Английская Википедия:Benty Grange hanging bowl

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Featured article

Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox artefact

The Benty Grange hanging bowl is a fragmentary Anglo-Saxon artefact from the seventh century AD. All that remains are parts of two escutcheons: bronze frames that are usually circular and elaborately decorated, and that sit along the outside of the rim or at the interior base of a hanging bowl. A third disintegrated soon after excavation, and no longer survives. The escutcheons were found in 1848 by the antiquary Thomas Bateman, while excavating a tumulus at the Benty Grange farm in western Derbyshire, and were presumably buried as part of an entire hanging bowl. The grave had probably been looted by the time of Bateman's excavation, but still contained high-status objects suggestive of a richly furnished burial, including the hanging bowl and the boar-crested Benty Grange helmet.

The surviving escutcheons are made of enamelled bronze and are Шаблон:Convert in diameter. They show three dolphin-like creatures arranged in a circle, each biting the tail of the one ahead of it. Their bodies and the background are made of enamel, likely all yellow; the creatures' outlines and eyes are tinned or silvered, as are the borders of the escutcheons. Although three escutcheons from a hanging bowl at Faversham also contain dolphin-like creatures, the Benty Grange design is most closely paralleled by Insular manuscripts, particularly figures in the Durham Gospel Fragment and the Book of Durrow. Surviving illustrations of the third escutcheon show that it was of a different size and style, exhibiting a scroll-like pattern; it parallels the basal disc of a hanging bowl from Winchester, and may too have been originally placed at the bottom of the Benty Grange bowl.

What remains of one escutcheon belongs to Museums Sheffield and as of 2023 was in the collection of the Weston Park Museum. The other is held by the Ashmolean Museum at the University of Oxford; as of 2023 it is not on display.

Hanging bowls

A hanging bowl seen from the side and slightly above, with two hook escutcheons visible on the outside of the rim
A 7th-century hanging bowl, with two hook escutcheons visible, found at Baginton

Hanging bowls are thin-walled bronze vessels, with three or four equidistant hooks around the rim for suspension, that are a fixture of Late Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, and Viking archaeology and art—a period spanning approximately 400 AD to 1100 AD.Шаблон:Sfn The hooks project from escutcheons: bronze plates or frames that are usually circular or oval, that are frequently elaborately decorated, and that are riveted or soldered (or occasionally both) to the bowl.Шаблон:Sfn Basal escutcheons, also known as basal discs, would sometimes sit at the base of the interior.Шаблон:Sfn A 2005 catalogue of hanging bowls identified some 174 known examples, around 68 of which were relatively complete.Шаблон:Sfn Within the British Isles, England accounted for 117, Scotland for 7, and Ireland for 17; elsewhere, Norway accounted for 26, and the remainder of Europe for 7.Шаблон:Sfn

The purpose of hanging bowls, and their places of manufacture, is unknown.Шаблон:Sfn They appear to have been manufactured by Celtic makers in Britain in the post-Roman period; examples were also used by Anglo-Saxons (who likely received bowls via trade) and, later, by Vikings.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn One possibility is that they were originally made by populations outside the sphere of Anglo-Saxon control, such as in the Severn Valley in southwest England to the Moray Firth in Scotland, and—as the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms extended their territories—were manufactured in progressively northern places, such as Dál Riata, Strathclyde, and Pictland, with the tradition ultimately taking root in Ireland also.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Many suggestions have been made as to the original use of hanging bowls, including as lamps or lamp reflectors,Шаблон:Sfn votive vessels hung in churches,Шаблон:Sfn vessels for liturgical use such as washing hands or communion vessels,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn sanctuary lamps, wayside drinking vessels of the sort Edwin of Northumbria is said to have provided for travellers,Шаблон:Sfn finger bowls,Шаблон:Sfn scale pans for weighing wool,Шаблон:Sfn magnetic compasses, food containers, holy water stoups, wash basins, and ceremonial vessels used in mead halls.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn When they were acquired by Anglo-Saxons and Vikings, the bowls likely took on even more uses.Шаблон:Sfn Whatever their original functional purpose, by the seventh century hanging bowls appear to have been increasingly associated with wealth and the status of their owners;Шаблон:Sfn during the seventh and early eighths centuries hanging bowls were a common feature in richly furnished Anglo-Saxon Graves.Шаблон:Sfn By this point, the role of hanging bowls as a status symbol may have been more important than any functional purpose.Шаблон:Sfn

Description

INI monograph from folio 2r of the Durham Gospel Fragment, with two circular fish-like creatures forming the diagonal stroke
The INI monogram in the Durham Gospel Fragment contains similar fish-like creatures.

Two escutcheons are all that remain of the Benty Grange hanging bowl.Шаблон:Sfn They are made of enamelled bronze and are Шаблон:Convert in diameter.Шаблон:Sfn They have the same design and plain frames, parts of which survive.Шаблон:Sfn Both escutcheons are fragmentary; enough survives of each for the design to be reconstructed,Шаблон:Sfn and, because of overlapping segments, for it to be certain that they represent two distinct pieces.Шаблон:Sfn Whether they are hook or basal escutcheons is uncertain, but a contemporary watercolour by Llewellynn Jewitt suggests that a hook was present at excavation, and an iron ring, 2 millimetres in width and 16 in diameter, stuck to the back of one fragment may have been part of a suspension chain.Шаблон:Sfn The decomposed enamel background appears uniformly yellow to the eye,Шаблон:Sfn as it did when excavated.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A yellow-creatures-on-red-background colour scheme has alternatively been claimed,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn but no evidence for such a layout has been presented.Шаблон:Sfn As sampling of the enamel was not permitted when one of the escutcheons was analysed in 1968, the all-yellow hypothesis is not definitive.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn

The reconstructed design shows three ribbon-style creatures resembling dolphins or fish, depicted in and arranged in a circle with each biting the tail of the one in front.Шаблон:Sfn The bodies are defined by their outlines.Шаблон:Sfn They are limbless, the tails curled in a circle, the jaws long and curved, and slightly ajar; the bitten tails pass under each creature's upper jaw and over its lower, but are missing where one would expect to see them passing through the gap between jaws.Шаблон:Sfn Each creature has a small eye shaped like a pointed oval.Шаблон:Sfn The outer borders of the discs, the plain frames, and the contours and eyes of the creatures are all tinned or silvered.Шаблон:Sfn

Surviving records of the third escutcheon indicate that it was of a different style and size.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Drawings by Bateman and Jewitt show it with a scroll pattern and small piece of frame.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It appears to have been about half the size of the other two, and may have originally been placed at the bottom of the hanging bowl.Шаблон:Sfn

The escutcheons were presumably part of an entire hanging bowl when buried.Шаблон:Sfn Nothing else survives.Шаблон:Sfn A mass of corroded chainwork discovered Шаблон:Convert away, which survives only in illustrations by Jewitt and descriptions by Bateman,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn is unlikely to be related; although a large and intricate chain was found with a cauldron from Sutton Hoo, the Benty Grange chains appear dissimilar.Шаблон:Sfn The Benty Grange chainwork was also probably too heavy to have been used to suspend the hanging bowl.Шаблон:Sfn

Parallels

Folio 192v from the Book of Durrow, with illustrations of dolphin-like creatures biting each others' tails
Similar dolphin-like creatures from the Book of Durrow

The dolphin-like designs on the Benty Grange hanging bowl are paralleled by designs on other escutcheons, and even more closely by designs on medieval illuminated manuscripts.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Three escutcheons from a hanging bowl found in Faversham show creatures that also look like dolphins,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn but with more detailed bodies;Шаблон:Sfn a better parallel is with a disc found near the Lullingstone hanging bowl which dates to the late seventh century and is also decorated with dolphin-like creatures.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Two other sixth- or seventh-century discs, found in Chilton and Coltishall, also depict intertwined serpent-like creatures attempting to eat their own tails.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The third escutcheon from Benty Grange, meanwhile, surviving only in illustration, is most closely paralleled by the basal disc of the Winchester hanging bowl.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Even closer parallels to the Benty Grange designs are found in manuscript illustrations.Шаблон:Sfn Bateman remarked on this as early as 1861, noting that similar patterns were used in "several manuscripts of the [seventh] Century, for the purpose of decorating the initial letters".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Metalwork designs like those on the Benty Grange escutcheons may have inspired aspects of the manuscript art.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In particular, the mid-seventh-century Durham Gospel Fragment contains two similar fish-like motifs contained within the lateral stroke of the INI monogram that introduces the Gospel of Mark.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Book of Durrow also contains an illustration of similarly linked yellow dolphin-like creatures.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Date

The Benty Grange hanging bowl is dated by most experts to the second half of the seventh century, based on its design and the associated finds from the barrow in which it was found.Шаблон:Sfn Given the presence of a helmet and cup with silver crosses, wrote Audrey Ozanne, "[t]he straightforward interpretation of this find would seem to be that it dates from a period subsequent to the official introduction of Christianity into Mercia in 655".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The surviving escutcheons, too, suggest a date in the mid-seventh century, given their resemblance to the illustrations in the Durham Gospel Fragment and the Book of Durrow;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn the Winchester hanging bowl's basal disc, which the third Benty Grange escutcheon resembles, has traditionally been given the same date.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Discovery

Location

Green farmland on an overcast day, with a stone wall in the foreground, and somewhat dilapidated stone buildings bordered by trees in the background
Benty Grange Farm, in the parish of Monyash in the Derbyshire Dales district

The hanging bowl was discovered in a barrow on the Benty Grange farm in Derbyshire,Шаблон:Sfn in what is now the Peak District National Park.Шаблон:Sfn Thomas Bateman, an archaeologist and antiquarian who led the excavation,Шаблон:Refn described Benty Grange as "a high and bleak situation";Шаблон:Sfn its barrow, which still survives, is prominently located by a major Roman road,Шаблон:Sfn now roughly parallel to the A515 in the area,Шаблон:Sfn possibly to display the burial to passing travellers.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The barrow is one of several tumuli in the vicinity, and may have also been designed to share the skyline with two other nearby monuments, Arbor Low stone circle and Gib Hill barrow.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The seventh-century Peak District was a small buffer province between Mercia and Northumbria, occupied, according to the Tribal Hidage, by the Anglo-Saxon Pecsæte.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn The area came under the control of the Mercian kingdom around the eighth century;Шаблон:Sfn the Benty Grange and other rich barrows suggest that the Pecsæte may have had their own dynasty beforehand, but there is no written evidence for this.Шаблон:Sfn

Excavation

Bateman excavated the barrow on 3 May 1848.Шаблон:Sfn Although he did not mention it in his account, he was probably not the first person to dig up the grave.Шаблон:Sfn The fact that the objects were found in two clusters Шаблон:Convert apart, and that other objects that normally accompany a helmet, such as a sword and shield, were absent,Шаблон:Sfn suggests that the grave had previously been looted.Шаблон:Sfn Given the size of the mound, an alternative (or additional) explanation is that it originally contained two burials, only one of which Bateman discovered.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn

The barrow comprises a circular central mound approximately Шаблон:Cvt in diameter and Шаблон:Cvt high, an encircling fosse about Шаблон:Cvt wide and Шаблон:Cvt deep, and outer penannular earthworks around Шаблон:Cvt wide and Шаблон:Cvt high.Шаблон:Sfn The entire structure measures approximately Шаблон:Cvt.Шаблон:Sfn Bateman suggested a body once lay at its centre, flat against the original surface of the soil;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn what he described as the one remnant, strands of hair, is now thought to be from a cloak of fur, cowhide or something similar.Шаблон:Sfn The recovered objects were found in two clusters.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn One cluster was found in the area of the supposed hair, the other about Шаблон:Cvt to the west.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In the latter area Bateman described "a large mass of oxydized iron" which, when removed and washed, presented itself as a jumbled collection of chainwork, a six-pronged piece of iron resembling a hayfork, and the Benty Grange helmet.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In the area of the supposed hair, Bateman described "a curious assemblage of ornaments", which were difficult to remove successfully from the hardened earth.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This included a cup identified as leather but probably of wood,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn approximately Шаблон:Cvt in diameter at the mouth.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Its rim was edged with silver,Шаблон:Sfn and its surface was "decorated by four wheel-shaped ornaments and two crosses of thin silver, affixed by pins of the same metal, clenched inside".Шаблон:Sfn Also found were "a knot of very fine wire", some "thin bone variously ornamented with lozenges &c." attached to silk, but that soon decayed when exposed to air, and the Benty Grange hanging bowl.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn As Bateman described it

Шаблон:Quotation

Refer to caption
A contemporary watercolour by Llewellynn Jewitt depicts the surviving escutcheons, top, fragments of the third escutcheon, second-to-bottom row, and associated finds.

Bateman closed his 1848 account of the excavation by noting the "particularly corrosive nature of the soil",Шаблон:Sfn which by 1861 he said "has generally been the case in tumuli in Derbyshire".Шаблон:Sfn He suggested that this was the result of "a mixing or tempering with some corrosive liquid; the result of which is the presence of thin ochrey veins in the earth, and the decomposition of nearly the whole of the human remains."Шаблон:Sfn Bateman's friend Llewellynn Jewitt, an artist and antiquarian who frequently accompanied Bateman on excavations,Шаблон:Sfn painted four watercolours of the finds, parts of which were included in Bateman's 1848 account.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn This was more than Jewitt produced for any other of their excavations, a mark of the importance that they assigned to the Benty Grange barrow.Шаблон:Sfn

The hanging bowl escutcheons entered Bateman's extensive collection. On 27 October 1848 he reported his discoveries, including the helmet, cup, and hanging bowl, at a meeting of the British Archaeological Association,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and in 1855 they were catalogued along with other objects from the Benty Grange barrow.Шаблон:Sfn In 1861 Bateman died at age 39,Шаблон:Sfn and in 1876 his son, Thomas W. Bateman, loaned the collection to the town council (the Corporation of Sheffield).Шаблон:Sfn It was displayed at the Weston Park Museum through 1893, at which point the younger Bateman, having spent his father's fortune, was forced to sell by order of chancery.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Corporation of Sheffield purchased many of the objects that had been excavated in Yorkshire, Derbyshire, and Staffordshire, including the helmet, the cup fittings, and one of the hanging bowl escutcheons; other pieces were dispersed by Sotheby's,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and later in 1893 the second escutcheon was presented to the Ashmolean Museum at the University of Oxford by Sir John Evans.Шаблон:Sfn As of 2021 and 2023, respectively, the escutcheons remain in the collections of the two museums.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The Benty Grange barrow was designated a scheduled monument on 23 October 1970.Шаблон:Sfn The list entry notes that "[a]lthough the centre of Benty Grange [barrow] has been partially disturbed by excavation, the monument is otherwise undisturbed and retains significant archaeological remains."Шаблон:Sfn It goes on to note that further excavation would yield new information.Шаблон:Sfn The surrounding fields were designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 2013, and see agricultural use.Шаблон:Sfn The nearby farmhouse was renovated between 2012 and 2014;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn as of 2023 is used as a holiday cottage.Шаблон:Sfn

Publication

Bateman published an article on the Benty Grange excavation in October 1848—five months after excavating the barrow—in The Journal of the British Archaeological Association.Шаблон:Sfn The finds were included in his 1855 catalogue of his collection,Шаблон:Sfn and shortly before his death, Bateman revised and expanded upon his 1848 account in his 1861 book Ten Years' Digging in Celtic and Saxon Grave Hills.Шаблон:Sfn Llewellynn Jewitt commented upon the finds, including the hanging bowl, in his 1870 book Grave-Mounds and their Contents.Шаблон:Sfn

The hanging bowl was one of the first to be discovered, and in 1898 John Romilly Allen included it among 16 examples in the first English article to discuss hanging bowls as a distinct class of artefact.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It was frequently mentioned in the literature thereafter,Шаблон:Sfn including reconstructions by T. D. Kendrick in 1932 and 1938,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Françoise Henry in 1936,Шаблон:Sfn Audrey Ozanne in 1962–1963,Шаблон:Sfn George Speake in 1980,Шаблон:Sfn and Jane Brenan in 1991.Шаблон:Sfn Rupert Bruce-Mitford published a chapter on the Benty Grange burial in 1974, focusing on the helmet,Шаблон:Sfn and published what he termed a definitive reconstruction of the escutcheons in 1987;Шаблон:Sfn in his posthumous 2005 work A Corpus of Late Celtic Hanging-Bowls he added a full description of the hanging bowl, and a colour reconstruction of the escutcheons.Шаблон:Sfn

Notes

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References

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Bibliography

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