Английская Википедия:Belarusian phonology
Шаблон:Self reference Шаблон:IPA notice The phonological system of the modern Belarusian language consists of at least 44 phonemes: 5 vowels and 39 consonants. Consonants may also be geminated. There is no absolute agreement on the number of phonemes; rarer or contextually variant sounds are included by some scholars.Шаблон:Citation needed
Many consonants may form pairs that differ only in palatalization (called hard vs soft consonants, the latter being represented in the IPA with the symbol Шаблон:Angbr IPA). In some of such pairs, the place of articulation is additionally changed (see distinctive features below). There are also unpaired consonants that have no corollary in palatalization.
Distinctive features
As an East Slavic language, Belarusian phonology is very similar to both Russian and Ukrainian phonology. The primary differences are:[1]
- Akannye (Шаблон:Lang-be) – the merger of unstressed Шаблон:IPA into Шаблон:IPA. The pronunciation of the merged vowel is a clear open front unrounded vowel Шаблон:IPA, including after soft consonants and Шаблон:IPA. In standard Russian akanye, the merger happens only after hard consonants; after soft consonants, Шаблон:IPA merges with Шаблон:IPA instead. Ukrainian does not have this merger at all. In Belarusian, unlike Russian, this change is reflected in spelling: compare Шаблон:Wikt-lang "head", pronounced Шаблон:Audio-IPA, with Russian Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Audio-IPA and Ukrainian Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Audio-IPA.
- Lack of ikanye (the Russian sound change in which unstressed Шаблон:IPA has merged with Шаблон:IPA, and unstressed Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA with Шаблон:IPA after soft consonants). Instead, unstressed Шаблон:IPA merges with Шаблон:IPA (yakannye). Compare Belarusian Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Audio-IPA with Russian Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Audio-IPA and Ukrainian Шаблон:Audio-IPA.
Not all instances of Шаблон:IPA are subject to yakannye in literary Belarusian, for example Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Audio-IPA instead of па́ляц Шаблон:IPA, which occurs only dialectally. In standard Belarusian, yakannye after palatalized consonants occurs in the syllable immediately preceding the tonic syllable: Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA-be "song" — Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA-be "singer" — Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA-be "singers". Exceptions are allowed in loanwords: Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA-be "medal". - Tsyekannye (Шаблон:Lang-be) and dzyekannye (Шаблон:Lang-be) – the pronunciation of Old East Slavic Шаблон:IPA as soft affricates Шаблон:IPA. This occurs in Шаблон:Wikt-lang "ten", pronounced Шаблон:IPA-be; compare Russian Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Audio-IPA, Ukrainian Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Audio-IPA.
Many Russian speakers similarly affricate phonemic Шаблон:IPA, but this is not universal and not written. - Relatively stronger palatalization of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.[2]
- Postalveolar consonants are all hard (laminal retroflex), whereas Russian has both hard and soft postalveolars.
- Шаблон:IPA has hardened and merged with Шаблон:IPA.
- Unlike in standard Russian, historical Шаблон:IPA before consonants has merged with Шаблон:IPA and is pronounced Шаблон:IPA. This is reflected in the spelling, which uses a special symbol known as "non-syllabic u" (Шаблон:Lang-be),[3] written as an Шаблон:Angbr with a breve diacritic on top of it: Шаблон:Angbr,? Шаблон:Angbr.? For example: Belarusian Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA-be — Russian волк Шаблон:IPA-ru. The merger did not occur before suffixes (before historical ⟨ъ⟩ in the word middle): Russian and Belarusian Шаблон:Lang-be Шаблон:IPA-be "stick".
- Lenition of Шаблон:IPA to Шаблон:IPA similarly to Ukrainian, Czech, or Slovak, and unlike Russian and Polish.
- Proto-Slavic Шаблон:IPA shifted to Belarusian and Russian Шаблон:IPA before a hard consonant. Compare the Belarusian word for "green", Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA-be, and the Russian word, Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA-be, with Ukrainian Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA-uk.
Unlike in Russian but like in Ukrainian, Belarusian spelling closely represents surface phonology rather than the underlying morphophonology. For example, akannye, tsyekannye, dzyekannye and the Шаблон:IPA allophone of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Examples needed are all written. The representation of akannye in particular introduces striking differences between Russian and Belarusian orthography.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | Шаблон:IPA link | [[[:Шаблон:IPA link]]] | Шаблон:IPA link |
| Mid | Шаблон:IPA link[4] | Шаблон:IPA link | |
| Open | Шаблон:IPA link |
| Belarusian Cyrillic script | Belarusian Latin script | IPA | Description | Belarusian example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| i | i | Шаблон:IPA | close front unrounded | Шаблон:Lang ('leaf') |
| э[5] | e | Шаблон:IPA | mid-central (unstressed), open-mid front unrounded (stressed) | Шаблон:Lang ('this one') |
| е | ie, je | Шаблон:IPA | Palatalises preceding consonant followed by mid front unrounded vowel | Шаблон:Lang ('white') |
| ы | y | Шаблон:IPA | close central unrounded | Шаблон:Lang ('mouse') |
| a, я | a | Шаблон:IPA | open central unrounded | Шаблон:Lang ('executioner') |
| у, ю | u | Шаблон:IPA | close back rounded | Шаблон:Lang ('noise') |
| о, ё | o | Шаблон:IPA | open-mid back rounded | Шаблон:Lang ('cat') |
As with Russian, Шаблон:IPA is not a separate phoneme, but an allophone of Шаблон:IPA occurring after non-palatalized consonants.[6]
Consonants
The consonants of Belarusian are as follows:[7]
The rare phonemes Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are present only in several borrowed words: Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA. Other borrowed words have the fricative pronunciation: Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('geography'). In addition, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are allophones of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA respectively, when voiced by regressive assimilation, as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'train station'.
In the syllable coda, Шаблон:IPA is pronounced Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, forming diphthongs, and is spelled Шаблон:Angbr.[8] Шаблон:IPA sometimes derives etymologically from Шаблон:IPA, as with Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('wolf'), which comes from Proto-Slavic Шаблон:Lang. Similar to Ukrainian, there are also alternations between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA in the past tense of verbs:[9] for example, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "(he) thought" versus Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "(she) thought". This evolved historically from a form with Шаблон:IPA (as in Russian: Шаблон:Lang) which vocalized like the Шаблон:Lang in Polish (cognate Шаблон:Lang, "he mused").
The geminated variations are transcribed as follows:
- Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
- Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
- Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
- Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
- Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
- Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
- Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA.
References
Bibliography
Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Refbegin
Further reading
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ "Stronger than in Russian, weaker than in Polish", per Шаблон:Lang
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
