Английская Википедия:Bean Station, Tennessee
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox settlement Bean Station is a town in Grainger and Hawkins counties in the state of Tennessee, United States.[1][2] As of the 2020 census, the population was 2,967.[3] It is part of the Kingsport Metropolitan Statistical Area, Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area, and Morristown metropolitan statistical area.[4] Established in 1776 as a frontier outpost by pioneer William Bean, it is considered one of the earliest permanently settled communities in Tennessee. It grew throughout the rest of the 18th and 19th centuries as an important stopover for early pioneers and settlers in the Appalachia region due to its strategic location at the crossroads of Daniel Boone's Wilderness Road and the Great Indian Warpath.
During the American Civil War, the town was the site of the final battle of the Knoxville campaign, before Confederate forces surrendered to a Union blockade in nearby Blaine. In the early 20th century, Bean Station experienced renewed growth with the development of the Tate Springs mineral springs resort, investment from U.S. Senator John K. Shields, and the Peavine Railroad, which provided passenger rail service connecting the town to Knoxville. In the 1940s, the town was completely inundated by the Tennessee Valley Authority for Cherokee Dam with nearly all of its residents removed via eminent domain and federal court orders. Following its inundation, it shifted to the new junction of U.S. Route 11W and U.S. Route 25E, becoming a popular lakeside community, and a commuter town for the city of Morristown in neighboring Hamblen County. Citing annexation attempts by Morristown, Bean Station incorporated into a town in 1996.
History
Early years and tourism
In 1775, pioneers Daniel Boone and William Bean observed what is now Bean Station from the top of Clinch Mountain while on a hunting and surveying excursion.[5] During the Revolutionary War, Bean served as a captain for the Virginia militia, and in 1776 was awarded over 3,000 acres in the German Creek valley where he surveyed and camped at previously with Boone.[5] Bean later constructed a four-room cabin at this site, which served as his family's home, and as an inn for prospective settlers, fur traders, and longhunters.[6] The inn and its surrounding area had various names: Bean's Cabin, Bean's Crossroads, and Bean's Station.[6] This area is believed by some to be the first permanently-settled European-American community in present-day Tennessee.[7]
Following William Bean's death in May 1782, his sons expanded the homestead into a frontier outpost which included the Bean family cabin, a tavern, and a blacksmith's shop which they operated.[5][6] The settlement was situated at the intersection of the Wilderness Road, a north–south pathway constructed in the 1780s that roughly followed what is present-day U.S. Route 25E; and the Great Indian Warpath, an east–west pathway that roughly followed what is now U.S. Route 11W.[8][9][10] This heavily trafficked crossroads location made Bean Station an important stopover for early American travelers, with additional taverns and inns operating at the station by the early 1800s.[8] By 1821, the pathway of the Wilderness Road from the Cumberland Gap to Bean Station was established as the Bean Station Turnpike, and received state funding while being a privately owned toll route, due to its importance for early interstate travel in the Appalachia region.[11]
Throughout the 1800s, Bean Station attracted the attention of numerous merchants and businessmen, who appealed to the travelers that used the community's roads.[8][12] In 1825, Thomas Whiteside constructed Bean Station Tavern, a large tavern with a 40-room capacity, wine cellar, and ballroom. The tavern was one of the largest of its time between New Orleans and Washington, D.C., and housed several famous guests including U.S. Presidents Andrew Jackson, Andrew Johnson, and James K. Polk.[8] The main portion of the tavern was destroyed in a fire on Christmas night in 1886.[13]
Civil War and late 19th century
During the Civil War, the Battle of Bean's Station took place in the westernmost area of the community on December 14, 1863. Confederate Army General James Longstreet attempted to capture Bean Station en route to Rogersville after failing to drive Union forces out of Knoxville. Bean Station was held by a contingent of Union soldiers under the command of General James M. Shackelford. After two days of gruesome fighting, Union forces were forced to retreat.[8]
After the Civil War, a businessman named Samuel Tate constructed the Tate Springs hotel west of Bean Station.[14] In 1876, the property was purchased by Captain Thomas Tomlinson, a Union army veteran who served in the Battle of Bean's Station. Tomlinson transformed the property into a resort complex, which featured a large Victorian-style luxury hotel and mineral springs purported to have healing properties.[14][15] The resort attracted some of the wealthiest people in America during this time.[14] The resort declined during the Great Depression and closed in 1941.[16] In 1943, the hotel site was redeveloped into a school and orphanage known as Kingswood. The main hotel structure was destroyed by fire in 1963, and the only remnants of the complex are the cabins of the site, the pool bathhouse, and the springhouse, the last of which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.[16] The Tate Springs site still runs as the Kingswood orphanage as of 2021.[16]
Peavine Railroad and redevelopment efforts
From the late 19th century until the early 20th century, Bean Station was a stop along the Knoxville and Bristol Railroad, commonly known by locals as the Peavine Railroad. The railroad was a branch line of the Southern Railway that ran from Morristown to Corryton, a bedroom community outside of Knoxville.[17] The Peavine Railroad first operated between Morristown and Bean Station, with construction complete in 1893.[10] The completion of the railroad influenced the formation of the Bean Station Improvement Company (BSIC), a redevelopment company led by resident and former U.S. Senator John K. Shields with the intent of revitalizing the community.[10] The BSIC laid the groundworks of a town street grid system, sold property for development, and pitched the community in widely distributed advertisements and brochures that highlighted the past, present, and future plans for the community. The company helped fund and propose plans to further the town as an important multimodal distribution rail-and-road center, such as an extension of the Peavine Railroad across Clinch Mountain to the Cumberland Gap, and northeast to Bristol. Both extension plans never came to fruition,[10] but rail access was extended west through Grainger County to Knoxville.[18] The Tate Springs resort located in (then) eastern Bean Station, had its peak popularity between the 1890s and 1920s when the Peavine Railroad provided passenger rail connections to the site.[19] The railroad ended service in 1928, and the lines were either demolished or washed out following the inundation of the Holston River by the Tennessee Valley Authority in 1942.[18]
TVA and community displacement
The initial plans for the construction of Cherokee Dam by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) several miles downstream along the Holston River included impounding the site where the town was originally settled.[20] Because of its historical significance, size, and potential relocation problems, officials from the TVA, Tennessee state government, historians, and concerned community members gathered in public forums in 1941 to discuss the future of the town and its relocation efforts before the valley was flooded the following year.[21]
A commission consisting of state planning and TVA personnel hosted town hall meetings during the spring of 1941 in Bean Station to develop plans for the town to relocate as a planned village, similar to the planning process for the 'model town' of Norris for TVA's earlier Norris Project in the 1930s.[22] After controversy arose following failed negotiations from unwilling property owners for the relocation sites and reluctance from most Bean Stationers to relocate in a community effort, the community relocation project was abandoned, with most citizens relocating on their own terms.[20] Following the Cherokee Project's completion, the TVA's project report cited opposition from Bean Station residents as the project's biggest hurdle.[20]
Of the estimated 200 families who lived at the original site of Bean Station,[23] nearly 150 or 87.5% were mandated to move via eminent domain.[20] Many houses, 20 businesses, and Clinchdale, the estate of Senator John K. Shields,[24] were demolished or moved, and at least one historical structure had to be relocated.[8][20] The Bean Station Tavern was deconstructed, but after the relocation project was cancelled, the parts remained in long-term storage.[25][13]
Community resistance and resilience, incorporation, and present day
Following the inundation of the original site of Bean Station in 1942 and the failed relocation plans, Bean Station unofficially shifted to the relocated intersection of US 25E and US 11W near the Grainger-Hawkins County border.[26] Through the mid-20th century, Bean Station saw a revived growth in population and economic progress as the community's principal transportation routes of US 11W and US 25E were used prominently for the nationwide trucking industry, making the community a site for new truck stops and motels serving truckers.[27] During the preliminary planning for the nationwide network of freeways that became the Interstate Highway System, the corridor that became Interstate 81 (I-81) was reportedly planned to follow US 11W between Knoxville and Bristol through Bean Station.[26] By the 1940s, plans for the route had its alignment shifted south of Morristown.[28][29] Farmers in the community and surrounding area reportedly opposed the route through Bean Station, and roadway planners and engineers were also reportedly swooned by Greene and Hamblen county officials.[26]
In 1961, following efforts led by a Morristown historical group, the TVA proposed a Шаблон:Convert historical park near the western interchange between US 11W and US 25E, with plans to rebuild the Bean Station Tavern on-site.[30] These plans were scrapped when it was discovered that the lengthy storage period had caused the original tavern materials to deteriorate beyond repair.[31][25] The TVA-owned land reserved for the park was instead constructed into a public baseball park on behalf of Grainger County officials.[31] As the region's economy began to diversify, manufacturing overtook agriculture as the area's main source of income.[32] As the community witnessed increased development along Highways 25E and 11W and the emergence of manufacturing facilities by the mid-century,[31] the community attempted to incorporate into a city in 1964.[33] Residents rejected this in a referendum by a margin of 153 to 94.[33] In 1967, community residents organized and chartered the Bean Station Volunteer Fire Department, and in 1975, the Bean Station Volunteer Rescue Squad was established.[34]
On May 13, 1972, 14 people were killed and 15 injured in a head-on collision between a double-decker Greyhound bus and a tractor-trailer on U.S. Route 11W in Bean Station.[36][37] The collision led to public outcry and calls for traffic safety and infrastructure improvements, including the widening of 11W and other state highways, and the completion of I-81 in Tennessee in order to alleviate congestion on 11W.[38] The accident remains the deadliest traffic collision in the history of Tennessee.[39][40] Following the opening of the last section of I-81 in Tennessee in December 1974, the community witnessed a reported 60% decline in business as a result of the decreased traffic on US 11W.[27] Most truck stops, gift stores, and motels in Bean Station closed in the following years.[27] US 25E experienced an opposite scenario to US 11W in Bean Station, as the completion of I-81 led to increased congestion on this highway from its junction with I-75 in Kentucky through Bean Station into Morristown, due to the route becoming a popular alternate corridor for truckers bypassing I-75 in Knoxville.[31] Increased sprawled residential development in Bean Station led to the two-lane 25E to be overloaded with commuters to neighboring Morristown.[31] In the 1980s, US-25E was widened to a four-lane limited-access highway from Lakeshore Drive to across Cherokee Lake into Morristown, and from the gap at Clinch Mountain to the base near the westernmost junction of 11W and 25E in Bean Station.[41] In 1995, US 11W and US 25E were relocated and widened into a four-lane limited-access highway,[31] bypassing Bean Station's central business district and prompting several businesses to relocate near the new bypass.[32]
In 1977, residents of Bean Station again petitioned to incorporate into a city, with new boundaries including portions of the neighboring Mooresburg community across the Hawkins County line. The proposal was rejected in a 291 to 160 vote.[42] In the mid-1990s, rumors regarding portions of southern Bean Station being possibly annexed into neighboring Morristown spread throughout the community, leading residents to petition a third incorporation election in 1994.[35][34] In 1996, community members voted by referendum to incorporate Bean Station into a city with a population of 2,171 residents.[32][43] The measure was decided in a large margin, with 627 in favor of incorporation and 142 against.[44] On May 23, 2013, Down Home Pharmacy, a pharmacy located in downtown Bean Station, was the site of an armed hostage and robbery. The act was committed by an ex-police officer for the town, who killed two people in an execution-style shooting and injured two others after robbing the pharmacy for opioids.[45] The following day, a vigil at the Bean Station town hall was held for the four victims with an estimated 300 people in attendance.[46]
Geography
Bean Station is located in rural easternmost Grainger County, Шаблон:Convert northeast of Knoxville,[47] where it borders the unincorporated community of Mooresburg at the line between Grainger and Hawkins Counties. The town is situated in the Richland Valley (also known as Mooresburg Valley) with Clinch Mountain to the north and Cherokee Lake to the south. In the western of portion of the town, adjacent to Kingswood Home for Children on the Tate Springs resort site, two major highways merge, with U.S. Route 25E entering from the northwest, and U.S. Route 11W entering from the southwest. From this point, US 25E heads over Clinch Mountain to Tazewell in Claiborne County, while US 11W runs west through the Richland Valley to Rutledge, the county seat of Grainger County. The highways split again just south of Bean Station's central business district, with US 11W bypassing the business district and continuing northeastward to Rogersville, and US 25E continuing southward across Cherokee Lake into Hamblen County to Morristown. Tennessee State Route 375 (SR 75, Lakeshore Drive) also intersects US 25E south of the business district, which traverses into several of Bean Station’s affluent outskirt lakefront neighborhoods and subdivisions.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Bean Station has an area of Шаблон:Convert, of which Шаблон:Convert, or 0.01%, are water.[3] The town limits include Wyatt Village, located next to an arm of Cherokee Lake along US 25E south of downtown, and portions of Tate Springs located near US-11W and Briar Fork Creek on Cherokee Lake. The town limits stretch Шаблон:Convert along the heavily trafficked US 25E to the Olen R. Marshall Memorial Bridge across Cherokee Lake,[48] and Шаблон:Convert along US 11W to Bean Station Elementary School. Since 2014, portions of unincorporated Hawkins County in the Mooresburg area have been annexed into the town limits.[49]
Neighborhoods
- Bayside
- Campbell Heights
- Clinchview Landing
- Country Club Hills
- Crosby Park
- Gammon Springs
- Hillview Acres
- Lakeview Estates
- Leon Rock
- Livingston Heights
- Meadow Branch
- Meadow Creek Estates
- Shields Crossing
- Tanglewood
- Tate Springs
- Wyatt Village
Demographics
2020 census
| Race | Number | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| White (non-Hispanic) | 2,762 | 93.09% |
| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 15 | 0.51% |
| Native American | 3 | 0.1% |
| Asian | 5 | 0.17% |
| Other/Mixed | 109 | 3.67% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 73 | 2.46% |
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 2,967 people, 1,144 households, and 774 families residing in the city.
2010 census
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 3,092 people, 1,149 households, and 827 families residing in the town. 96.8% were White, 0.6% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.1% Asian and 0.7% of two or more races. 2.3% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.88. 25% of households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.8% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 13.9% were female householders with no husband present. 28% of households were non-families. The median age of residents in the town was 47.8. 21.7% of residents were under the age of 18, and 16.2% were age 65 years or older.
Economy
In its retail and commercial markets, Bean Station has a small selection of restaurants and stores. A large cluster of fireworks stores are located throughout the town due to Grainger County allowing the sale of fireworks year-round.[51][52] A family-operated IGA Market is the only grocery store in Bean Station area.[53] Bean Station is home to a furniture manufacturing facility,[54] a Clayton Homes manufacturing facility,[55] and a construction materials supplier.[56] In 2010, 72% of the town’s population was reported to commute outside of Grainger County for work, with most finding employment in Morristown.[57] The average commute time for Bean Station residents is 24 minutes.[58]
Arts and culture
Since 1996, the town hosts an annual harvest festival in its downtown district celebrating the area's agricultural and craftsmanship.[43] Thousands of guests attend.[59][60] In 2007, a Guinness World Record for the largest pot of beans was established at the 11th Harvest Pride festival, with the pot holding Шаблон:Convert of baked beans.[59][61][62]
Historic sites
- Battle of Bean's Station site[63]
- Original Bean Station settlement site, Bean cabin site, and historical marker[64]
- Tate Springs resort site and Tate Springs Springhouse[34]
Parks and recreation
The town is popular with boaters and anglers due to its access to Cherokee Lake.[43] A public golf course is also located within the town limits.[43] Parks and public recreation areas include Bean Station Town Park, Harris Court Park, and public access to Cherokee Lake via a fishing pier and boat launches.[65][66]
Government
Bean Station uses the mayor-aldermen system, which was established in 1996 when the town was incorporated. It is governed locally by a five-member Board of Mayor and Aldermen. The citizens elect the mayor and four aldermen to four-year terms. The board elects a vice mayor from among the four aldermen.[67]
Bean Station is represented in the 10th district of the Tennessee House of Representatives by Rick Eldridge, a Republican. It is represented in the 8th district of the Tennessee Senate by Frank Niceley, also a Republican.[68] The town is part of the state's 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives, which is represented by Republican Tim Burchett.[69]
Education
Bean Station Elementary School, located at the westernmost part of the town, is operated by the Grainger County Department of Education. Elementary school students attend Bean Station Elementary, middle school students attend Rutledge Middle School, and high school students attend Grainger High School in Rutledge. All of these schools are part of the Grainger County Schools District.[70]
Kingswood Home for Children, located in the Tate Springs area of Bean Station, operates as a children’s home.[71]
Media
Newspaper
- Grainger Today, a weekly news publication based in Bean Station reporting on Grainger County related news; in operation since 2004.[72]
FM radio
Infrastructure
Utilities
Bean Station Utility District, a municipal utilities company, connects the town and portions of eastern Grainger County with municipal water services.[73] Appalachian Electric Cooperative provides electricity and broadband internet.[74][75] Bean Station, as of 2021, does not have access to public sewers.[76]
Transportation
All U.S. routes and state routes in Bean Station are maintained by the Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) in TDOT Region 1, which consists of 24 counties in the East Tennessee region.[77] Streets in the town are maintained by the Bean Station Street Department.[78]
Principal highways
- Шаблон:Jct / Шаблон:Jct (Lee Highway)
- Шаблон:Jct / Шаблон:Jct (East Tennessee Crossing Byway, Appalachian Development Corridor S)
- Шаблон:Jct (Lakeshore Drive)
Notable people
- Peter Ellis Bean – filibuster[79]
- William Bean – longhunter, namesake, and town founder[5]
- Robert E. Preston – Director of United States Mint[80]
In popular culture
Bean Station was referenced on the NBC police procedural comedy series Brooklyn Nine-Nine, as one of the secondary characters on the show, Bill Hummertrout, cited it as his hometown.[81]
References
Further reading
- Tennessee Valley Authority. Population readjustment studies of Bean Station community, Grainger County, Cherokee area 1940.
- Tennessee Valley Authority. The Bean Station Tavern restoration project 1944.
- Coffey, Ken. The Wilderness Road, The First Family of Tennessee: and Other Stories That Need to be Told 2013.
- Ball, Randy & Wolfe, Terry. Tate Springs 1898: Town of Bean Station, Tennessee 2013.
External links
Шаблон:Grainger County, Tennessee Шаблон:Hawkins County, Tennessee Шаблон:Knoxville Metro Шаблон:Morristown Metro
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<ref>; для сносокfireworkalleyне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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