Английская Википедия:Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks
Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Cleanup Шаблон:Use American English Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox organization The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks (BPOE; also often known as the Elks Lodge or simply The Elks) is an American fraternal order founded in 1868, originally as a social club in New York City.
History
The Elks was established by actor Charles Algernon Sidney Vivian – a British expatriate and member of the Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes – in New York City on February 16, 1868.[1] Organized as a club for minstrel show performers, the impetus for the group's founding was the death of a fellow actor to disease due to a paucity of funds for treatment and a desire to organize communal support for fellow actors in need.[2][3]
Founded as the "Jolly Corks", by December of 1868 it had adopted the name Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks.[1]
By 1890, 173 lodges had been established throughout the United States.[3]
In 1976, the Elks had 1,611,139 members.[4] As of June 2020, it claimed to have more than 750,000 members.[5]
Throughout American history, many Elks lodges have been criticized for excluding African-Americans, Jews, Italians, women, atheists, and others from membership. The Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World was founded in 1897 due to the exclusion of African-Americans from the BPOE.[6][7]
Desegregation
In 1962, the Anti-Defamation League supported the decision by New York Elks Lodge No. 1 to eliminate their "Caucasians Only" membership criteria and expressed support for extending the BPOE's membership to other minority groups as well. A 1956 ADL study showed that nearly 15% of BPOE lodges in the survey excluded Jewish people from membership. Some lodges banned Jews from membership while other lodges made it difficult for Jews to become members.[8]
In 1972, the Elks expelled the head of the Ridgewood lodge, Richard J. Zelenka, because of his advocacy against the Elks' discriminatory policies which limited membership to white men.[9][10] By the following year, however, a resolution to repeal the discriminatory clause of the national constitution passed, desegregating the organization.[11][12]
In Beynon v. St. George-Dixie Lodge 1743 (1993),[13] the Utah Supreme Court ruled that while freedom of association allowed the Elks to remain a men-only organization, "the Elks may not avail itself of the benefits of a liquor license and the license's concomitant state regulation" as long as it violated the Utah State Civil Rights Act. Faced with losing their liquor licenses if they did not admit women, the Elks Lodges of Utah voted to become unisex in June 1993,[14] which was followed by a vote at the Elks National Convention in July 1995[15] to remove the word "male" from the national membership requirements.
Membership
Belief in a Supreme Being became a prerequisite for membership in 1892. The word "God" was substituted for Supreme Being in 1946.[16]
Шаблон:Wikisource In 1919, a "Flag Day resolution" was passed, barring membership to even passive sympathizers of the Bolsheviks, Anarchists, the I.W.W., or kindred organizations, or who does not give undivided allegiance to" the flag and constitution of the United States.
In 1979, the qualifications for membership included being male, at least 21 years old, of sound mind and body, a citizen of the United States and not a member of the Communist Party.
The current requirements include belief in God, American citizenship, willingness to recite the Pledge of Allegiance, willingness to salute the flag of the United States of America, willingness to support the laws and Constitution of the United States of America, being of good character and being at least 21 years of age.[5] There is also a background interview conducted by the Membership Committee, who make the final recommendation to the Lodge members. The members then use a ballot box,[17] with the back drawer first being displayed to the members to be empty, then the members drop their vote one at a time into the hole in the back, typically a white glass marble to accept or a black lead cube to reject. A 2/3 majority of member votes is necessary for acceptance.[18]
Organization
Headquarters
The Elks' national headquarters are located in Chicago at the Elks National Veterans Memorial and Headquarters, overlooking Lincoln Park, near Lake Michigan. This building was originally conceived as a memorial to the nearly 1,000 Elk brothers who were lost in World War I. The cornerstone was laid July 7, 1924, and the building was officially dedicated on July 14, 1926.[19][20]Шаблон:Third party inline
The rotunda displays murals and statues illustrating the Elks' four cardinal virtues: charity, justice, brotherly love and fidelity. The friezes depict the "Triumphs of War" on one side and "Triumphs of Peace" on the other. The entrance is flanked by large bronze elks.[21]
Grand Lodge
The BPOE is organized on five levels: the national or "grand" level, the regional level, the state level, the district level and the local lodge level. The highest level is the Grand Lodge, which meets in convention annually. The Grand Lodge elects all the officers of the order, such as the Grand Exalted Ruler—the chief executive officer of the organization—Grand Secretary, Grand Esteemed Leading Knight, Grand Esteemed Loyal Knight, Grand Esteemed Lecturing Knight, Grand Treasurer, Grand Tiler (in charge of regalia), Grand Inner Guard and Grand Trustees. The three Knights assist the Grand Exalted Ruler and officiate in his absence; furthermore, the Grand Esteemed Loyal Knight acts a prosecutor in cases when an Elk is accused of an offense against the order. The Grand Trustee have general authority over assets and property owned by the order. The Grand Esquire is appointed by the Grand Exalted Ruler and organizes the Grand Lodges and serves as marshal of Elks parades. The Grand Chaplain is also appointed by the Grand Exalted Ruler.[22]
Elks Magazine is published 10 times a year and goes to all members.[23]Шаблон:Third party inline
Grand Exalted Rulers
This is a list of the organization's known Grand Exalted Rulers: Шаблон:Div col
- 1871 – George J. Green / Charles T. White
- 1872 – Joseph C. Pinckney
- 1874 – James W. Powell / Henry P. O'Neil
- 1876 – Frank Girard
- 1878 – George R. Maguire
- 1879 – Charles E. Davies / Louis C. Waehner
- 1880 – Thomas E. Garrett
- 1882 – John J. Tindale
- 1883 – Edwin A. Perry
- 1884 – Henry S. Sanderson
- 1885 - Daniel A. Kelly
- 1886 - William E. English
- 1887 - Hamilton E. Leach
- 1889 - Simon Quinlin
- 1890 - Simon Quinlin
- 1891 - Edwin B. Hay
- 1892 - Edwin B. Hay
- 1893 - Astley Apperly
- 1894 - Edwin B. Hay
- 1895 - William G. Meyers
- 1896 - Meade D. Detweiler
- 1897 - Meade D. Detweiler
- 1898 - John Galvin
- 1899 - B.M. Allen
- 1900 - Jerome B. Fisher
- 1901 - Charles E. Pickett
- 1902 - George P. Cronk
- 1903 - Joseph T. Fanning
- 1904 - Wm. J. O'Brien, Jr.
- 1905 - Robert W. Brown
- 1906 - Henry A. Melvin
- 1907 - John K. Tener
- 1908 - Rush L. Holland
- 1909 - J.U. Sammis
- 1910 – August Herrmann (1859–1931)
- 1911 - John P. Sullivan
- 1912 - Thomas B. Mills
- 1913 - Edward Leach
- 1914 - Raymond Benjamin
- 1915 - James R. Nicholson
- 1916 - Edward Rightor
- 1917 - Fred Harper
- 1918 - Bruce A. Campbell
- 1919 – Frank Lewis Rain (1877–1941)
- 1920 - Wm. M. Abbott
- 1921 - W. W. Mountain
- 1922 - J.E. Masters
- 1923 - James G. McFarland
- 1924 – John G. Price (1871–1930)
- 1925 - William H. Atwell
- 1926 - Charles H. Grakelow
- 1927 - John F. Malley
- 1928 - Murray Hulbert
- 1929 - Walter P. Andrews
- 1930 - Lawrence H. Rupp
- 1931 - John R. Coen
- 1932 - Floyd E. Thompson
- 1933 - Walter F. Meier
- 1934 - Michael F. Shannon
- 1935 – James T. Hallinan (1889–1969)
- 1936 - David Sholtz
- 1937 - Charles Spencer Hart
- 1938 - Edward J. McCormick
- 1939 - Henry C. Warner
- 1940 - Joseph G. Buch
- 1941 - John S. McClelland
- 1942 - E. Mark Sullivan
- 1943 - Frank J. Lonergan[24] (1882-1961)
- 1959 – William S. Hawkins (1910–1971)
- 1967 – Robert E. Boney (NM)
- 1944 - Robert S. Barrett
- 1945 - Wade H. Kepner
- 1946 - Charles E. Broughton
- 1947 - L. A. Lewis
- 1948 - George I. Hall
- 1949 - Emmett T. Anderson
- 1950 - Joseph B. Kyle
- 1951 - Howard R. Davis
- 1952 - Sam Stern
- 1953 - Earl E. James
- 1954 - William J. Jernick
- 1955 - John L. Walker
- 1956 - Fred L. Bohn
- 1957 - H. L. Blackledge
- 1958 - Horace R. Wisely
- 1959 - W. S. Hawkins
- 1960 - John E. Fenton
- 1961 - William A. Wall
- 1962 - Lee A. Donaldson
- 1963 - Ronald J. Dunn
- 1964 - Robert G. Pruitt
- 1965 - R. Leonard Bush
- 1966 - Raymond C. Dobson
- 1967 - Robert E. Boney
- 1968 - Edward W. McCabe
- 1969 - Frank Hise
- 1970 - Glenn Miller
- 1971 - E. Gene Fournace
- 1972 - Francis Smith
- 1973 - Robert Yothers
- 1974 - Gerald Strohm
- 1975 - Willis McDonald
- 1976 - George Klein
- 1977 - Homer Huhn, Jr.
- 1978 - Leonard Bristol
- 1979 - Robert Grafton
- 1980 - H. Foster Sears
- 1981 - Raymond Arnold
- 1982 – Marvin M. Lewis (CA)
- 1983 - Kenneth Cantoli
- 1984 - Frank Garland
- 1985 - Jack Traynor
- 1986 - Peter Affatato
- 1987 - Ted Callicott
- 1988 - Robert Sabin
- 1989 - Donald Dapelo
- 1990 – James W. Damon (OR)
- 1991 – Lester C. "Ted" Hess, Jr. (WV)
- 1992 – Vincent Collura (NE)
- 1993 – Charles F. Williams (TX)
- 1994 – Kenneth L. Moore (CA)
- 1995 – Edward Mahan (MA)
- 1996 – Gerald L. Coates (NC)
- 1997 – Carlon M. O'Malley (PA)
- 1998 – C. Valentine Bates (FL)
- 1999 – James C. Varenhorst (MI)
- 2000 – Dwayne E. Rumney (MN)
- 2001 – Arthur Mayer, Jr. (NJ)
- 2002 – Roger R. True (WA)
- 2003 – Amos A. McCallum (ME)
- 2004 – James M. McQuillan (NE)
- 2005 – Louis James Grillo (CA)
- 2006 – Arthur H. "Jack" Frost, III (TN)
- 2007 – F. Louis Sulsberger (IL)
- 2008 – Paul D. Helsel (DE)
- 2009 – James L. Nichelson (OH)
- 2010 – Michael F. Smith (FL)
- 2011 – David R. Carr (NY)
- 2012 – Thomas S. Brazier (CA)
- 2013 – Millard C. Pickering (OK)
- 2014 – John D. Amen (CO)
- 2015 – Ronald L. Hicks (VA)
- 2016 – Michael F. Zellen (MA)
- 2017 – Malcolm J. McPherson Jr. (NJ)
- 2018 – Michael T. Luhr (AK)
- 2019 – Robert L. Duitsman (CA)
- 2020 – Paul R. Ryan (MN)
- 2021 – T. Keith Mills (ID)
- 2022 – Bruce A. Hidley (NY)
- 2023 – Randy P. Shook (TN)
Шаблон:Div col end Source:[25]
State Associations and Lodges
The state level organizations are called "State Associations"; state level officers include presidents, vice presidents, secretaries and treasurers. Local groups are called "Subordinate Lodges". Lodges officers are essentially the same as the ones on the national level, with "Grand" prefix removed. Lodges also may establish dinner and recreational clubs for members. In 1979, there were 2,200 lodges.[26] Lodges which are incorporated are required to be governed by a board of directors. Otherwise, the Lodge Trustees are the governing board.
Elks Mutual Benefit Association
Like many other fraternal orders, the Elks at one point sponsored an insurance fund. The Elks Mutual Benefit Association (EMBA) was founded in 1878. At the 1885 Grand Lodge, it was reported that the EMBA was prosperous, but its finances were carelessly managed. The Association was disbanded after the 1907 Grand Lodge passed a resolution banning mutual or insurance features, as well as degrees and auxiliaries.[27]
Antlers
Despite its 1907 resolution banning any auxiliaries, the Elks at one point had a youth affiliate for young men called the Antlers. The first chapter was organized in February 1922 by San Francisco Lodge #3. The 1927 Grand Lodge approved the junior order, granting the Grand Exalted Ruler the power to permit subordinate lodges to instituted organizations for males under 21. In 1933, there were 45 local units of the Antlers with 3,584 members. However, the Antlers numbers were decimated during the Second World War, with so many young men having gone off to war. Despite 86 local Antlers groups still existing in 1946, the Grand Lodge deleted all reference to them in their constitution and bylaws that year. However, some local Antlers groups were still active in 1979, according to one source.[28]
Activities
Social quarters
Most Elks lodges operate a social quarters with a private bar. According to sociologists Alvin J. Schmidt and Nicholas Babchuk, members primarily joined the Elks to be "provided with entertainment, liquor, and food at reasonable rates" in the social quarters.[29]
National charity programs
Lodges are encouraged to participate in national Elks charity programs. There are also State Elks Associations charity programs. This usually includes a State Major Project. Elks Lodges are usually involved in other local charitable efforts.
Due to the willingness of most Elks Lodges to respond to community needs and events, it has been internally common to turn the BPOE abbreviation into a backronym for "Best People on Earth".[30][31][32]
Elks National Foundation
Established in 1928, the Elks National Foundation is the charitable arm of the BPOE. The foundation, with an endowment valued at more than $750 million, has contributed more than $500 million toward Elks' charitable projects nationwide. Since inception, the Elks have received more than $288.7 million in contributions and bequests. As of the close of the 2021 fiscal year, they boast more than 120,000 active donors and an endowment fund valued at $833.1 million.[33]
Veteran services
The Elks pledge that "So long as there are veterans, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks will never forget them."[34] Шаблон:Third party inline
- Elks Veterans Memorial in Chicago, Illinois
- The Army of Hope, established in 2003, primarily serves families of deployed service members.[35][36]
- Adopt-a-Veteran Program
- Freedom Grants!
- Veterans Leather Program
- Veterans Remembrance
- Playing Cards for Veterans
- Re-Creation USA
Youth programs
- Elks National Foundation Scholarships
- Hoop Shoot (National free throw contest)
- Drug Awareness
- Soccer Shoot
- Junior Golf Program
- Dictionary Project
- Youth Recognition
Americanism
The Elks have shown their devotion to Americanism by conducting bond drives, promoting civil defense programs, and Flag Day observances. During World War II, they designated the week of March 15, 1942, as "Win the War Week", and helped recruit for the United States Army Air Corps. An "Elks National Service Commission" was in operation from 1946 to 1950, and the Grand Lodge adopted a "Declaration of American Principles" in 1961 in Miami.[37]
Elks National Home
The Elks National Home is a retirement home in Bedford, Virginia, built in 1916. In late 2013, the Elks sold the home to a private organization.Шаблон:Cn
Rites and traditions
The Elks originally borrowed a number of rites, traditions, and regalia from the Freemasons. However, by the first decade of the twentieth century, much of this had been abandoned as the Elks sought to establish their own identity. The original two degrees required for membership were consolidated into one degree in 1890, the apron was discontinued in 1895, the secret password was gone in 1899, and the badges and secret handshake were abandoned by 1904.[37]
Initiation and funeral rites still exist, however. The initiation rite is not considered a secret. The initiation involves an altar, with a Bible upon it and chaplain leading the brethren in prayers and psalms. The candidate must accept a "solemn and binding obligation" to never "reveal any of the confidential matters of the Order". He further promises to uphold the Constitution of the United States, protect brother Elks and their families, only support worthy candidates for admission and never bring political or sectarian questions up into the Order. The funeral rite is called the "Lodge of Sorrow" and also involves prayers.[4]
The Hour of Recollection
Deceased and otherwise absent lodge members are recalled each evening at 11 p.m. Chimes or sometimes a bell will be rung 11 times and the Lodge Esquire intones, "It is the Hour of Recollection." The Exalted Ruler or a member designated by him gives the 11 o'clock toast, of which this version is the most common: Шаблон:Quote
Communal burial
The Elks have communal cemetery plots, which are often marked with impressive statuary.Шаблон:Cn
Notable members
Athletes
- Willie Keeler, Brooklyn, New York Lodge #22[38]
- Babe Ruth, New York, New York Lodge #1Шаблон:Cn
- King Kelly, Boston, Massachusetts Lodge #10
Politicians
Presidents of the United States
- Dwight D. EisenhowerШаблон:Cn
- Gerald R. Ford, Grand Rapids, Michigan Lodge #48Шаблон:Cn
- Warren G. Harding, Marion, Ohio #32Шаблон:Cn
- John F. Kennedy, Boston, Massachusetts Lodge #10[26]
- Franklin D. Roosevelt, Poughkeepsie, New York #275[26]
- Harry S. Truman, Kansas City, Missouri Lodge #26[26]
Vice Presidents of the United States
- Alben W. Barkley, 35th vice president of the United States[39]
Governors
- Fred P. Cone, Florida (1937–1941)[40]
- David Sholtz, Governor Florida (1933–1937), Exalted Ruler of Florida.[41]
- William M. Tuck, Danville, Virginia, Lodge #227 Governor of Virginia (1946–1950)Шаблон:Cn
Members of Congress
- Richard E. Connell, United States Representative representing New York[42]
- Barry Goldwater, United States Senator representing Arizona[26]
Other politicians
- Lonnie O. Aulds, member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1968 to 1972, real estate developer in Shreveport, Louisiana[43]
- Edward Francis Blewitt, Pennsylvania State Senator and businessman. Great-grandfather of the 46th and current President of the United States, Joe Biden[44]
- Richard J. Daley, 48th Mayor of Chicago[26]
- David Dank, member of Oklahoma House of Representatives since 2007[45]
- Gilbert L. Dupré, state representative and district court judge in St. Landry Parish, LouisianaШаблон:Cn
- John McCormack, 45th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives[39]
- A. J. Rosier, Wyoming state senator[46]
Military
- Captain Eddie Rickenbacker[47]
Entertainers
See also
- List of Elks buildings
- Elks of Canada
- Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World
- Moose Lodge
Notes and references
Шаблон:Notelist Шаблон:Reflist
External links
- Шаблон:Official website
- Unofficial site – collection of images and articles illustrating early Elkdom
- Link to State Association pages
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Schmidt p. 103
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Schmidt pp. 103–104
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Schmidt pp. 102–103
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ "Welcome to the Elks Veterans Memorial". Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks.
- ↑ Schmidt p. 104
- ↑ Schmidt pp. 104–105
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 26,3 26,4 26,5 Schmidt p. 105
- ↑ Schmidt pp. 108–109 Schmidt's main source is James R. Nicholson and Lee A. Donaldson, History of the Order of Elks 1969. He also cites back issues of the proceedings
- ↑ Schmidt p. 44 Schmidt's main source is "The Antlers" in James R. Nicholson and Lee A. Donaldson, History of the Order of Elks 1969. The source for the continued existence of the Antlers after 1946 was apparently an Elks official he spoke to. The text of the relevant portion of the 1907 resolution is on p. 109
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Elks National Foundation, About ENF, Annual Report 2021, https://www.elks.org/ENF/background.cfm
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ History of veterans programs, Elks website
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 37,0 37,1 Schmidt p. 102
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 39,0 39,1 39,2 39,3 39,4 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ http://www.elkshistory.org/ "April 1943 Elks Magazine reported that the Life membership card of Brother Eddie Rickenbacker was featured in several national weekly magazines. This was bestowed upon him by the LA Elks on June 18, 1919"
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks
- 1868 establishments in the United States
- History of racial segregation in the United States
- Men's organizations in the United States
- Organizations established in 1868
- Service organizations based in the United States
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
