Английская Википедия:Beaker culture in Sardinia
The Beaker culture in Sardinia appeared circa 2100 BC (or according to other datations in 2300 BC or earlierШаблон:Sfn) during the last phase of the Chalcolithic period. It initially coexisted with and then replaced the previous Monte Claro culture in Sardinia, developing until the ancient Bronze Age circa 1900–1800 BC. Then, the Beaker culture mixed with the related Bonnanaro culture, considered the first stage of the Nuragic civilization.
Chronology
The European Beaker culture is characterized by the use of classic bell-shaped ceramics. The different styles and decorations of these ceramics allow the Sardinian Beaker culture to be split into three main chronological phases:Шаблон:Sfn
- A1 Maritime-International phase (c. 2100–2000 BC)
- A2 Italian-Sulcitan phase (c. 2000–1900 BC)
- B Undecorated Beaker phase (c. 1900–1800 BC)
The various phases show the succession of two main components: the first "Franco-Iberian" (Catalonia and Southern France) and the second "central European" (throughout the Italian peninsula).[2] Thus, it seems likely that the Beaker culture was brought to the island over a long period of time by different waves of migrants from different regions of Europe.[3] Sardinia was in turn the intermediary that brought Beaker materials to Sicily.[4]
Finds
Beaker finds have been found at about seventy sites in Sardinia; they are concentrated mostly along the western coast of the island, from the Nurra region to Sulcis-Iglesiente, and in Campidano, with some settlement in the east, in Dorgali and in the Sarrabus.[5]
Almost all Beaker finds are from burials (generally in pre-existing domus de janas, but also documented from individual burials within stone cists at Santa Vittoria-Nuraxinieddu near Oristano). The objects found include, besides the ceramics, the characteristic brassards (stone wrist-guards) to protect the forearms of archers, flint arrowheads and various ornaments including necklaces made of shells or tusks and buttons with a V-shaped perforation.
Metal objects include copper daggers with a triangular blade and pins. Gold artifacts appeared for the first time on the island (collier from the tomb of Bingia 'e Monti of Gonnostramatza).
Settlements
The old open-air Monte Claro villages disappear almost completely after centuries of occupation (possibly due to climate changeШаблон:Sfn or tribal clashes with the newcomersШаблон:Sfn) and only three settlements specifically attributable to this culture are known (Monte Ossoni in Castelsardo, Monte Ollàdiri in Monastir and Palaggiu in Samassi). This could mean that the Beaker bearers were nomadic people dwelling in tents Шаблон:Sfn or cavesШаблон:Sfn that depended mainly on the cultivation of wheat and the raising of sheep and goats.Шаблон:Sfn
Beaker-bearing entities may have induced forced migration of the Monte Claro culture in refuge settlement such as Biriai (Oliena).[6]
A unicum in Sardinia is represented by the site of Guardiole, on the island of Caprera. The complex, made up of a large rectangular megalithic enclosure and other buildings, shows evident similarities with the Beaker settlement of Ferrandell Olleza, on the island of Majorca.[7]
Religion
The locations where Beaker people may have performed religious rituals are not known. The discovery of Beaker fragments near the megalithic altar of Monte d'Accoddi does not seem to be related to attendance for religious purposes, but rather indicates the sporadic continuity of activity around a monument already abandoned, perhaps following Beaker raids.Шаблон:Sfn
The remains of animals in the tomb of Padru Jossu (Sanluri) suggest sacrifices in honor of a lunar deityШаблон:Sfn or the deceased.
Physical anthropology
Anthropological studies have shown that the Beakers were of a different physical type (roundheads) to the previous inhabitants of the island (longheads).Шаблон:Sfn
Paleogenetics
A genetic study published in Nature Communications in February 2020 examined the remains of a number of individuals identified with the Bell Beaker culture in Sardinia. According to the authors:[8]
According to a 2022 study by Rémi Tournebize et al., the appearance of the Bell Beaker culture coincides with a founder effect on the Island (4114 ± 366 years ago).[9]
Another 2022 study by Manjusha Chintalapati et al., found that a moderate steppe-related ancestry arrived in Sardinia in ~2600 BC.[10]
See also
References
Bibliography
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Ceramiche. Storia, linguaggio e prospettive in Sardegna, Maria Rosaria Manunza, p.26
- ↑ Maria Luisa Ferrarese Ceruti, La tomba XVI di Su Crucifissu Mannu e la Cultura di Bonnanaro, in Bullettino di Paletnologia Italiana, nuova serie, XXIII, vol. 81, 1972-1974, Roma 1976, pp. 207
- ↑ Salvatore Piccolo, Ancient Stones: The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily. Abingdon: Brazen Head Publishing, 2013, Шаблон:ISBN, p. 32.
- ↑ Maria Grazia Melis, Usini ricostruire il passato, La necropoli di S’Elighe Entosu e il territorio di Usini in età preistorica e protostorica p.294-295
- ↑ Gary Webster, Biriai, A Possible Refugee Settlement in Late Third-Millennium BC Sardinia, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology Vol. 34 No.1 (2021)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Tournebize R, Chu G, Moorjani P (2022) Reconstructing the history of founder events using genome-wide patterns of allele sharing across individuals. PLOS Genetics 18(6): e1010243. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010243
- ↑ Manjusha Chintalapati, Nick Patterson, Priya Moorjani (2022) The spatiotemporal patterns of major human admixture events during the European Holocene eLife 11:e77625 https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.77625
