Английская Википедия:Belizean English
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Infobox language Belizean English is the set of varieties of the English language spoken in Belize and by members of the Belizean diaspora.
History
The development of Caribbean English, including Belizean English, is dated to the West Indian exploits of Elizabethan sea dogs, which are credited with introducing to England names for Caribbean flora, fauna, and various other things via, for instance, Hakluyt's Principall Navigations of 1589 and Raleigh's Discoverie of the Empyre of Guiana of 1596.Шаблон:Sfn As English settlements followed shortly thereafter, Caribbean English has been deemed 'the oldest exportation of that language from its British homeland.'Шаблон:Sfn
Phonology
Pronunciation in Belizean English tends towards Caribbean English, except that the former is non-rhotic.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Notetag
In 2013, it was noted that spoken Belizean English is heavily influenced by Belizean Creole, as 'both the lexicon and syntactic constructions often follow creole.'Шаблон:Sfn The influence has been deemed strong enough to argue 'that spoken [Belizean] English is simply a register of creole, relexified and restructured through contact with mainstream [non-Belizean] English.'Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Notetag However, it has been further noted that one may describe this phenomenon 'from the opposite perspective and claim [Belizean] creole to be a register of [Belizean] English.'Шаблон:Sfn
Lexicology
The largest proportion of the lexicon unique to Belizean English is thought to name local flora, fauna, and cuisine.Шаблон:Sfn Notably, the most significant donor language to this portion of Belizean English lexicon is thought to be the Miskito language, not Mayan languages, 'as might be expected.'Шаблон:Sfn Other donor languages include Mayan languages, African languages (via Jamaican English), and Spanish (particularly for cuisine).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Notetag
| Item | PoS | Gloss | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agayuma | p.n. | water-spirit; like will o' the wisp or jack o' lantern | fm. Garifuna; cf Шаблон:Sfn |
| alania | n. | beverage; made of grated cassava | fm. Garifuna; cf Шаблон:Sfn |
| alcalde | n. | local government office; in Mayan settlements | fm. Spanish; cf Шаблон:Sfn |
| alligator fish | n. | fish species; Belonesox belizanus | cf Шаблон:Sfn |
| altamesa | n. | plant species | cf Шаблон:Sfn |
| amapola / amopolla | n. | tree species; Pseudobombax ellipticum | fm Spanish; cf Шаблон:Sfn |
| Anansi | p.n. | lead character in folk-tales | fm Akan; cf Шаблон:Sfn |
| anansi | n. | Шаблон:Unbulleted list | cf Шаблон:Sfn |
| antelope | n. | red brocket deer | cf Шаблон:Sfn |
| apasote | n. | herb species; Dysphania ambrosioides | fm Nahuatl; cf Шаблон:Sfn |
| apple banana | n. | banana cultivar | cf Шаблон:Sfn |
| areba / ereba | n. | round flat bread; made of grated cassava | fm Spanish; cf Шаблон:Sfn |
| axe-master | n. | tree species; Caesalpinia gaumeri | cf Шаблон:Sfn |
| baboon | n. | howler monkey | cf Шаблон:Sfn |
| baboon cap | n. | herb species; Couepia dodecandra | cf Шаблон:Sfn |
In 2013, it was noted that spelling in official contexts, such as in government, tended to follow British conventions, while that in commercial spaces tended to prefer American usage, with spelling in popular written media described as 'highly inconsistent, following the conventions of the writer.'Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Notetag
Sociolinguistics
In 2017, it was noted that – Шаблон:Blockquote The aforementioned study suggested that such attitude towards Belizean English might be related to attitudes towards code-switching between English and Kriol, as the latter was described by the study's Belizean informants 'as an index for educational attainment and therefore for class, as it apparently requires formal training to learn to differentiate the two [ie English and Kriol].'Шаблон:Sfn However, the social regard for exogamous dialects of English is thought to be decreasing in Belize, though this has been linked to a concomitant rise in the prestige of Belizean Creole, rather than that of Belizean English.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Notetag
Study
The earliest scholarly dictionary of Caribbean English is thought to have been the 1967 Dictionary of Jamaican English.Шаблон:Sfn During Easter of that same year, the Caribbean Association of Headmasters and Headmistresses resolved – Шаблон:Blockquote Said resolution was promptly forwarded to Richard Allsopp, who by mid-1967 'already had some ten shoe-boxes each of about 1,000 6 × 4 cards and many loose unfiled cuttings, notes and other material [from Guyana, the Lesser Antilles, Belize, Jamaica, and Trinidad].'Шаблон:Sfn In 1971, Allsopp introduced the Caribbean Lexicography Project as 'a survey of [English] usage in the intermediate and upper ranges of the West Indian speech continuum.'Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This set the stage for the seminal Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage, first published 1996.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Notetag
In 2013, it was noted that Belizean English may not constitute a single dialect.Шаблон:Sfn For instance, the English spoken in Garifuna-majority settlements in the southeastern coast of Belize 'includes distinctive borrowings which are not found elsewhere in the country.'Шаблон:Sfn It was further noted that, though Belizean English is not a tonal language, some of its words 'are not correctly pronounced unless the relative pitch heights are accurate.'Шаблон:Sfn
Notes and references
Explanatory footnotes
Short citations
Full citations
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