Английская Википедия:Bengali–Assamese script
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect2 Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Use Indian English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox writing system Шаблон:Officially used writing systems in India Шаблон:Contains special characters Шаблон:Contains Tirhuta text Шаблон:Brahmic The Bengali–Assamese script,[1] also known as Eastern Nagari,[2] is a modern eastern Indic script that emerged from the Brahmi script.[3] Gaudi script is considered the ancestor of the script.[4] It is known as Bengali script among Bengali speakers,[5] as Assamese script among Assamese speakers,[6] and Eastern-Nāgarī is used in academic discourse.[7]
It is one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic for official use by the Assamese language, Bengali language and Meitei language (officially called "Manipuri")Шаблон:Efn,[8] three of the 22 official languages of the Indian Republic.[9][10][11]
Besides Bengali and Assamese it is used to write Bishnupriya, Chakma, Meitei (Manipuri), Santali and other languages[12][13] — historically, it was used for old and middle Indo-Aryan and it is still used for Sanskrit.[14] Other languages, such as Bodo, Karbi, Maithili and Mising were once written in this script.[15] The two major alphabets in this script – Assamese and Bengali – are virtually identical, except for two characters — Assamese differs from Bengali in one letter for the /r/ sound, and an extra letter for the /w/ or /v/ sound.[16][17][18]
History
The Bengali–Assamese script was originally not associated with any particular regional language, but was prevalent as the main script in the eastern regions of Medieval India for Old- and Middle-Indo-Aryan including Sanskrit.[14] All of these eastern Magadhan scripts are based on a system of characters historically related to, but distinct from, Devanagari. Brahmi, an ancient Indian syllabary, is the source of most native Indian scripts including the South Indian languages and Devanagari, the script associated with classical Sanskrit and other Indo-Aryan languages.[17]
The modern eastern scripts (Bengali-Assamese, Odia, and Maithili) became clearly differentiated around the 14th and 15th centuries from the predecessor Gaudi.[1] While the scripts in Bengal, Assam and Mithila remained similar to each other the Odia script developed a curved top in the 13th–14th century and became increasingly different.[19] Old Maithili also used a script similar to the Bengali–Assamese script, and Maithili scholars (particularly of the older generation) still write Sanskrit in that script.[16][20]
Modern Bengali–Assamese script saw further standardisations following the introduction of printing.
Printing
Though there were early attempts to cut Bengali types[21] it was the East India Company's interest in propagating the Bengali language[22] that ultimately prevailed. It first commissioned Willem Bolt, a Dutch adventurer, to create a grammar for Bengali, but he had to leave India after he ran into trouble with the company.[23] The first significant book with Bengali typography was Halhed's 1778 "A Grammar of the Bengal Language"[24] which he compiled from a meagre set of six Bengali manuscripts.[25] When Halhed turned to Warren Hastings for publishing, he was referred to Charles Wilkins, the type-founder at the Company press at Hoogly. Learned in Sanskrit and Persian, Wilkins singlehandedly cut the most complete set. He was assisted by the Bengali blacksmith, Panchanan Karmakar, who is often erroneously credited as the father of the Bengali type.[26]
Script
Шаблон:Further Шаблон:Multiple image
In this and other articles on Wikipedia dealing with the Assamese and Bengali languages, a Romanization scheme used by linguists specialising in Bengali phonology and a separate Assamese transliteration table used by linguists specialising in Assamese phonology are included along with IPA transcription.
Alphabets
There are three major modern alphabets in this script: Bengali, Assamese, and Tirhuta. Modern Assamese is very similar to modern Bengali. Assamese has at least one extra letter, Шаблон:Lang, that Bengali does not. It also uses a separate letter for the sound 'ro' Шаблон:Lang different from the letter used for that sound in Bengali Шаблон:Lang and the letter Шаблон:Lang is not a conjunct as in Bengali, but a letter by itself. The alphabetical orders of the two alphabets also differ, in the position of the letter Шаблон:Lang, for example. Languages like Meitei and Bishnupriya use a hybrid of the two alphabets, with the Bengali Шаблон:Lang and the Assamese Шаблон:Lang. Tirhuta is more different and carries forward some forms used in medieval Assamese.Шаблон:Cn
Vowels and diacritics
The script presently has a total of 11 vowel letters, used to represent the seven vowel sounds of Bengali and eight vowel sounds of Assamese, along with a number of vowel diphthongs. All of these vowel letters are used in both Assamese and Bengali. Some of the vowel letters have different sounds depending on the word, and a number of vowel distinctions preserved in the writing system are not pronounced as such in modern spoken Bengali or Assamese. For example, the script has two symbols for the vowel sound [i] and two symbols for the vowel sound [u]. This redundancy stems from the time when this script was used to write Sanskrit, a language that had a short Шаблон:IPA and a long Шаблон:IPA, and a short Шаблон:IPA and a long Шаблон:IPA. These letters are preserved in the script with their traditional names of "short i" and "long i", etc., despite the fact that they are no longer pronounced differently in ordinary speech.
Some language-specific usages
In the Bengali alphabet, Шаблон:Lang is used when the intended pronunciation would otherwise be ambiguous.Шаблон:Clarify Some other languages use a vowel Шаблон:Lang to denote /Шаблон:IPA/ which is not found in either Bengali or Assamese; and though the vowel diacritic (matra, Шаблон:Lang) is found in Tirhuta the vowel letter itself is absent. Assamese alphabet uses an additional "matra" (ʼ) that is used to represent the phonemes Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang.
| Vowels | Vowel Diacritic symbol |
Assamese | Bengali | Meitei (Manipuri)[27] | Sylheti | Hajong | Rabha | Rajbongsi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | – | ô | ô/o | ô/a | o | o | ô | ô |
| Шаблон:Lang | ʼ | o | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | a | a | a꞉ | a | a | a | a |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | – | æ | – | – | – | – | – |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | – | – | – | – | â | â | – |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | i | i | i | i | i | i | i |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | – | – | – | – | – | î | – |
| Шаблон:Lang | ী | i | i | – | ī | – | – | (i) |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | u | u | u | u | u | u | u |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | – | – | – | – | – | â | – |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | u | u | – | ū | – | – | (u) |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ri | ri | – | ri | – | – | ri |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | rii | rii | – | – | – | – | – |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | li | li | – | – | – | – | – |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | lii | lii | – | – | – | – | – |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ê | e/ê | e | ê | e | e | ê |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | e | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ôi | ôi | ei | oi | oi | – | ôi |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | û | o | o/ô | – | ô | o | o |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ôu | ôu | ou | ou | ôu | – | ôu |
Vowel signs can be used in conjunction with consonants to modify the pronunciation of the consonant (here exemplified by Шаблон:Lang, kô). When no vowel Diacritic symbol is written, then the vowel "Шаблон:Lang" (ô) is the default inherited vowel for the consonant. To specifically denote the absence of a vowel, a hôsôntô (্) may be written underneath the consonant.
Consonants
The names of the consonant letters in Eastern Nagari are typically just the consonant's main pronunciation plus the inherent vowel "Шаблон:Lang" ô. Since the inherent vowel is assumed and not written, most letters' names look identical to the letter itself (e.g. the name of the letter "Шаблон:Lang" is itself Шаблон:Lang ghô, not gh). Some letters that have lost their distinctive pronunciation in Modern Assamese and Bengali are called by a more elaborate name. For example, since the consonant phoneme /n/ can be written Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, or Шаблон:Lang (depending on the spelling of the particular word), these letters are not simply called nô; instead, they are called "dental nô", "cerebral nô" and niô. Similarly, the phoneme Шаблон:IPA in Bengali and Шаблон:IPA in Assamese can be written as "palatal shô/xhô" Шаблон:Lang, "cerebral shô/xhô" Шаблон:Lang, or "dental sô/xô" Шаблон:Lang, depending on the word.
| Consonant | Assamese | Bengali | Meitei (Manipuri)[27] | Chittagonian | Dhakaiya Kutti |
Sylheti | Hajong | Maithili |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | kô | kô | kô | xô | kô | xô | ko | ka |
| Шаблон:Lang | khô | khô | khô | xô | kô | xo | kho | kha |
| Шаблон:Lang | gô | gô | gô | gô | gô | go | go | ga |
| Шаблон:Lang | ghô | ghô | ghô | gô | gô | go | gho | gha |
| Шаблон:Lang | ungô | ngô | ngô | ngô | ngô | – | ngo | nga |
| Шаблон:Lang | sô | cô | cô | sô | cô | so | co | ca |
| Шаблон:Lang | shô | chô | – | sô | cô | so | so | - |
| Шаблон:Lang | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | cha |
| Шаблон:Lang | zô | jô | jô | zô | zô | zo | jo | ja |
| Шаблон:Lang | zhô | jhô | jhô | zô | zô | zo | jho | - |
| Шаблон:Lang | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | jha |
| Шаблон:Lang | niô | nô | – | – | – | – | – | nia |
| Шаблон:Lang | tô | ţô | – | tô | tô | to | – | – |
| Шаблон:Lang | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ţa |
| Шаблон:Lang | thô | ţhô | – | tô | tô | to | – | ţha |
| Шаблон:Lang | dô | đô | – | dô | dô | do | – | da |
| Шаблон:Lang | rô | ŗô | – | rô | rô | ŗo | – | – |
| Шаблон:Lang | dhô | đhô | – | dô | dô | do | - | da |
| Шаблон:Lang | rhô | ŗhô | – | rô | rô | ro | – | – |
| Шаблон:Lang | nô | nô | – | nô | nô | no | - | - |
| Шаблон:Lang | tô | tô | tô | tô | tô | ṭo | to | ta |
| Шаблон:Lang | thô | thô | thô | tô | tô | ṭo | tho | tha |
| Шаблон:Lang | dô | dô | dô | dô | dô | ḍo | do | da |
| Шаблон:Lang | dhô | dhô | dhô | dhô | dhô | ḍo | dho | dha |
| Шаблон:Lang | nô | nô | nô | nô | nô | no | no | na |
| Шаблон:Lang | pô | pô | pô | fô | pô | fo | po | pa |
| Шаблон:Lang | fô | phô | fô | fô | fô | fo | fo | – |
| Шаблон:Lang | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | pha |
| Шаблон:Lang | bô | bô | bô | vô | bô | vo | bo | ra |
| Шаблон:Lang | vô | bhô | vô | vô | vô | vo | vo | bha |
| Шаблон:Lang | mô | mô | mô | mô | mô | mo | mo | ma |
| Шаблон:Lang | zô | jô | – | zô | zô | zo | - | ya |
| Шаблон:Lang | yô | yô | yô | yô | yô | – | yo | – |
| Шаблон:Lang | (wô) | rô | rô | rô | rô | ro | wõ | va |
| Шаблон:Lang | rô | (rô) | ro | – | ro | rô | – | ra |
| Шаблон:Lang | lô | lô | lô | lô | lô | lo | – | – |
| Шаблон:Lang | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | la |
| Шаблон:Lang | wô | – | wo | wô | o | – | – | – |
| Шаблон:Lang | xô | şô | – | shô | sô | – | - | sha |
| Шаблон:Lang | xô | şşô | – | shô | sô | – | - | ssha |
| Шаблон:Lang | xô | şô | sô | shô | sô | şo | - | sa |
| Шаблон:Lang | hô | hô | hô | ô | hô | ho | ho | - |
| Шаблон:Lang | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ha |
Digits
In Unicode
Шаблон:Main There are two Unicode blocks for Bengali–Assamese script, called Bengali and Tirhuta. The Bengali block is U+0980–U+09FF: Шаблон:Unicode chart Bengali The Tirhuta block is U+11480–U+114DF: Шаблон:Unicode chart Tirhuta
Notes
Шаблон:Notelist Шаблон:Reflist
References
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite magazine
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
See also
External links
Шаблон:Bengali language topics Шаблон:List of writing systems
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 "This, in turn, gave rise to the modern eastern scripts, namely, Bengali–Assamese, Oriya, and Maithili, which became clearly differentiated around the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries." Шаблон:Harvcol
- ↑ "The Eastern Nagri script was first created to write Sanskrit and later adopted by regional languages like Bengali and Assamese. The Bengali Unicode block of characters is created from the Eastern Nagri script and contains character variants, like for the ‘r’, that is different in Bengali and Assamese." Шаблон:Harvcol
- ↑ See "Parent Systems" on the right, and the citations therein.
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcol
- ↑ " Bengalis will refer to the script as the 'Bengali script'.." Шаблон:Harvcol
- ↑ "Assamese has, like Bengali, a long literary tradition in this script which Assamese speakers naturally refer to as the 'Assamese script'." Шаблон:Harvcol
- ↑ "In fact, the term 'Eastern Nagari' seems to be the only designation which does not favour one or the other language. However, it is only applied in academic discourse, whereas the name 'Bengali script' dominates the global public sphere." Шаблон:Harvcol
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ "Already the fact that most Bengalis will refer to the script of their language exclusively as the 'Bengali script', though it is used for many other languages as well, e.g. Assamese, Bishnupriya, Chakma, Meitei, Santali, etc. gives a glimpse of the dominant role of the Bengali language in the eastern part of South Asia Шаблон:Harvcol
- ↑ Bijan Kumar Roy, Subal Chandra Biswas and Parthasarathi Mukhopadhyay, Designing Unicode‐compliant Indic‐script based Institutional Digital Repository with special reference to Bengali, page 55, International Journal of Knowledge Content Development & Technology Vol.8, No.3, 53-67 (September 2018)
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 "(T)he script used today for Assamese and Bengali was, by origin, linked to the region and not any one specific modern language. Historically, it was in fact used for Old and Middle Indo-Aryan. Today it is used not only for other modern languages (e.g. Bishnupriya) but also still for Sanskrit." Шаблон:Harvcol
- ↑ Prabhakara, M S Шаблон:Usurped, The Hindu, 19 May 2005.
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, The History and Culture of the Indian People: British paramountcy and Indian renaissance (Part 2), page 219, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1951
- ↑ 17,0 17,1 Bernard Comrie, The World's Major Languages, page 419, Routledge, 2009, Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ B. P. Mahapatra, Constitutional languages, page 39, Presses Université Laval, 1989, Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ "[T]he phase when the curved topsШаблон:Sndso prominent now in many of the Oriya lettersШаблон:Sndwere just appearing, initiating the parting of ways from the proto-[Bengali-Assamese-Maithili] phase. The beginning and progress of this trend can be noticed in many of the Orissa [inscriptions] of the 13th–14th centuries A.D." Шаблон:Harvcol
- ↑ Atindra Mojumder, Bengali Language: Historical Grammar (Part 1), page 22, Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1972
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcol
- ↑ "By 1772, the Company had skillfully employed the sword, diplomacy, and intrigue to take over the rule of Bengal from her people, factious nobles, and weak Nawab. Subsequently, to consolidate its hold on the province, the Company promoted the Bengali language. This did not represent an intrinsic love for Bengali speech and literature. Instead it was aimed at destroying traditional patterns of authority through supplanting the Persian language which had been the official tongue since the days of the great Moguls." Шаблон:Harvcol
- ↑ "[T]he East India Company had commissioned Bolts to prepare a grammar of the Bengali language. But although Bolts, who was a man of great enterprise and ingenuity, had represented himself as a great Orientalist, he ran into difficulties with the Company from 1766 to 1768 which culminated in his deportation from India." Шаблон:Harvcol
- ↑ " The first significant stride in Bengali typography, printing, and publication was made in 1778 with the appearance of A Grammar of the Bengal Language by Halhed." Шаблон:Harvcol
- ↑ "Halhed, when compiling his monumental Grammar of the Bengali Language, complained that despite his familiarity with the works of Bengali authors he could trace only six extant books in 1778. These included the great religious epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. All six, of course, were in manuscript." Шаблон:Harvcol
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcol
- ↑ 27,0 27,1 Шаблон:Cite web
