Английская Википедия:Beefsteak Nazi

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Nazism sidebar Шаблон:Fascism sidebar Beefsteak Nazi[1][2] (Шаблон:Lang) or "Roast-beef Nazi" was a term used in Nazi Germany to describe communists and socialists who joined the Nazi Party. Munich-born American historian Konrad Heiden was one of the first to document this phenomenon in his 1936 book Hitler: A Biography, remarking that in the Sturmabteilung (Brownshirts, SA) ranks there were "large numbers of Communists and Social Democrats" and that "many of the storm troops were called 'beefsteaks' – brown outside and red within".Шаблон:Sfn The switching of political parties was at times so common that SA men would jest that "[i]n our storm troop there are three Nazis, but we shall soon have spewed them out".Шаблон:Sfn

The term was particularly used to designate working class members of the SA who were aligned with Strasserism.Шаблон:Sfn The image of these "beefsteak" individuals wearing a brown uniform but having underlying "red" communist and socialist sympathiesШаблон:Sfn implied that their allegiance to Nazism was superficial and opportunistic.Шаблон:Sfn

After Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, beefsteak Nazis continued during the suppression of communists and socialists (represented by the Communist Party of Germany and the Social Democratic Party of Germany, respectively) in the 1930s and the term was popular as early as 1933.Шаблон:Sfn

Ernst Röhm and the Sturmabteilung

Ernst Röhm, SA co-founder and later commander, developed an "expanding Röhm-cult"Шаблон:Sfn within the SA ranks through which many members sought a revolutionary socialist regime, radicalizing the SA.Шаблон:Sfn Röhm and large segments of the Nazi Party supported the 25-point National Socialist Program for its socialist, revolutionary and anti-capitalist positions, expecting Hitler to fulfill his promises when power was finally attained.Шаблон:Sfn Since Röhm had "considerable sympathy with the more socialist aspects of the Nazi programme",Шаблон:Sfn "turncoat Communists and Socialists joined the Nazi Party for a number of years, where they were derisively known as 'Beefsteak Nazis'."Шаблон:Sfn

Röhm's radicalization came to the forefront in 1933–1934 when he sought to have his plebeian SA troopers engage in permanent or "second revolution" after Hitler had become Chancellor. With 2.5 million stormtroopers under his command by late 1933,Шаблон:Sfn Röhm envisaged a purging of the conservative faction, the "Reaktion" in Germany that would entail more nationalization of industry, "worker control of the means of production", and the "confiscation and redistribution of property and wealth of the upper classes."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Such ideological and political infighting within the Nazi Party prompted Hitler to have his political rival Röhm and other Nazi socialist radicals executed on the Night of the Long Knives in the summer of 1934.

Some have argued that since most SA members came from working-class families or were unemployed, they were amenable to Marxist-leaning socialism.Шаблон:Sfn However, historian Thomas Friedrich argues that repeated efforts by the Communist Party of Germany to appeal to the working-class backgrounds of the SA were "doomed to failure" because most SA men were focused on the cult of Hitler and the destruction of the "Marxist enemy".Шаблон:Sfn

Extent

In some cities, the number of party-switching beefsteak Nazis was thought to be significant. Rudolf Diels, head of the Gestapo from 1933 to 1934, reported that "70 percent" of new SA recruits had been communists in the city of Berlin.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

References

Notes Шаблон:Reflist

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  1. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Küpper_1966 не указан текст
  2. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Steinberg_1966 не указан текст
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