Английская Википедия:Bearskin
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Use dmy datesШаблон:Use British English
A bearskin is a tall fur cap derived from mitre caps worn by grenadier units in the 17th and 18th centuries. Initially worn by only grenadiers, its usage was extended to several other military units in the 19th century. The bearskin cap continued to see use in battle during the mid-19th century, although by the 20th century, its use was limited as a headgear reserved for parade dress. In the 21st century, the bearskin cap is retained by select military units as a prominent element of their ceremonial and full dress uniforms.
History
Шаблон:Main Use of the bearskin caps evolved from mitre caps used by grenadier units.[1][2] Grenadiers adopted the mitre cap in favour of wide-brimmed caps in the 17th century to provide them with greater mobility when throwing grenades. To prevent the mitre cap from sagging and to provide it with a more impressive appearance, mitre caps were adorned with a metal front plate or fur. Mitre caps with metal front plates were first adopted by the Prussian Army and were later adopted by other Protestant countries, although the trimming of mitre caps with fur became more prevalent in Roman Catholic countries.[2]
The earliest record of a bearskin-like cap being worn by soldiers in Europe was during the mid-17th century, although its widespread adoption did not take place until 1761, when French grenadiers began to wear tall fur caps resembling the Prussian mitre cap.[2][3][4] The purpose appears to have been to add to the apparent height and impressive appearance of these troops both on the parade ground and the battlefield.[5] These fur caps developed into the colossal bearskin caps worn by the French Imperial Guard.[2] The British Grenadier Guards adopted the headdress after their victory at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, with other British units and European militaries adopting the headdress in the years after.[2][3]
The headdress continued to see military service during the mid-19th century, with British foot guards and the Royal Scots Greys wearing bearskins in battle during the Crimean War.[6] However, by the mid-19th century, the expense of acquiring bearskin caps and the difficulty in maintaining them in good condition led to some military units limiting the use of the headdress for specific occasions. Some units, like the Italian 1st Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna", eventually discontinued the use of the headgear altogether during that century.[7]
The British continued to use the headdress during peacetime manoeuvres until the introduction of khaki service dress in 1902.[6] Immediately before the outbreak of World War I in 1914, bearskins were still worn by several British, Belgian, Danish, German, Russian, and Swedish units as a part of their ceremonial/parade dress.[8] Several units that retired the use of the headdress during the 19th century, including units in Italy and the Netherlands, also readopted it for ceremonial use during the 20th century.[2][7]
Contemporary use
As of 2020, there were 14 countries whose militaries used bearskin as a part of their ceremonial uniforms. Some of these units wear bearskins made out of real bear fur, while other units use caps made out of synthetic fibres.[3] In addition to military units, several civilian marching bands have also incorporated the bearskin cap as a part of their uniforms.
Australia
The Pipes and Drums Band of the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment are authorised to wear a bearskin cap as a part of its ceremonial dress.[9]Шаблон:Better source needed[10]Шаблон:Dead link
Belgium
Two units in Belgium use the bearskin cap, the Belgian Royal Escort of the Belgian Federal Police,[11] and the Regiment Carabiniers Prins Boudewijn – Grenadiers of the Belgian Armed Forces Land Component.
The uniforms of the Belgian Royal Escort, along with their bearskin caps, date back to 1939 when the unit was part of the Belgian Gendarmerie. Modelled after the Gendarmerie's pre-1914 uniforms, the uniforms featured a Шаблон:Convert bearskin cap adorned with a plume. Initially, Royal Belgian Escort captains wore bearskin caps with a white plume, while other unit members had caps with a different coloured plume. However, in 1997, the design of the bearskin caps was standardized, and red plumes were used on all caps regardless of rank. The Royal Belgian Escort continued to wear these uniforms after the Gendarmerie was merged with other police units to form the Federal Police in 2001.[12]
Bearskins were worn as part of the field uniform of the Régiment des Grenadiers of the Belgian Army until 1908.[13] After that year the fur headdress was retained only for parade wear until the outbreak of war in August 1914.[14] The Régiment des Grenadiers' modern successor, the Regiment Carabiniers Prins Boudewijn – Grenadiers has readopted this headdress for limited ceremonial purposes.Шаблон:Cn
Canada
The bearskin caps used by the Canadian Armed Forces are of black fur and include a coloured plume on the side of the bearskin and a gold-coloured chin strap.[15] The materials used by Canadian bearskin caps are sourced from black bears hunted in Canada, although the Department of National Defence claims that the bearskin caps used by its units are made from bear furs that are over 20 years old.[16]
The Canadian Forces Dress Instructions authorise the use of bearskins for all its foot guards and fusilier regiments.[15] In addition to foot guards and fusiliers, two line infantry regiments are also authorised to wear a bearskin cap with their ceremonial full-dress uniform: the Royal 22e Régiment (R22eR) and the Royal Regiment of Canada (RRegtC).[15] Usage of the bearskin cap by the R22eR is attributed to its historical regimental alliance with the British Army's Royal Welch Fusiliers,[17] while the use of bearskins by the RRegtC is attributed to the regiment's historical lineage from The Royal Grenadiers of the Canadian Militia.[18]
Bearskins used by fusilier regiments and the R22eR have their unit's cap badge at the front of the bearskin, while those of foot guards and the RRegtC do not have cap badges.
The following is a list of regiments whose members are authorised to wear a bearskin cap with their full dress uniform, along with the colour used on the unit's plume: Шаблон:Col div
- The Royal 22e Régiment, scarlet plume[15]
- The Governor General's Foot Guards, scarlet plume[15][19]
- The Canadian Grenadier Guards, white plume[15][20]
- The Royal Regiment of Canada, scarlet over white plume[15]
- Les Fusiliers du St-Laurent, white plume[15]
- Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal, white plume[15]
- The Princess Louise Fusiliers, grey plume[15]Шаблон:Notetag
- Les Fusiliers de Sherbrooke, white plume[15]
Шаблон:Col div end In addition to these units, the drum major of the Royal Highland Fusiliers of Canada's pipe band are also authorised to wear the bearskin.[15]
Denmark
The headgear was first adopted by the Royal Danish Army's Royal Life Guards in 1805.[21][22] The Royal Life Guards typically wear bearskin caps as a part of their uniform when performing public duties like at Amalienborg. However, on exceptionally warm days, they will be authorised to wear an alternative headgear to mitigate discomfort and prevent overheating.[23]
The bearskin caps used by the Royal Life Guards are manufactured by Rützou saddlery at a workshop based in Taastrup. Rützou purchases its raw materials from a fur company based in Glostrup, which sources its furs from black bears in Canada. After the furs are acquired by Rützou, they are sent abroad to be dyed and tanned before they are returned to Rützou for processing and adaptation. The bearskin cap weighs approximately Шаблон:Convert.[24] Its fur is dyed jet black and its fur is at least Шаблон:Convert in length.[24][25]
The Royal Life Guards have approximately 600 to 700 bearskin caps in total. Given the limited number of bearskin caps, each headgear is used by approximately three different individuals each year. The bearskin caps last approximately 25 years with regular servicing and repairs, with the Royal Life Guards only ordering a limited number of new bearskins to replace worn-out caps.[24]
Italy
The 1st Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna" of the Italian Army wears bearskin caps as a part of its ceremonial uniform. During the 19th century, the cost and maintenance of the bearskin cap resulted in the headgear's limited use for only specific occasions, until the unit discontinued its use altogether. However, in the 20th century, the unit reintroduced the bearskin cap as a part of their ceremonial uniform.[7] The bearskin caps used in the Italian military were once made out of real fur, although they later switched to synthetic materials.[3]
Kenya
Members of the Kenya Army Band in the Kenya Defence Forces wear bearskin hats made out of synthetic fibres as a part of their full dress uniform.[3][26]
Netherlands
The grenadier component of the Grenadiers' and Rifles Guard Regiment wears a bearskin cap as a part of its ceremonial uniform.[11][27] The unit was formed in 1995 through a merger of the Garderegiment Grenadiers and the Garderegiment Jagers.[28] Although the two units were amalgamated, its jäger component does not wear bearskin caps, and its use is limited to only its grenadier component.[27]
Bearskin caps in the Netherlands Armed Forces originated from mitre caps adorned with a metal front plate badge, used by Protestant grenadier units.[2] Bearskin caps were adopted by the Garderegiment Grenadiers in 1829.[2][27] However, the unit ceased using the headgear in 1843.[29] The unit readopted the 1829 bearskin cap design for use as a part of its ceremonial uniform during the inauguration of Juliana of the Netherlands in 1948. However, as opposed to bear fur, the caps were made out of the black-haired Chinese fur goats purchased in the United Kingdom. In 1970, the unit replaced its bearskin caps with ones made out of artificial fur.[2] Use of the ceremonial uniform and the bearskin cap continued by the grenadiers after the unit was amalgamated with the Garderegiment Jagers.[27]
The bearskin cap used by the unit features a copper front plate shaped like a half-sun. A white plume is attached to the left of the bearskin cap, although the cap used by the unit's commander will feature a unique plume to indicate rank.[2] An orange cockade is also placed on the left. The front of the cap also equipped with a black leather visor. Drummers of the unit's military band wear bearskins adorned with a white cotton tassel positioned at the center of the cap's front, while their sousaphonists do not have a white plume on their bearskins.[30]
Spain
One company from the 1st King's Immemorial Infantry Regiment wear ceremonial uniforms reminiscent of those worn by grenadiers during the reign of Charles III, which includes a bearskin.Шаблон:Cn
Sri Lanka
The military band of the Sri Lanka Artillery wear a black bearskin cap as a part of its ceremonial uniform.[31]
Sweden
The parade uniforms used by the grenadier component of the Swedish Army's Life Guards, known as model 1886, includes a bearskin cap.[32]
The bearskin cap, known as model 1823,[3] was once made out of real bearskin, although they have switched to using synthetic materials.[32] The bearskin cap includes a front plate that depicts the coat of arms of Sweden and a white feather plume. Bearskins worn by officers will also include a yellow cockade and gold or silver cord. Bearskins worn by enlisted soldiers will include a red cockade and a white cord. The feathered plume is located on the left side of the headgear, with the cockade threaded into the wooden shaft of the plume. The cord is attached to the bearskin cap by a hook on the right side of the headgear.[33]
United Kingdom
Use of the bearskin cap was adopted by all Foot Guards, and several other regiments, including the Royal Scots Greys and its successor unit, the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards.[1] Drum majors of fusilier regiments will also generally wear a bearskin or artificial bearskin cap.[34]
British bearskin caps were a form of headdress that evolved from mitre caps worn in the 18th century by grenadiers.[1] In 1768, the long cloth caps worn by grenadiers were discontinued, and bearskin caps were introduced.[35] Following the Battle of Waterloo, all members of the newly named Grenadier Guards were permitted to wear the bearskin.[36] This privilege had previously been restricted to the grenadier company of the regiment.[37] In 1831, this distinction was extended to the other two regiments of foot guards (Coldstream and Scots) in existence at that date.[38] Bearskins were subsequently adopted by the Irish Guards and the Welsh Guards when raised in 1900 and 1915 respectively.[39]
The standard bearskin for the British foot guards is Шаблон:Convert tall at the front, Шаблон:Convert to the rear, weighs Шаблон:Convert, and is made from the fur of the Canadian black bear.[40] An officer's bearskin is made from the fur of the Canadian brown bear, as the female brown bear has thicker, fuller fur; officers' caps are dyed black. An entire skin is used for each headdress.[41] The British Army purchased the caps from a British hatmaker which sources its pelts at an international auction. The hatmakers purchase between 50 and 100 black bear skins each year at a cost of about £650 each.[42]
On 3 August 1888, The New York Times reported that bearskin caps might be phased out because of a shortage of bear skins. The article stated that, at that time, bearskin hats cost £7–5s each (about 35 contemporary US dollars;[43] £600 in 2007 pounds)[44] and noted "it can readily be seen what a price has to be paid for keeping up a custom which is rather old, it is true, but is practically a useless one save for the purpose of military display."[45]
In 2005, the Ministry of Defence began a two-year test of artificial fur for the hats. The army has already replaced beaverskin caps and leopard skins, worn by some of its soldiers, with artificial materials.[46] However, in 2020, the Ministry of Defence stated that it could not find a bearskin cap made out of alternative materials that matches the "natural properties of bear fur", and claimed that artificial fur failed to meet four of its five requirements.[3][47] The claim has been disputed by the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), who filed for judicial review of the Ministry of Defence's decision in 2022, claiming that the ministry had failed to adhere to its procedures and that artificial fur meets and, in some cases, exceeds its requirements.[47]
Between 2017 and 2022, the Ministry of Defence purchased 498 bearskin caps for use by its units.[16]
United States
Drum majors in military bands maintained by the United States Air Force, the United States Army, the United States Coast Guard, the United States Marine Corps, and the United States Navy are authorised to wear bearskins.[48][49][50][51][52] However, drum majors in the United States Army only wear bearskin caps for a "handful of assignments", while the wearing of bearskins by drum majors in United States Air Force bands is optional.[48][49]
Drum majors of the United States Marine Corps Band began to wear bearskins in 1859.[53] The bearskins worn by drum majors in the United States Marine Corps Band are made from real black bear fur sourced from Canada, and are styled after the bearskin caps worn by British officers.[54] The bearskins worn by United States Army Band drum majors are also styled after European patterns and were initially made from real bear fur, although the Army later switched to using synthetic materials after it faced objections from environmentalists for using real fur.[55]
The Second Company Governor's Foot Guard of the Connecticut State Guard state defence force wears a bearskin cap as a part of their ceremonial uniform.[3]
Opposition against using real bearskin
Шаблон:See also Critique over the use of the headdress had emerged during the late 20th and 21st centuries. In 2023, a commentator for The New York Times questioned the use of the headdress after three members of the British Bands of the Household Division fainted during a rehearsal while in full dress uniform wearing woollen uniform and a bearskin, remarking how it was "soldiering on in our old, wrong clothes" in the light of climate change.[56]
Several politicians have voiced their opposition to using the headgear due to its use of real bear furs. In 1997, the British Minister for Defence Procurement Lord Gilbert said that he wanted to see bearskins phased out as soon as possible due to ethical concerns.[57] Similar sentiments were made in March 2005 by British Labour MP Chris Mullin, who called for an immediate ban on bearskins stating that they "have no military significance and involve unnecessary cruelty."[58] In 2023, the European Commission's representative to Denmark launched a social media campaign advocating for the replacement of the bearskin caps used by the Danish Royal Life Guards with an artificial alternative, given the bear's protected status within the European Union.[59]
Animal rights group PETA has publicly voiced its opposition against the use of real bearskin since 2002,[47] and has held demonstrations against its use in the United Kingdom, including one at St Peter's Hill, near St Paul's Cathedral, in 2006.[60] In February 2011, Joss Stone appeared in a PETA advert targeting the British Ministry of Defence, showing the 23-year-old soul singer holding a teddy bear that covers her naked body, and features the slogan 'Bear Hugs, Not Bear Caps'.[61]
In January 2024, PETA launched a campaign against the use of real bearskin by the British and Canadian militaries and has called on both British and Canadian defence ministries to retire the headgear in favour of humane headgear sold by luxury faux furrier ECOPEL.[16] PETA's investigation has found that the raw materials used to make the headgear is sourced from hunters practicing bear-baiting in Canada, a "violent blood sport" that see bears "endure a slow, agonizingly painful deaths".[16] However, the manufacturer of bearskin caps for the Danish Royal Life Guards, which also acquires bearskins sourced from Canada, claims that the culling of bears is necessary to regulate its population and that the hunt is monitored by biologists and approved by the World Wildlife Fund.[24]
Similar headgear
Other furred caps
A busby is a furred cap that was historically worn by hussars, and remains in use as a part of the ceremonial uniforms for British and Canadian hussar units.[15][1][62] In addition to hussars, the busby also forms a part of the ceremonial uniforms for British and Canadian artillery units and select rifle regiments.[15][1][62] Other units that wear the busby as a part of their uniforms include the British Royal Corps of Signals and Royal Engineers, the Dutch Royal Marechaussee, and the First Company Governor's Foot Guard of the Connecticut State Militia.[1][63][64]
A sealskin cap is another furred cap similar to the bearskin cap, that is worn by the British Army's Royal Regiment of Fusiliers.[65]
Pith helmet
A number of units within the King's Guard of the Royal Thai Armed Forces wear a pith helmet with heavy plumes, making it broadly resemble a bearskin cap. The pith helmets are used with the unit's ceremonial full dress uniform, for occasions including the Thai Royal Guards parade held every year in December, royal coronations, funerals, and anniversaries. The colours of the plumes vary from black to pink and blue, depending on the units of the wearers, similar to the uniform facings in the Commonwealth. The majority of the units entitled to wear these headdresses are from the Army and Air Force, with two Royal Thai Marine Corps battalions also maintaining this privilege. In addition, the Royal Security Command's two guards regiments wear the pith helmet with black plumes in their full dress.
See also
Notes
References
External links
Шаблон:Commons category-inline
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 2,9 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 3,7 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Mouillard, Lucien: Les Régiments sous Louis XV, Paris 1882
- ↑ Military Uniforms of the World: Preben Kannil SBN 71370482 9
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 British Military Uniforms From Contemporary Pictures: W.Y.Carman Hamlyn Publishing Group 1968
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ "Uniforms of the World": Richard Knotel, Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ http://www.rar.org.au/documents/3RARHistoryCom
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 World Uniforms in Colour volume 1 — The European Nations: Rinaldo D'Ami Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Pages 24-25 "Les Soldats de Leopold Ist et Leopold II": Guy Derie/John Pacco. Published Paul Legrain Bruxelles.
- ↑ 15,00 15,01 15,02 15,03 15,04 15,05 15,06 15,07 15,08 15,09 15,10 15,11 15,12 15,13 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ GGFG – About Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 24,0 24,1 24,2 24,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 27,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 32,0 32,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Major R.M. Barnes, page 116 "Military Uniforms of Britain & the Empire", Sphere Books Ltd, London 1972
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ "Britain Will Never Part with Bearskin Hats," Associated Press, 9 January 2008.
- ↑ Rachel Shields, "They're Changing Hats at Buckingham Palace To Save the Black Bear," The Independent 31 Aug. 2008.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 47,0 47,1 47,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 48,0 48,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 49,0 49,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Buckingham guards' bearskins face their Waterloo Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Call to ban British royal guards from wearing bearskin hats gains support
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Joss Stone goes nude for a PETA campaign against the use of bear fur for military hats
- ↑ 62,0 62,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ A Dictionary of Military Uniform: W.Y.Carman Шаблон:ISBN
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