Английская Википедия:Beijing cuisine
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Chinese Шаблон:Cuisine of China
Beijing cuisine, also known as Jing cuisine, Mandarin cuisine and Peking cuisine and formerly as Beiping cuisine, is the local cuisine of Beijing, the national capital of China.
Background
As Beijing has been the capital of China for centuries, its cuisine is influenced by culinary traditions from all over China, but the style that has the greatest influence on Beijing cuisine is that of the eastern coastal province of Shandong.[1][2][3][4] Beijing cuisine has itself, in turn, also greatly influenced other Chinese cuisines, particularly the cuisine of Liaoning, the Chinese imperial cuisine and the Chinese aristocrat cuisine.[1][2][3][4]
Another tradition that influenced Beijing cuisine (as well as influenced by the latter itself) is the Chinese imperial cuisine that originated from the "Emperor's Kitchen" (Шаблон:Zh), which referred to the cooking facilities inside the Forbidden City, where thousands of cooks from different parts of China showed their best culinary skills to please the imperial family and officials. Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to determine the actual origin of a dish as the term "Mandarin" is generalised and refers not only to Beijing, but other provinces as well. However, some generalisation of Beijing cuisine can be characterised as follows: Foods that originated in Beijing are often snacks rather than main courses, and they are typically sold by small shops or street vendors. There is emphasis on dark soy paste, sesame paste, sesame oil and scallions, and fermented tofu is often served as a condiment. In terms of cooking techniques, methods relating to different ways of frying are often used.[1][4] There is less emphasis on rice as an accompaniment as compared to many other regions in China, as local rice production in Beijing is limited by the relatively dry climate.
Many dishes in Beijing cuisine that are served as main courses are derived from a variety of Chinese Halal foods, particularly lamb and beef dishes,[5] as well as from Huaiyang cuisine.
Huaiyang cuisine has been praised since ancient times in China and it was a general practice for an official travelling to Beijing to take up a new post to bring along with him a chef specialising in Huaiyang cuisine. When these officials had completed their terms in the capital and returned to their native provinces, most of the chefs they brought along often remained in Beijing. They opened their own restaurants or were hired by wealthy locals.[1][4] The imperial clan of the Ming dynasty, the House of Zhu, who had ancestry from Jiangsu Province, also contributed greatly in introducing Huaiyang cuisine to Beijing when the capital was moved from Nanjing to Beijing in the 15th century, because the imperial kitchen was mainly Huaiyang style. The element of traditional Beijing culinary and gastronomical cultures of enjoying artistic performances such as Beijing opera while dining directly developed from the similar practice in the culture of Jiangsu and Huaiyang cuisines.[1][2][3][4][6]
Chinese Islamic cuisine is another important component of Beijing cuisine and was first prominently introduced when Beijing became the capital of the Yuan dynasty. However, the most significant contribution to the formation of Beijing cuisine came from Shandong cuisine, as most chefs from Shandong Province came to Beijing en masse during the Qing dynasty. Unlike the earlier two cuisines, which were brought by the ruling class such as nobles, aristocrats and bureaucrats and then spread to the general populace, the introduction of Shandong cuisine begun with serving the general populace, with much wider market segment, from wealthy merchants to the working class.
History
The Qing dynasty was a major period in the formation of Beijing cuisine. Before the Boxer Rebellion, the foodservice establishments in Beijing were strictly stratified by the foodservice guild. Each category of the establishment was specifically based on its ability to provide for a particular segment of the market. The top ranking establishments served nobles, aristocrats, and wealthy merchants and landlords, while lower ranking establishments served the populace of lower financial and social status. It was during this period when Beijing cuisine gained fame and became recognised by the Chinese culinary society, and the stratification of the foodservice was one of its most obvious characteristics as part of its culinary and gastronomic cultures during this first peak of its formation.[1][2][3][4]
The official stratification was an integral part of the local culture of Beijing and it was not finally abolished officially after the end of the Qing dynasty, which resulted in the second peak in the formation of Beijing cuisine. Meals previously offered to nobles and aristocrats were made available to anyone who could afford them instead of being restricted only to the upper class. As chefs freely switched between jobs offered by different establishments, they brought their skills that further enriched and developed Beijing cuisine. Though the stratification of food services in Beijing was no longer effected by imperial laws, the structure more or less remained despite continuous weakening due to the financial background of the local clientele. The different classes are listed in the following subsections.[1][2][3][4][6]
Zhuang
Zhuang (Шаблон:Zh), or zhuang zihao (Шаблон:Zh) were the top-ranking foodservice establishments, not only in providing foods, but entertainment as well. The form of entertainment provided was usually Beijing opera, and establishments of this class always had long-term contracts with an opera troupe to perform onsite or contracts with famous performers, such as national-treasure-class performers, to perform onsite, though not on a daily basis. Establishments of this category only accepted customers who came as a group and ordered banquets by appointment, and the banquets provided by establishments of this category often included most, if not all tables, at the site. The bulk foodservice business was catering at customers' homes or other locations, often for birthdays, marriages, funerals, promotions and other important celebrations and festivals. When catering, these establishments not only provided what was on the menu, but fulfilled customers' requests.
Leng zhuangzi (Шаблон:Zh) lacked any rooms to host banquets, and thus their business was purely catering.
Tang
Tang (Шаблон:Zh), or tang zihao (Шаблон:Zh), are similar to zhuang establishments, but the business of these second-class establishments were generally evenly divided among onsite banquet hosting and catering (at customers' homes). Establishments of this class would also have long-term contracts with Beijing opera troupes to perform onsite, but they did not have long-term contracts with famous performers, such as national-treasure-class performers, to perform onsite on regular basis; however these top performers would still perform at establishments of this category occasionally. In terms of catering at the customers' sites, establishments of this category often only provided dishes strictly according to their menu.
Ting
Ting (Шаблон:Zh), or ting zihao (Шаблон:Zh) are foodservice establishments which had more business in onsite banquet hosting than catering at customers' homes. For onsite banquet hosting, entertainment was still provided, but establishments of this category did not have long-term contracts with Beijing opera troupes, so that performers varied from time to time, and top performers usually did not perform here or at any lower-ranking establishments. For catering, different establishments of this category were incapable of handling significant catering on their own, but generally had to combine resources with other establishments of the same ranking (or lower) to do the job.
Yuan
Yuan (Шаблон:Zh), or yuan zihao (Шаблон:Zh) did nearly all their business in hosting banquets onsite. Entertainment was not provided on a regular basis, but there were stages built onsite for Beijing opera performers. Instead of being hired by the establishments like in the previous three categories, performers at establishments of this category were usually contractors who paid the establishment to perform and split the earnings according to a certain percentage. Occasionally, establishments of this category would be called upon to help cater at customers' homes, but had to work with others, never taking the lead as establishments like the ting.
Lou
Lou (Шаблон:Zh), or lou zihao (Шаблон:Zh) did the bulk of their business hosting banquets onsite by appointment. In addition, a smaller portion of the business was in serving different customers onsite on a walk-in basis. Occasionally, when catering at customers' homes, establishments of this category would only provide the few specialty dishes they were famous for.
Ju
Ju (Шаблон:Zh), or ju zihao (Шаблон:Zh) generally divided their business evenly into two areas: serving different customers onsite on a walk-in basis, and hosting banquets by appointment for customers who came as one group. Occasionally, when catering at the customers' homes, establishments of this category would only provide the few specialty dishes they were famous for, just like the lou. However, unlike those establishments, which always cooked their specialty dishes on location, establishment of this category would either cook on location or simply bring the already-cooked food to the location.
Zhai
Zhai (Шаблон:Zh), or zhai zihao (Шаблон:Zh) were mainly in the business of serving different customers onsite on a walk-in basis, but a small portion of their income did come from hosting banquets by appointment for customers who came as one group. Similar to the ju, when catering at customers’ homes, establishments of this category would also only provide the few specialty dishes they are famous for, but they would mostly bring the already-cooked dishes to the location, and would only cook on location occasionally.
Fang
Fang (Шаблон:Zh), or fang zihao (Шаблон:Zh). Foodservice establishments of this category generally did not offer the service of hosting banquets made by appointment for customers who came as one group, but instead, often only offered to serve different customers onsite on a walk-in basis. Establishments of this category or lower would not be called upon to perform catering at the customers' homes for special events.
Guan
Guan (Шаблон:Zh), or guan zihao (Шаблон:Zh). Foodservice establishments of this category mainly served different customers onsite on a walk-in basis, and in addition, a portion of the income would be earned from selling to-goes.
Dian
Dian (Шаблон:Zh), or dian zihao (Шаблон:Zh). Foodservice establishments of this category had their own place, like all previous categories, but serving different customers to dine onsite on a walk-in basis only provided half of the overall income, while the other half came from selling to-goes.
Pu
Pu (Шаблон:Zh), or pu zihao (Шаблон:Zh). Foodservice establishments of this category ranked next to the last, and they were often named after the owners' last names. Establishments of this category had fixed spots of business for having their own places, but smaller than dian, and thus did not have tables, but only seats for customers. As a result, the bulk of the income of establishments of this category was from selling to-goes, while income earned from customers dining onsite only provided a small portion of the overall income.
Tan
Tan (Шаблон:Zh), or tan zihao (Шаблон:Zh). The lowest ranking foodservice establishments without any tables, and selling to-goes was the only form of business. In addition to name the food stand after the owners' last name or the food sold, these food stands were also often named after the owners' nicknames.
Notable dishes and street foods
Meat and poultry dishes
Fish and seafood dishes
| English | Traditional Chinese | Simplified Chinese | Pinyin | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abalone with peas and fish paste | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | The dish's name literally means "toad abalone". |
| Boiled fish in household-style | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Braised fish | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Egg and shrimp wrapped in corn flour pancake | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Fish cooked with five kinds of sliced vegetable | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Fish cooked with five-spice powder | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Fish in vinegar and pepper | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Fish soaked in soup | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Sea cucumber with quail egg | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | The dish's name literally means "the black dragon spits out pearls". |
| Shrimp chips with egg | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | The dish's name literally means "the goldfish playing with the lotus". |
| Soft fried fish | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
Noodles (both vegetarian and non-vegetarian)
| English | Image | Traditional Chinese | Simplified Chinese | Pinyin | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naked oats noodle | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Noodles with thick gravy | Файл:Dalumian at Changranju Restaurant, Beijing (20211117173259).jpg | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Sesame Sauce Noodles | Файл:Noodles with sesame sauce before stirring (20220726112356).jpg | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | A popular noodle dish in Northern China. The sesame sauce is mainly made of sesame paste and sesame oil. In American cooking, the sesame paste is often substituted by peanut butter. |
| Zhajiangmian | Файл:Noodles with diced meat soybean paste with 8 toppings (20210112174522).jpg | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
Pastries
| English | Image | Traditional Chinese | Simplified Chinese | Pinyin | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fried butter cake | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Fried cake with fillings | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Fried sesame egg cake | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | The dish's name literally means "open mouth and laugh/smile". | |
| Fried tofu with egg wrapping | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Jiaoquan | Файл:Jiaoquan.jpg | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Shaped like a fried doughnut, but has a crispier texture |
| Steamed egg cake | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Sachima | 沙琪瑪 | 沙琪玛 | Шаблон:Lang | Chinese pastry of Manchu origin similar looking to Rice Krispies Treats but different in taste |
Vegetarian
Beijing Delicacies
Restaurants known for Beijing cuisine
Numerous traditional restaurants in Beijing are credited with great contributions in the formation of Beijing cuisine, but many of them have gone out of business.[1][2][3][4][6][8][9][10][11][12][13] However, some of them managed to survive until today, and some of them are:
- Bai Kui (白魁): established in 1780
- Bao Du Feng (爆肚冯): established in 1881, also known as Ji Sheng Long (金生隆)
- Bianyifang: established in 1416, the oldest surviving restaurant in Beijing
- Cha Tang Li (茶汤李), established in 1858
- Dao Xiang Chun (稻香春): established in 1916
- Dao Xian Cun (稻香村): established in 1895
- De Shun Zhai (大顺斋): established in the early 1870s
- Dong Lai Shun (东来顺): established in 1903
- Dong Xin Shun (东兴顺): also known as Bao Du Zhang (爆肚张), established in 1883
- Du Yi Chu (都一处): established in 1738
- Dou Fu Nao Bai (豆腐脑白): established in 1877, also known as Xi Yu Zhai (西域斋)
- En Yuan Ju (恩元居), established in 1929
- Fang Sheng Zhai (芳生斋), also known as Nai Lao Wei (奶酪魏), established in 1857
- Hong Bin Lou (鸿宾楼): established in 1853 in Tianjin, relocated to Beijing in 1955.
- Jin Sheng Long (金生隆): established in 1846
- Kao Rou Ji (烤肉季): established in 1828
- Kao Rou Wan (烤肉宛): established in 1686
- Liu Bi Ju (六必居) established in 1530
- Liu Quan Ju (柳泉居): established in the late 1560s, the second oldest surviving restaurant in Beijing
- Nan Lai Shun (南来顺): established in 1937
- Nian Gao Qian (年糕钱): established in early 1880s
- Quanjude (全聚德): established in 1864
- Rui Bin Lou (瑞宾楼): originally established in 1876
- Sha Guoo Ju (砂锅居), established in 1741
- Tian Fu Hao (天福号): established in 1738
- Tian Xing Ju (天兴居):, established in 1862
- Tian Yuan Jian Yuan (天源酱园): established in 1869
- Wang Zhi He (王致和): established in 1669
- Wonton Hou (馄饨侯): established in 1949
- Xi De Shun (西德顺): also known as Bao Du Wang (爆肚王), established in 1904
- Xi Lai Shun (西来顺): established in 1930
- Xian Bing Zhou (馅饼周): established in 1910s, also known as Tong Ju Guan (同聚馆)
- Xiao Chang Chen (小肠陈): established in the late 19th century
- Xin Yuan Zhai (信远斋), established in 1740
- Yang Tou Man (羊头马): established in the late 1830s
- Yi Tiao Long (壹条龙): established in 1785
See also
References
External links
Шаблон:Cuisine Шаблон:Beijing cuisine Шаблон:Lists of prepared foods Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 Wang, Juling, Famous Dishes of Famous Restaurant in Beijing, Golden Shield Publishing House in Beijing, December, 2000, Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 Xu, Chengbei, Ancient Beijing, Customs of the General Populace of Ancient Beijing, Jiangsu Fine Arts Publishing House in Nanjing, September, 1999, Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 Hua Mengyang and Zhang Hongjie, Lives of the residents of Ancient Beijing, Shandong Pictorial Publishing House in Jinan, June, 2000, Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6 4,7 Du, Fuxiang and Guo, Yunhui, Famous Restaurants in China, China Tourism Publishing House in Beijing, 1982
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Bai, Zhongjian, Legends of Historical Business in Beijing, China Tourism Publishing House in Beijing, 1993, Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Lo, Eileen Yin-Fei (1999). "Chinese Classics", The Chinese Kitchen, calligraphy by San Yan Wong, 1st Edition, New York, New York: William Morrow and Company, 416. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Ma, Jing, Beijing Culinary Guide, China Light Industry Publishing House in Beijing, January 2002, Шаблон:ISBN/TS.2143
- ↑ Hou, Shiheng, Historical Business in Beijing, 1st Edition, Chinese Environmental Science Publishing House in Beijing, 1991, Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Hou, Shiheng, Historical Business in Beijing, Chinese Foreign Trade Publishing House in Beijing, 1998, Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Xu, Chengbei, Ancient Beijing, Change of Qianmen, Jiangsu Fine Arts Publishing House in Nanjing, September, 2000, Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Yin, Qingmin, Historical Business Establishments in Beijing, Shining Daily Publishing House in Beijing, 2004, Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Zhou, Jianduan, Old Memory of Beijing, Social Life and Customs, Southern Cantonese Publishing House in Hong Kong, 1987, Шаблон:ISBN
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