Английская Википедия:Bedil tombak

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Шаблон:Short description

Файл:Chinese pole gun found in Java.png
Drawing of a Chinese pole gun found in Java, 1421 CE. It weighed 2.252 kg, length of 357 mm, and caliber of 16 mm. The ignition pan is rectangular, 28 mm long and 3 mm wide. The ignition hole is 4 mm in diameter, formerly protected by a cover, which is now missing, only the hinge is still preserved.

Bedil tombak or bedil tumbak is a type of early firearm from the Indonesian archipelago. The weapon consists of a gun or small cannon mounted on a wooden pole, forming a type of weapon known as "pole gun" (stangenbüchse in German).[1]Шаблон:Rp

Etymology

The word bedil is a term in the Malay and Javanese language meaning gun (any type of gun, from small pistol to large siege gun).[2] The word tombak or tumbak means spear, pike, or lance.[3]Шаблон:Rp

History

Файл:Majapahit treasure a pair of Javanese hand cannons.png
Majapahit-era hand cannons from Mojokerto, East Java.

The introduction of gunpowder-based weapons in the Nusantara archipelago can be traced back to the Mongol invasion of Java (1293), where the Chinese-Mongol troops used cannon (炮—Pào) against the forces of Kediri in Daha.[4]Шаблон:Rp[5][6]Шаблон:Rp[7]Шаблон:Rp Between the 14th–15th century, there are local sources mentioned about bedil (gun or gunpowder-based weapon), but since this is a broad term caution must be taken to identify what type of weapon used in a passage.[8][9] A small hand-gun dated from the year 1340 thought to be Chinese was found in Java, but the dating may have been wrong.[6]Шаблон:Rp

Ma Huan (Zheng He's translator) visited Majapahit in 1413 and took notes about the local customs. His book, Yingya Shenlan, explained about Javanese marriage ceremony: when the husband was escorting his new wife to the marital home, various instruments were sounded, including gongs, drums, and huochong (fire-tube or hand cannon).[10][11]Шаблон:Rp It is probable that the Javanese hand cannon is modeled after Chinese ones. A Chinese pole cannon from 1421 A.D. has been found in the island of Java bearing the name of Emperor Yongle (1403–1425).[11]Шаблон:Rp The gun's ignition hole is protected from the rain by a cover connected with a hinge.[1]Шаблон:Rp

Файл:Small Javanese Kingdom cannon 812233.png
Small Javanese hand cannon, age unknown.

Haiguo Guangji (海国广记) and Shuyu zhouzi lu (殊域周咨錄) recorded that Java is vast and densely populated, and their armored soldiers and hand cannons (火銃—huǒ chòng) dominated the Eastern Seas.[12]Шаблон:Rp[13][14]

Duarte Barbosa recorded the abundance of gunpowder-based weapons in Java ca. 1514. The Javanese were deemed as expert gun casters and good artillerymen. The weapon made there include one-pounder cannons, long muskets, spingarde (arquebus), schioppi (hand cannon), Greek fire, guns (cannons), and other fire-works.[15]Шаблон:Rp[16][6]Шаблон:Rp In the 1511 siege of Malacca, the Malays were using cannons, matchlock guns, and "firing tubes".[17]Шаблон:Rp The gunpowder weapons of Malacca were not made by the Malay people but were imported from Java.[18]Шаблон:Rp[19]Шаблон:Rp

Local babad (historical text) of the post-17th century occasionally mention bedil tombak.[20] In Lombok example of such babads were babad Lombok, babad Mengui, and babad Sakra.[21]Шаблон:Rp[22]Шаблон:Rp[23] They are also mentioned in Sundanese and Balinese texts.[24]Шаблон:Rp[25]Шаблон:Rp During the Bali-Lombok war (ca. early 19th century–end of 19th century), a part of Karangasem troops were armed with bedil tombak.[23]

Gallery

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:Indonesian Weapons Шаблон:Early firearms

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Feldhaus, F. M. (1897). Eine Chinesische Stangenbüchse von 1421. In Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde volume 4. Getty Research Institute. Dresden: Verein für historische Waffenkunde.
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Schlegel, Gustaaf (1902). "On the Invention and Use of Fire-Arms and Gunpowder in China, Prior to the Arrival of European". T'oung Pao. 3: 1–11.
  5. ↑ Lombard, Denys (1990). Le carrefour javanais. Essai d'histoire globale (The Javanese Crossroads: Towards a Global History) Vol. 2. Paris: Editions de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales. Page 178.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Reid, Anthony (1993). Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680. Volume Two: Expansion and Crisis. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Mayers (1876). "Chinese explorations of the Indian Ocean during the fifteenth century". The China Review. IV: p. 178.
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  18. ↑ Charney, Michael (2012). Iberians and Southeast Asians at War: the Violent First Encounter at Melaka in 1511 and After. In Waffen Wissen Wandel: Anpassung und Lernen in transkulturellen Erstkonflikten. Hamburger Edition.
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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