Английская Википедия:Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:Infobox language
In Chinese dialectology, Beijing Mandarin (Шаблон:Zh) refers to a major branch of Mandarin Chinese recognized by the Language Atlas of China, encompassing a number of dialects spoken in areas of Beijing, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, and Tianjin,Шаблон:Sfnp the most important of which is the Beijing dialect, which provides the phonological basis for Standard Chinese. Both Beijing Mandarin and its Beijing dialect are also called Beijingese.
Classification
Шаблон:See also Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin were proposed by Chinese linguist Li Rong as two separate branches of Mandarin in the 1980s.Шаблон:Sfnp In Li's 1985 paper, he suggested using tonal reflexes of Middle Chinese checked tone characters as the criterion for classifying Mandarin dialects.Шаблон:Sfnp In this paper, he used the term "Beijing Mandarin" (Шаблон:Lang) to refer the dialect group in which checked tone characters with a voiceless initial have dark level, light level, rising and departing tone reflexes.Шаблон:Sfnp He chose the name Beijing Mandarin as this Mandarin group is approximate to the Beijing dialect.Шаблон:Sfnp
He subsequently proposed a split of Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin in 1987, listing the following as reasons:Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
- Checked-tone characters with voiceless initials in Middle Chinese are far more commonly distributed into the rising tone category in Northeastern Mandarin than in Beijing Mandarin;
- The tonal value of the dark level tone is lower in Northeastern Mandarin than that in Beijing Mandarin;
- Generally, the 日 initial of Middle Chinese developed into a modern non-null initial in Beijing Mandarin and a modern null initial in Northeastern Mandarin.
The 2012 edition of Language Atlas of China added one more method for distinguishing Beijing Mandarin from Northeastern Mandarin:Шаблон:Sfnp
- The modern pronunciations of the 精, 知, 莊 and 章 initials of Middle Chinese are two sets of sibilants—dental and retroflex—and these two sets are not merged or confused in Beijing Mandarin.
Meanwhile, there are some scholars who regard Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin as a single division of Mandarin. Lin (1987) noticed the phonological similarity between Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin.Шаблон:Sfnp Zhang (2010) suggested that the criteria for the division of Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin as top-level Mandarin groups are inconsistent with the criterion for the division of other top-level Mandarin groups.Шаблон:Sfnp
Subdivisions
Beijing Mandarin is classified into the following subdivisions in the 2012 edition of Language Atlas of China:Шаблон:Sfnp
- Jīng–Chéng (Шаблон:Lang)
- Cháo–Fēng (Шаблон:Lang), an area between the Huái–Chéng cluster and the Northeastern Mandarin, covering the cities of Chaoyang and Chifeng. This subgroup has characteristics intermediate of those of Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin.Шаблон:Sfnp
Per the 2012 edition of Atlas, these subgroups are distinguished by the following features:Шаблон:Sfnp
- Jīng–Chéng subgroup has a high dark level tone, and the Cháo–Fēng subgroup a relatively low one;
- Within the Jīng–Chéng subgroup, dialects in the Huái–Chéng cluster append an Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA initial to kaikou hu characters with 影, 疑, 云 and 以 initials in Middle Chinese, while an initial is absent in the Jīngshī cluster.
Compared with the first edition (1987), the second edition (2012) of the Atlas demoted Jīngshī and Huái–Chéng subgroups to clusters of a new Jīng–Chéng subgroup. Shí–Kè (Шаблон:Lang) or Běijiāng (Шаблон:Lang) subgroup (including the cities of Shihezi and Karamay), listed as a subgroup of Beijing Mandarin in the 1987 edition, is re-allocated to a Běijiāng (Шаблон:Lang) subgroup of Lanyin Mandarin and a Nánjiāng (Шаблон:Lang) subgroup of Central Plains Mandarin. The Cháo–Fēng subgroup covers a greater area in the 2012 edition.Шаблон:Sfnp
Phonological features
Initials
With regard to initials, the reflexes of kaikou hu syllables with any of the 影, 疑, 云 and 以 initials in Middle Chinese differ amongst the subgroups: a null initial is found in the Jīngshī cluster, while Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA initials are often present in the Huái–Chéng cluster and the Cháo–Fēng subgroup.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
| Initial in Middle Chinese ► | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subdivision | Location | Шаблон:Linktext | Шаблон:Linktext | Шаблон:Linktext | Шаблон:Linktext | Шаблон:Linktext |
| Jingshi | Beijing | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
| Huai–Cheng | Chengde[1] | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
| Chao–Feng | Chifeng[2] (old-style) |
Шаблон:IPA | ∅ | ∅ | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
Dental and retroflex sibilants are distinct phonemes in Beijing Mandarin.Шаблон:Sfnp This is contrary to Northeastern Mandarin, in which the two categories are either in free variation or merged into a single type of sibilants.Шаблон:Sfnp
Tones
In both Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin, the checked tone of Middle Chinese has completely dissolved and is distributed irregularlyШаблон:Sfnp among the remaining tones.Шаблон:Sfnp However, Beijing Mandarin has significantly fewer rising-tone characters with a checked-tone origin, compared with Northeastern Mandarin.Шаблон:Sfnp
| Subdivision | Location | Шаблон:Linktext | Шаблон:Linktext | Шаблон:Linktext [3] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beijing Mandarin | Beijing | dark level | light level | departing |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | rising | rising | rising |
The Cháo–Fēng subgroup generally has a lower tonal value for the dark level tone.Шаблон:Sfnp
| Subdivision | Location | Dark level | Light level | Rising | Departing | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jingshi | Beijing | Шаблон:IPA (55) | Шаблон:IPA (35) | Шаблон:IPA (214) | Шаблон:IPA (51) | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| Huai–Cheng | Chengde | Шаблон:IPA (55) | Шаблон:IPA (35) | Шаблон:IPA (214) | Шаблон:IPA (51) | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| Chao–Feng | Chifeng | Шаблон:IPA (44) | Шаблон:IPA (335) | Шаблон:IPA (213) | Шаблон:IPA (53) | Шаблон:Sfnp |
| Xingcheng | Шаблон:IPA (44) | Шаблон:IPA (35) | Шаблон:IPA (213) | Шаблон:IPA (51) | Шаблон:Sfnp | |
| Taiwanese | Taipei | Шаблон:IPA (44) | Шаблон:IPA (323) | Шаблон:IPA (312) | Шаблон:IPA (52) | [4] |
| Taichung | Шаблон:IPA (33) | Шаблон:IPA (322) | Шаблон:IPA (31) | Шаблон:IPA (32) | [5] |
Lexical features
The Cháo–Fēng subgroup has more words in common with that of Northeastern Mandarin.Шаблон:Sfnp
| this place | to envy | to deceive | to show off; to brag |
dirty | to do | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MSC | Шаблон:Linktext | Шаблон:Linktext | Шаблон:Linktext | Шаблон:Linktext | Шаблон:Linktext | Шаблон:Linktext |
| Chao–Feng | Шаблон:Linktext | Шаблон:Linktext | Шаблон:Linktext | Шаблон:Linktext | Шаблон:Linktext | Шаблон:Linktext |
The intensifier Шаблон:Linktext is also used in the Cháo–Fēng subgroup.Шаблон:Sfnp
Notes
References
Шаблон:Sino-Tibetan languages Шаблон:Chinese language
- ↑ There are also other ways to pronounce such initials in this dialect. Шаблон:Harv
- ↑ There are also other ways to pronounce such initials in this dialect. Шаблон:Harv
- ↑ Referring to its checked-toned pronunciation, as in Шаблон:Linktext.
- ↑ Multiple sources:
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
