Английская Википедия:Beekeeping in Australia
Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Short description
Beekeeping in Australia is a commercial industry with around 25,000 registered beekeepers owning over 670,000 hives in 2018.[1] Most are found in the eastern states of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania as well as the south-west of Western Australia.
Beekeepers or apiarists, and their bees, produce honey, beeswax, package bees, queen bee pollen and royal jelly. They also provide pollination services for fruit trees and a variety of ground crops. These pollination services to agriculture are valued at between A$8–19 billion a year.[2] The approximately Шаблон:Convert of honey produced each year is worth around $90 million.
Australia is the fourth largest honey exporting nation after China, Argentina and Mexico.[3] The high quality and unique flavours of Australian honey allows exporters to charge a premium price.
There are also beekeeping hobbyists in Australia who produce honey for home consumption or to be made into products, such as mead. A few are involved in domesticating native bees.
Each of the states and the territories have the responsibility to guide and police the beekeeping industry (including amateur beekeepers) within their own borders. However, the Federal Government has overall jurisdiction over biosecurity and it uses this power to enforce by law some beekeeping requirements under the Biosecurity Code of Practice.[4]
Pre-1788
Aboriginal Australians have consumed honey from native bees, such as the sugarbag bee, since before European settlement.[5] There are 1,600 described species of native bees in Australia.[6] Some fifteen of these are social species while the others are solitary bees that live alone. Most native bees are either stingless or their stings are not generally dangerous to humans. However, native bees generally don't produce large amounts of honey.[7]
Introduction of European bees
The first imported honey bees to be successfully acclimatized in Australia were brought in seven hives aboard the convict transport ship Шаблон:Ship that reached Sydney in March 1822.[8][9] The first honey bees brought to Tasmania came with surgeon-superintendent Thomas Braidwood Wilson on the convict transport Шаблон:Ship that reached Hobart on 28 January 1831.[10][11]
Later, other species were introduced from Italy, Yugoslavia, and North America.[12] The milder climate in Australia means less honey has to be left in the hive to feed the bees through winter compared to Europe and North America.
Bee-farming develops
19th-century
Australian farmers wishing to diversify and develop additional sources of income in the nineteenth century sometimes turned to bee-keeping as a side-line.[13] A row of gin cases on a rural property was a sign that bee-farming was in progress as they were frequently reused as bee hives. Bee-keeping remained largely a part-time activity for farmers and people living on the outskirts of towns and cities until dedicated full-time beekeepers began to emerge.
The export of honey may have started in 1845 when an experimental shipment of honey and honeycomb was shipped from New South Wales to Britain in wooden casks.[14] In 1895, Шаблон:Convert of honey was exported from Victoria alone.[15] Some 90% of that went to the United Kingdom.
The British author Anthony Trollope (1815–1882) visited Australia in 1871 and commented on the popularity of honey as a favourite food.[16] Шаблон:Blockquote
The Langstroth hive was in use by 1872.[17] It led to greater honey production and less disease in hives. The smoker developed by Moses Quinby to pacify bees was known by at least 1895.[18]
The South Australian Beekeepers Society was established in 1884 and a beekeeper’s association was active in Victoria in the same year.[19][20] The Queensland Beekeeper’s Association was meeting by 1886.[21] The Victorian Apiarists Association started in 1900.[22]
20th-century
In February 1903, Victorian bee-farmer Thomas Bolton (1863–1928) questioned the wisdom of clearing the forest in the Dunkeld area of the Western District. He said the blossom from the trees was annually converted by bees into honey worth £150 per Шаблон:Convert of forest. The land was being cleared to create grazing pastures for sheep which he claimed annually returned just £80 per Шаблон:Convert.[23] Bolton sent a test shipment of honey to China early in the 20th century. He reported, “The ships company thought so highly of his honey that empty cases were they only part of the consignment left when the ship reached port.”[24]
In 1921–22, Australia produced Шаблон:Convert of honey.[25] Honey exports that year were worth £AШаблон:Nbsp84,417. Beeswax was also exported.
Drawbacks to beekeeping in Australia include bushfires, frequent droughts and the tendency for beeswax to melt in very hot conditions. The distance from export markets is another issue. So too is the use of pesticides in agriculture.
The production of honey and bees-wax fluctuates greatly and is determined by the flow of nectar from flora, particularly from the eucalypts, which varies from year to year. Production in 1948–49 was Шаблон:Convert, a record high. The average returns from productive hives in 1958–59 was Шаблон:Convert of honey per hive and the average quantity of wax was Шаблон:Convert per productive hive.[26] Australia had 451,000 hives in 1958–59 of which 315,000 were regarded as productive. Total production during that period from all hives was Шаблон:Convert with a gross value of £1,803,000. The amount of bees wax produced in 1958–59 was Шаблон:Convert worth £105,000.[27]
Victoria has long been one of the main honey producing states. In 1971, there were 1,278 registered beekeepers in the state with 103,454 hives that produced Шаблон:Convert of honey worth $984,000, plus Шаблон:Convert of beeswax valued at $68,000.[28]
21st-century
About 70% of Australian honey comes from nectar from native plants. Demand for pollination services for almonds and other crops is growing. Bee-brokers co-ordinate bee-keepers to provide pollination services for such crops.
The species most commonly used for beekeeping in Australia is the western honey bee (Apis mellifera). Most commercial beekeepers have between 400 and 800 hives, but some large operators have up to 10,000.[29]
The Australian Manuka Honey Association (AMHA), has established a set of standards for authentic Australian Manuka honey. Honey that carries the AMHA’s Mark of Authenticity must be pure, natural Manuka honey, produced entirely in Australia, and be tested by an independent, approved laboratory to ensure it meets minimum standards of naturally occurring methylglyoxal (MGO), dihydroxyacetone (DHA), and leptosperin.[30]
Australia produces Шаблон:Convert of honey annually.[31] Some is monofloral honey from a single flowering species while other honey is produced from multiple types of flowering plants. Popular types of honey include leatherwood, blue gum, yellow box and karri, each named after the trees that produce the pollen and nectar gathered by the bees. The purity, taste and variety of Australian honey makes it popular in Asia and elsewhere.
The locally invented flow hive for hobbyist and small scale beekeepers was launched in 2015.
The stingless native bee species Tetragonula carbonaria, Tetragonula hockingsi and Austroplebeia have been domesticated on a small scale for their honey.[32][33]
Bushfires in the summer of 2019–20 caused massive losses of commercial honey bees, feral bees, native bees and other nectar-loving insects. Together they normally contribute about $14 billion to the Australian economy via the pollination of agricultural and broad-acre crops.[34] Canola and almonds are particularly dependant on honey bees. The fires also devastated some of the best nectar producing forests where bees forage. The reduced honey bee population is expected to take between three and twenty years to recover.
The Australian honeybee industry biosecurity code of practice requires beekeepers to inspect their hives at least twice a year and to keep accurate records. Hives must be inspected for the presence of pests and diseases and for hive strength, the inspection to include at least three full-depth brood frames in each hive.[35]
Diseases and parasites
Foul brood
In New South Wales in 1889 The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser uses a leaflet from the Beekeepers' Association of South Australia to outline how to recognise American foul brood (caused by Bacillus alvei) in a hive and how to treat it.[36] In South Australia, by 1891 an article in the South Australian Chronicle indicates that there was already an act in that state to attempt to control the spread of American foul brood.[37]
Small hive beetle
The small hive beetle was detected in Australia by 2003.[38]
Varroa Mite
The Varroa destructor mite is a parasite that has caused significant deaths of colonies throughout the world, forcing beekeepers to treat their hives to keep the mites and their associated virus in check. In June of 2022 the parasite was detected near the port of Newcastle, authorities are attempting to contain and eradicate the mite.[39] However containment efforts appear to be failing, in part due to beekeepers moving their hives from the "red eradication zone" to the "surveillance, or purple zone". It is now believed that the port of Newcastle was not the point of entry, and that varroa had been in the country before detection. To date (the end of 2022) 103 hives have been detected with infestation, with over 17,000 being destroyed including 250 colonies at the world class bee research facility at Tocal Agricultural College, however 48 high value queen bees from Plan Bee, the National Honey Bee Genetic Improvement Program, were able to be securely removed and re-homed.[40][41] In light of the large numbers of hives being destroyed with over 99% of them being varroa free, resulting in the destruction of hobbies, businesses and breeding projects, opposition is beginning to be voiced against the government policy of eradication, with calls for management of varroa instead, like elsewhere in the world. A petition supporting this alternative policy has amassed nearly 25,000 signatures.[42][43]
Noted beekeepers
- Minard Crommelin
- Robert Ellery
- Alex Griffiths
- Ernest Hannaford
- George Hannaford
- Harold Lindsay
- Tarlton Rayment
- Thomas Wilson
See also
- Beekeeping
- Beekeeping in New Zealand
- Centre for Integrative Bee Research
- Eucalyptus honey
- Honey
- Beeswax
- Mead
References
Other published sources
- Bolton, Professor H.C., "Thomas Bolton: A pioneer bee-keeper in Victoria," The Victorian Historical Journal, Vol 47 (4) November 1976, 295-305
- Beekeeping in Victoria (1981), Melbourne, Victorian Department of Agriculture, 139p
- Honey flora of Victoria (1973), Melbourne, Victorian Department of Agriculture, 148p
- Klumpp, John, (2007), Australian stingless bees: A guide to Sugarbag Beekeeping, Earthing Enterprises. Шаблон:ISBN
- Owen, Robert (2015), The Australian beekeeping manual, Exisle Publishing, Wollombi (NSW). Шаблон:ISBN
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
External links
- Beekeeper Digitised newspapers & Government Gazettes, Trove: National Library of Australia.
- Australian Beekeeping Guide (2014) Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Publication No. 14/098
- Biosecurity Manual for Beekeepers Version 1.1 (2016) (Plant Health Australia and Australian Honey Bee Industry Council)
- Australian Honey Bee Industry Biosecurity Code of Practice (2014) Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation.
- Government web sites
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries
- Northern Territory Department of Agriculture
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
- South Australian Department of Primary Industries and Regions
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania
- Agriculture Victoria, Honey Bees
- Western Australian Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Australian Honey Bee Industry Council, Monthly News, March 2018, honeybee.org.au
- ↑ vff.org.au
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Aussie Bee website Australian Stingless Bees Retrieved May 13, 2016
- ↑ Owen, p.228
- ↑ Aussie Bee website Common Questions about Australian Native Bees Retrieved May 13, 2016
- ↑ Cumpston, J.S., (1977), Shipping arrivals & departures Sydney, 1788-1825, Canberra, Roebuck, p.132. Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Nicholson, Ian Hawkins (1983), Shipping arrivals and departures Tasmania Vol 1, 1803-1833, Canberra, Roebuck, p.180. Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ The Hobart Town Courier, 10 August 1832, p.2
- ↑ Honeybee.org.au "The Wonderful Story of Australian Honey" Retrieved May 13, 2016
- ↑ Peel, Lynette (1974), Rural industry in the Port Phillip Region 1835-1880, Melbourne University Press, p.117. Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ “The Honey Trade,” Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser, 29 August 1846, p.2
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Trollope, Anthony (1873), Australia and New Zealand, London, Tapman and Hall, p.190
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ “The Beehive - Smoke in Bee Management,” Adelaide Observer, 9 November 1895, p.5.
- ↑ The South Australian Advertiser, 3 October 1884, p.9
- ↑ Leader, 13 December 1884, p.13.
- ↑ Brisbane Courier, 13 September 1886, p.1
- ↑ Bolton (1976), p.296
- ↑ "The Beekeper - Forest Destruction," The Australasian (Melbourne), 21 February 1903, p.10
- ↑ Bolton (1976), p.299
- ↑ The Illustrated Australian Encyclopaedia, vol 1, (1925) Sydney, Angus & Robertson, p.148
- ↑ Official year book of the Commonwealth of Australia, No.46, 1960, Canberra, Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, p.1,001
- ↑ Commonwealth year book, 1960, p.1,002
- ↑ Victorian year book 1973, No.87, Melbourne, Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, Victorian Office, p.902. Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ agrifutures.com.au, accessed 17 September 2019
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ agrifutures.com.au, accessed 16 September 2019
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Owen, pp.228-9
- ↑ “Croppers to feel the yield sting from devastating bee losses,” The Land, 5 March 2020
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокnswне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокSAchronicleне указан текст - ↑ Harman, Alan, “Small hive beetle in Australia,” Bee Culture, 131 (1) January 2003, p.59
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
