍泉 (formerly Shizilu 十字路)
- Yongxing 永興
- Shishan 石山
- Changliu 長流
- Laocheng 老城
- Western Ong-Be
Phonology
Consonants
Initials
- Шаблон:IPA is mainly heard in finals, rarely in initials.
- Шаблон:IPA can also be heard as Шаблон:IPA in free variation.
- Шаблон:IPA can be heard as Шаблон:IPA in the dialect of Xindengyi.
Finals
| Labial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link |
| Nasal | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link |
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link | |
| Mid | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link |
| (Шаблон:IPA link) | (Шаблон:IPA link) | Шаблон:IPA link | |
| Low | Шаблон:IPA link | ||
- Vowels in word-initial position are phonetically heard beginning with a glottal Шаблон:IPA.
- An open-mid vowel Шаблон:IPA occurs in the Chengmai and Qiongshan dialects.
- A near-open central vowel sound Шаблон:IPA also occurs in the Qiongshan dialect.[7]
See also
- List of Proto-Ong-Be reconstructions (Wiktionary)
References
Works cited
Further reading
- Zhang, Yuansheng 张元生. 1985. Hainan Lingaohua 海南临高话. Nanning: Guangxi People's Publishing House 广西民族出版社.
External links
- ABVD: Ong Be word list
- Ong Be–language Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
Шаблон:Languages of China Шаблон:Tai-Kadai languages
