Английская Википедия:Berżniki
Шаблон:Infobox settlement Berżniki (Шаблон:IPAc-pl; Шаблон:Lang-lt, Шаблон:LangШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sejny, within Sejny County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Lithuania.[1] It lies approximately Шаблон:Convert south-east of Sejny and Шаблон:Convert north of the regional capital Białystok. Berżniki, like Sejny, has been inhabited by Lithuanians since its beginning.Шаблон:Sfn
Etymology
Berżniki's name originates from the Sudovian language.Шаблон:Sfn
History
Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1500s–1795)
In 1524, the Berżniki manor founded by Шаблон:Ill, the deputy of the Шаблон:Ill forest, is mentioned.Шаблон:Sfn Berżniki was built in 1547–57 by order of Queen Bona Sforza.Шаблон:Sfn Berżniki was granted town rights by Queen of Poland Bona Sforza in 1551. The town had 70 houses in 1560.Шаблон:Sfn At that time, Pac built the first church.Шаблон:Sfn A distillery, a mill, and a brickyard operated near the manor.Шаблон:Sfn
After the Deluge in the mid-17th century, Jews, Masovians, and Old Believer Russians began living in Berżniki alongside the native Lithuanians.Шаблон:Sfn Until 1795, Berżniki belonged to the Trakai Voivodeship of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.Шаблон:Sfn
1795–1918
In 1795, as a result of the Partitions, the village became part of the New East Prussia of the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1797, there were 69 houses in the village.Шаблон:Sfn
Berżniki was part of the Duchy of Warsaw from 1807 to 1815, and then part of the Russian-ruled Congress Poland. Berżniki lost its town rights after 1810.
From 1837, Berżniki was in the Augustów, later Suwałki Governorates.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Ill (Шаблон:Lang) lived in Berżniki in 1856–64.Шаблон:Sfn
Uprising of 1863
On 25 June 1863, the rebel squads of Feliksas Kolyška, V. Hlaska and L. Čempinskis clashed with the Imperial Russian Army near Berżniki.Шаблон:Sfn
20th century
Until the early 20th century, most of the parishioners (about 6,000 people) were Lithuanian, but due to the influence of the manors, the church and the Polish schools, the population began to be rapidly Polonized.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1904, at the request of the Lithuanians, services were held in the church in Lithuanian and Polish, but the Lithuanians were forcefully expelled from the church by Poles and Polonized Lithuanians, leading to 18 injured people.Шаблон:Sfn After these events, the church was closed for 3 years.Шаблон:Sfn
Polish–Lithuanian War
On September 22, 1920, a major battle between the Lithuanian and Polish armies took place here.Шаблон:Sfn The Lithuanians were forced to retreat by the much larger Polish forces, but the further Polish attack was stopped.Шаблон:Sfn In Berżniki and its surroundings, there are quite a few cemeteries and graves of Polish and Lithuanian soldiers, the latter being looked after by local Lithuanians.Шаблон:Sfn
According to the 1921 Polish census, there were 373 inhabitants in Berżniki.Шаблон:Sfn According to the official data, there was not a single Lithuanian in the whole Berżniki village.Шаблон:Sfn The census purposefully distorted the ethnicity of the inhabitants to minimize Lithuanian presence and increase the Polish one due to interwar Polish–Lithuanian tensions.
World War II
During the German occupation (World War II), the Germans arrested the local Polish parish priest Józef Śledziński in April 1940 and then imprisoned him in Suwałki and the Soldau and Sachsenhausen concentration camps.[2] He died after being beaten by the Germans in Sachsenhausen in August 1940 (see Nazi crimes against the Polish nation).[2] Works of art and vital records were looted by the Germans from the local church and taken to Königsberg.[3]
In 1988 and 1989, Lithuanian linguists organized expeditions to Berżniki.Шаблон:Sfn
References
Sources
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Guzewicz, p. 158-159
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