Английская Википедия:Bedil (term)

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Файл:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Klein bronzen kanon met inscriptie in Arabisch schrift TMnr 1772-57.jpg
Bronze lantaka with Arabic script, 1700s.

Шаблон:Cannon

Bedil is a term from Maritime Southeast Asia which refers to various types of firearms and gunpowder weapons, from small pistols to large siege guns. The term bedil comes from wedil (or wediyal) and wediluppu (or wediyuppu) in the Tamil language.[1] In their original form, these words refer to gunpowder blast and saltpeter, respectively. But after being absorbed into bedil in the Malay language, and in a number of other cultures in the archipelago, Tamil vocabulary is used to refer to all types of weapons that use gunpowder. The terms bedil and bedhil are known in Javanese and Balinese. In Sundanese the term is bedil, in Batak it is known as bodil, in Makasarese, badili, in Buginese, balili, in Dayak language, badil, in Tagalog, baril, in Bisayan, bádil, in Bikol languages, badil, and in Malay it is badel or bedil.[1][2][3]

History

It is possible that gunpowder weapons were used in Java by Kublai Khan's Chinese forces who sought to invade Java in 1293.[4][5][6]Шаблон:Rp The Javanese gun used in the Majapahit era has also been referred to as bedil.[7]

Файл:Malay Archipelago Gun-boring in Lombock.jpg
Gun-boring in Lombok, 1869: "The bottom of the pole has an iron ring, and a hole in which four-cornered borers of hardened iron can be fitted. The barrel to be bored is buried upright in the ground, the borer is inserted into it, the top of the stick or vertical shaft is held by a cross-piece of bamboo with a hole in it, and the basket is filled with stones to get the required weight. Two boys turn the bamboo round."

The knowledge of making "true" firearms probably came to Southeast Asia in the late fifteenth century via the Islamic nations of West Asia, most probably the Arabs. The precise year of introduction is unknown, but it may be safely concluded to be no earlier than 1460.[8]Шаблон:Rp This resulted in the development of Java arquebus, which was also called a bedil.[9] Portuguese influence on local weaponry after the capture of Malacca (1511), resulted in a new type of hybrid tradition matchlock firearm, the istinggar.[10]Шаблон:Rp

Файл:Malay cannons.jpg
Variety of Malay cannons: (1) Meriam kalok, short and squat swivel gun. (2) Lela. (3) Lela (or rentaka). (4) Lela rambang (blunderbuss lela). (5) Ekor lotong. (6) Lela.

Portuguese and Spanish invaders were unpleasantly surprised and even outgunned occasionally.[11] Duarte Barbosa recorded the abundance of gunpowder-based weapons in Java ca. 1514. The Javanese were deemed as expert gun casters and good artillerymen. The weapon found there include one-pounder cannons, long muskets, spingarde (arquebus), schioppi (hand cannon), Greek fire, guns (cannons), and other fire-works.[12]Шаблон:Rp[13]Шаблон:Rp[14]Шаблон:Rp When Malacca fell to the Portuguese in 1511 A.D., breech-loading swivel guns (cetbang) and muzzle-loading swivel guns (lela and rentaka) were found and captured by the Portuguese.[15]Шаблон:Rp In the battle, the Malays were using cannons, matchlock guns, and "firing tubes".[16]Шаблон:Rp By the early 16th century, the Javanese already locally produced large guns, some of them still survived until the present day and are dubbed as "sacred cannon" or "holy cannon". These cannons varied between 180 and 260-pounders, weighing anywhere between 3–8 tons, length of them between Шаблон:Convert.[17]

Файл:Malay senapang and pemuras.jpg
Malay firearms (post-1800): (1) Long ornamented flintlock gun (senapang/senapan). (1a) Bamboo and rattan barrel cover. (2) Flintlock gun (senapang/senapan). (3) Brass blunderbuss (pemuras).

Saltpeter harvesting was recorded by Dutch and German travelers as being common in even the smallest villages and was collected from the decomposition process of large dung hills specifically piled for the purpose. The Dutch punishment for possession of non-permitted gunpowder appears to have been amputation.[18]Шаблон:Rp Ownership and manufacture of gunpowder was later prohibited by the colonial Dutch occupiers.[19] According to colonel McKenzie quoted in Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles', The History of Java (1817), the purest sulfur was supplied from a crater from a mountain near the straits of Bali.[18]Шаблон:Rp

For firearms using flintlock mechanism, the inhabitants of the Nusantara archipelago are reliant on Western powers, as no local smith could produce such complex components.[20]Шаблон:Rp[21]Шаблон:Rp[22]Шаблон:Rp These flintlock firearms are completely different weapons and were known by another name, senapan or senapang, from the Dutch word snappaan.[23]Шаблон:Rp The gun-making areas of Nusantara could make these senapan, the barrel and the wooden part is made locally, but the mechanism is imported from the European traders.[22]Шаблон:Rp[24]Шаблон:Rp[21]Шаблон:Rp

List of weapon classified as bedil

Файл:Ottoman and Acehnese guns after the Dutch conquest of Aceh in 1874 Illustrated London News.jpg
Ottoman and Acehnese guns, dismantled following the Dutch conquest of Aceh in 1874.

Below are weapons historically may be referred to as bedil. The full description should be found on their respective pages. It is sorted alphabetically.

Bedil tombak

Locally-made pole gun-type hand cannon.

Cetbang

Refer to 2 type of gunpowder weapon used by Majapahit.

Ekor lotong

Swivel gun with tiller resembling lutung monkey's tail.[25]

Istinggar

A type of matchlock firearm, result of Portuguese influence to local weaponry after the capture of Malacca (1511).[26]

Java arquebus

Java arquebus is an early long matchlock firearm from Java, used before the arrival of Iberian explorers.

Lantaka

Lantaka is a type of bronze portable cannon or swivel gun, mounted on merchant vessels and warships in Maritime Southeast Asia.[27]

Lela

Lela is a type of cannon, similar but larger in dimension to rentaka.

Meriam

Formerly used for a kind of cannon that fires a shot weighing 6 pounds or more,[28]Шаблон:Rp now it is de facto Malaysian and Indonesian term for cannon.[29][30]

Miniature meriam kecil

Also known as currency cannon, this firearm is produced mainly for trading and novelty item.

Pemuras

Native name for blunderbuss.

Rentaka

Native swivel gun, very popular among the Malays.

Terakul

A type of dragoon pistol.

See also

References

Шаблон:ReflistШаблон:Early firearmsШаблон:Indonesian Weapons

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
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Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  4. ↑ Mayers (1876). "Chinese explorations of the Indian Ocean during the fifteenth century". The China Review. IV: p. 178.
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  17. ↑ Modern Asian Studies. Vol. 22, No. 3, Special Issue: Asian Studies in Honour of Professor Charles Boxer (1988), pp. 607–628 (22 pages).
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ Dipanegara, P.B.R. Carey, Babad Dipanagara: an account of the outbreak of the Java war, 1825–30 : the Surakarta court version of the Babad Dipanagara with translations into English and Indonesian volume 9: Council of the M.B.R.A.S. by Art Printing Works: 1981.
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  25. ↑ Teoh, Alex Eng Kean (2005). The Might of the Miniature Cannon A treasure of Borneo and the Malay Archipelago. Asean Heritage.
  26. ↑ Andaya, L. Y. 1999. Interaction with the outside world and adaptation in Southeast Asian society 1500–1800. In The Cambridge history of southeast Asia. ed. Nicholas Tarling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 345–401.
  27. ↑ FILIPINO BLADE CULTURE AND THE ADVENT OF FIREARMS
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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