Английская Википедия:Berber Latin alphabet
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Contains special characters The Berber Latin alphabet (Шаблон:Lang-ber: Шаблон:Lang-berШаблон:Needs IPA) is the version of the Latin alphabet used to write the Berber languages. It was adopted in the 19th century, using varieties of letters.
History
The Berber languages were originally written using the ancient Libyco-Berber script and then centuries later by the Tuareg Tifinagh script in Tuareg language areas, of which the Neo-Tifinagh alphabet/abjad is the modern development.
The use of a Latin script for Berber has its roots in European (French and Italian) colonial expeditions to North Africa.[1] Dictionaries and glossaries written with Latin letters, ordered alphabetically and following European orthography (mainly French) began to appear in print in the 19th century, they were intended to the colonial administration, traders and military officers.[1] With the arrival of linguists specialized in Semitic languages there emerged a system based on Semitic romanization conventions:[1] diacritics were used, and dictionary entries were now ordered by root. This system has since become the most common way of Berber transcription in scientific documents and literature.[1]
Various writing standards were used since the 19th century, some are phonetically oriented, other phonologically oriented. While the Tuareg languages use a phonetically oriented transcription, the northern Berber languages use on the other hand a mixed transcription, the latter is recommended by the French institute of languages, INALCO and has been adopted by the HCA in Algeria and IRCAM in Morocco (although in Neo-Tifinagh).[1]
Northern-Berber Latin alphabet
The Berber Latin alphabet of Northern-Berber usually consists of 34 letters:
- 23 standard Latin letters, all found in the English alphabet except for O, P, and V. However, these three are also used by some in modern Berber texts.
- 11 additional modified Latin letters: Č Ḍ Ɛ Ǧ Ɣ Ḥ Ř Ṛ Ṣ Ṭ Ẓ.
- The labialization mark "ʷ" is added to some letters in some Berber dialects, producing: bʷ, gʷ, ɣʷ, kʷ, mʷ, nʷ, qʷ, and xʷ. However, these are usually not considered as independent letters of the Berber Latin alphabet.
The 34-Letter Alphabet of Northern-Berber A B C Č D Ḍ E Ɛ F G Ǧ Ɣ H Ḥ I J K L M N Q R Ř Ṛ S Ṣ T Ṭ U W X Y Z Ẓ Lower case a b c č d ḍ e ɛ f g ǧ ɣ h ḥ i j k l m n q r ř ṛ s ṣ t ṭ u w x y z ẓ
In Northern-Berber texts, foreign words and names are written in their original form even if they contain the letters: O, P, V, or any other non-Berber letter (like: Ü, ẞ, Å, ...). According to SIL, the letter P is used in Kabyle.Шаблон:Citation needed
Berber Latin alphabet and the Tifinagh Berber alphabet
The following table shows the Northern-Berber Latin alphabet with its Neo-Tifinagh[2] and Arabic equivalents:
| Berber-Latin | IRCAM's Tifinagh equivalent |
Arabic equivalent |
IPA equivalent |
Similar sound in other languages | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A a | Шаблон:Lang | أ / ا / َ | Шаблон:IPA link | By default like English a in "map". When there is an emphatic Berber consonant then the Berber "a" is pronounced like the English a in "car". |
| 2 | B b | Шаблон:Lang | ب | Шаблон:IPA link or Шаблон:IPA link | English b or a soft Spanish b / v |
| 3 | C c | Шаблон:Lang | ش | Шаблон:IPA link | English sh in "ship" |
| 4 | Č č (tc) | Шаблон:Lang | تش | Шаблон:IPA link | English ch in "China" |
| 5 | D d | Шаблон:Lang | د / ذ | Шаблон:IPA link or Шаблон:IPA link | English d as well as English th in "this" |
| 6 | Ḍ ḍ | Шаблон:Lang | ض / ظ | Шаблон:IPA link | Thick English d in "dick" or "door". Emphatic d |
| 7 | E e | Шаблон:Lang | none | Шаблон:IPA link | English unstressed a in "attack". |
| 8 | Ɛ ɛ | Шаблон:Lang | ع | Шаблон:IPA link | ‘ayn (voiced equivalent of ḥ, similar to English onomatopoeia for retching) |
| 9 | F f | Шаблон:Lang | ف | Шаблон:IPA link | English f |
| 10 | G g | Шаблон:Lang | (گ) | Шаблон:IPA link | English g in "gate" or "gold" |
| 11 | Ǧ ǧ (dj) | Шаблон:Lang | ج | Шаблон:IPA link | English j in "joke" or English g in "George" |
| 12 | Ɣ ɣ (gh) | Шаблон:Lang | غ | Шаблон:IPA link~Шаблон:IPA link | like French / German r or between this sound and Spanish intervocalic g |
| 13 | H h | Шаблон:Lang | هـ | Шаблон:IPA link | Strong English h in "hello" or "hold" |
| 14 | Ḥ ḥ | Шаблон:Lang | ح | Шаблон:IPA link | Arabic ḥ in Muḥammad (stronger than h, similar to English onomatopoeia for being cold) |
| 15 | I i | Шаблон:Lang | ي / ِ | Шаблон:IPA link | English ee like in "sheet" or English i in "hidden". |
| 16 | J j | Шаблон:Lang | (ج) | Шаблон:IPA link | English s in "measure" or "television", or English j in "déjà-vu". |
| 17 | K k | Шаблон:Lang | (ک) | Шаблон:IPA link | English k |
| 18 | L l | Шаблон:Lang | ل | Шаблон:IPA link or Шаблон:IPA link | usually British English clear L in "light" (as in French, Spanish, German) |
| 19 | M m | Шаблон:Lang | م | Шаблон:IPA link | English m |
| 20 | N n | Шаблон:Lang | ن | Шаблон:IPA link | English n |
| 21 | Q q | Шаблон:Lang | ق | Шаблон:IPA link, Шаблон:IPA link or Шаблон:IPA link | like k, but deeper in the throat |
| 22 | R r | Шаблон:Lang | ر | Шаблон:IPA link, Шаблон:IPA link | Spanish or Italian r |
| 23 | Ř ř | Шаблон:Lang | ر | Шаблон:IPA link | Soft Italian/Spanish r, but even softer, almost l |
| 24 | Ṛ ṛ | Шаблон:Lang | ر | Шаблон:IPA link | Thick emphatic Spanish r |
| 25 | S s | Шаблон:Lang | س | Шаблон:IPA link | English s in "seed" |
| 26 | Ṣ ṣ | Шаблон:Lang | ص | Шаблон:IPA link | Thick English s as in "sold". Emphatic s |
| 27 | T t | Шаблон:Lang | ت / ث | Шаблон:IPA link or Шаблон:IPA link | English t in "tea", as well as English th in "thought" |
| 28 | Ṭ ṭ | Шаблон:Lang | ط | Шаблон:IPA link | Thick English "t" in "toll". Emphatic t |
| 29 | U u | Шаблон:Lang | و / ُ | Шаблон:IPA link | English u in "put" or "rule" |
| 30 | W w | Шаблон:Lang | وْ | Шаблон:IPA link | English w |
| 31 | X x | Шаблон:Lang | خ | Шаблон:IPA link~Шаблон:IPA link | German / Dutch ch in "Nacht", European Spanish j |
| 32 | Y y | Шаблон:Lang | يْ | Шаблон:IPA link | English y in "yes" or "yard" |
| 33 | Z z | Шаблон:Lang | ز | Шаблон:IPA link | English z in "zoo" |
| 34 | Ẓ ẓ | Шаблон:Lang | (ژ) | Шаблон:IPA link | Thick English z in "Zorro". Emphatic z |
The letter "O" does occur often in Tuareg-Berber orthography and sometimes in Northern Berber. In Northern-Berber orthography it usually corresponds to the letter "U".
In the interest of pan-dialectal legibility, the Berber Latin alphabet omits the partly phonemic contrasts found in some Berber language varieties (notably the Kabyle language and Riffian Berber) between stops and fricatives.[3]
Phonemic labiovelarization of consonants is widespread in Berber varieties, but there are rarely minimal pairs and it is unstable (e.g. ameqqʷran "large", in the Ainsi dialect of Kabyle, is pronounced ameqqran in At Yanni Kabyle-Berber, only a few kilometers away).[4] The INALCO standard uses the diacritic Шаблон:Angbr for labiovelarization only when needed to distinguish words, e.g. ireggel vs. ireggᵒel.[4]
| North-Berber Latin letter | Tifinagh equivalent | IPA equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Bʷ bʷ / Bᵒ bᵒ | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA |
| Gʷ gʷ / Gᵒ gᵒ | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA |
| Ɣʷ ɣʷ / Ɣᵒ ɣᵒ | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA |
| Kʷ kʷ / Kᵒ kᵒ | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA |
| Qʷ qʷ / Qᵒ qᵒ | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA |
| Xʷ xʷ / Xᵒ xᵒ | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA |
The letter Шаблон:Angbr is used for Шаблон:IPA only when it contrasts with Шаблон:Angbr (e.g. ṛwiɣ "I am satisfied" vs. rwiɣ "I am moved"). In all other cases Шаблон:Angbr is used, e.g. tarakna "carpet" (pronounced taṛakna). This is because Шаблон:IPA is often an allophone of Шаблон:IPA in the environment of other emphatics, and it rarely contrasts with Шаблон:IPA otherwise.[6] Exceptional cases of other emphatics, e.g. Шаблон:IPA "hound", are ignored (i.e. written as uccay).[6]
Rif-Berber usages
In most Riffian areas (northern Morocco), the letter "L" in the word alɣem is pronounced [ařɣem]. "Ř" is pronounced as something between "L" and "R".Шаблон:Clarify[7]
Riffian Berbers pronounce the "LL" (in a word like yelli, "my daughter") like "dj" or "ǧǧ" (yedji). Depending on the author's whim, this might be represented in writing as "ll", "dj", a single "ǧ", or "ǧǧ".
| Riffian letter | Riffian word | The word in other Berber dialects | meaning in English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ř ř | uř | ul | heart |
| aɣyuř | aɣyul | donkey | |
| awař | awal | speech / talk | |
| Ǧ ǧ | azeǧif | azellif | head |
| yeǧa | yella | (he) is / (he) exists | |
| ajeǧiđ | agellid | king | |
| Č č | wučma | weltma | my sister |
| t̲acemřač | tacemlalt | blonde / white | |
| t̲aɣyuč | taɣyult | female donkey (jenny) |
Souss-Berber local usage
In Souss (mid-southern Morocco), Berber writers rarely use the neutral vowel "e", because the unphonemic schwa is rarer in Tachelhit due to a different stress system than its sister languages.[8]
Kabyle-Berber local usages
In Kabyle-Berber (northeastern Algeria), the affricates Шаблон:IPA have traditionally been notated as Шаблон:Angbr for over thirty years. However these affricates are uncommon in other dialects (except in Riffian) and they are morphologically conditioned, so for the sake of pan-dialectal legibility the INALCO standard omits them.[9] In Kabyle the affricate Шаблон:IPAblink may derive from underlying Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA. In the former case the INALCO standard uses Шаблон:Angbr, and in the second it uses Шаблон:Angbr (e.g. yettawi vs. ifessi deriving from the verb fsi).[9]
| Character | INALCO equivalent | IRCAM Tifinagh equivalent | IPA equivalent | Pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ţ ţ | Tt tt | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA link | ts like in "Tsetse fly" |
| Ss ss | ||||
| Z̧ z̧ | Zz zz | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA link | dz / the English "ds" in words |
Labiovelarization is indicated with the superscript letter Шаблон:Angbr (examples: kʷ, gʷ), or with the "degree sign": "ᵒ" (examples: kᵒ, gᵒ), or simply by using the letter Шаблон:Angbr.[4] Шаблон:Angbr may represent spirantization.[1]
On the internet, it is common to replace the Latinized Greek epsilon and gamma, Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr, with actual Greek letters:[10]
- Шаблон:Angbr, Greek upper case sigma, since Greek upper case epsilon "Ε" is visually indistinguishable from Latin upper case E
- Шаблон:Angbr, Greek small letter epsilon (Unicode U+03B5)
- Шаблон:Angbr Greek capital and small letter gamma (Unicode U+0393, U+03B3)
Among non-Kabyle Berber writers a number of alternative letters are used:
| Character | INALCO equivalent |
|---|---|
| Â â | Ɛ ɛ |
| Ġ ġ | Ɣ ɣ |
| Gh gh | |
| Dj | Ǧ ǧ |
Controversy
There has been a long and fierce debate on whether to use the Latin, Tifinagh, or Arabic alphabets for Berber in Algeria and Morocco, between Berber activists and anti-Berber establishments, mainly those with an Arab-Islamic orientation. Berber activists overwhelmingly favor the use of the Latin alphabet in order to ensure a quick development and proliferation of the Berber language (Tamazight) in schools, in public institutions, and on the internet.[11] A small number of them prefer the Neo-Tifinagh alphabet.Шаблон:Citation needed The states of Morocco and Algeria usually distance themselves from Latin-based Berber writing, fearingШаблон:Citation needed that it would strengthen the position of Berber against Arabic and French, and thus leading to a stronger Berber political activism. The Arab-Islamic establishments and political parties often reject the Latin alphabet as a Berber alphabet for the same reasons, and they usually brand it as a tool to westernize and Christianize Berbers.[12]
In 2003, Mohammed VI of Morocco approved the Royal Institute of the Amazigh Culture (IRCAM) Berber Institute's decision of using Neo-Tifinagh as the sole official alphabet for the Berber language in Morocco. The IRCAM's decision was met with much disapprovalШаблон:Citation needed among independent Berber activists and they saw it as a way of neutralizing Berber and preventing it from quick flourishing and development.
Southern-Berber Latin alphabet (Tuareg)
The Southern-Berber (Tuareg) Latin alphabet is made of 36 letters. They are mostly Latin letters with one IPA character and one Greek letter incorporated.
The vowel O is used in the Latin alphabet of Southern Berber (Tuareg), but is also used in some (but not all) Northern Berber languages. The vowel "O" in Tuareg words mostly corresponds to "U" in Northern Berber words.
| A | Ă | B | Ḅ | D | Ḍ | E | Ǝ | F | G | Ɣ | H | Ḥ | I | J | K | L | Ḷ | M | N | Ŋ | O | Q | R | S | Ṣ | Š | T | Ṭ | U | W | X | Y | Z | Ž | Ẓ | Γ |
| a | ă | b | ḅ | d | ḍ | e | ǝ | f | g | ɣ | h | ḥ | i | j | k | l | ḷ | m | n | ŋ | o | q | r | s | ṣ | š | t | ṭ | u | w | x | y | z | ž | ẓ | ʕ |
| 37-Letter Latin alphabet for Tuareg-Berber (Tamahaq), official in Niger since 1999 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Ă | Ǝ | B | C | D | Ḍ | E | F | G | Ǧ | H | I | J | J̌ | Ɣ | K | L | Ḷ | M | N | Ŋ | O | P | Q | R | S | Ṣ | Š | T | Ṭ | U | W | X | Y | Z | Ẓ |
| a | ă | ǝ | b | c | d | ḍ | e | f | g | ǧ | h | i | j | ǰ | ɣ | k | l | ḷ | m | n | ŋ | o | p | q | r | s | ṣ | š | t | ṭ | u | w | x | y | z | ẓ |
The Malian national literacy program DNAFLA has proposed a standard for the Latin alphabet, which is used with modifications in Karl G. Prasse's Tuareg French Dictionary and the government literacy program in Burkina. In Niger a slightly different system was used. There is also some variation in Tifinagh and in the Arabic script.[13]
The DNAFLA system is a somewhat morphophonemic orthography, not indicating initial vowel shortening, always writing the directional particle as Шаблон:Angbr, and not indication all assimilations (e.g. Шаблон:Angbr for tămašăq.[14]
In Burkina Faso the emphatics are denoted by "hooked" letters, as in Fula, e.g. Шаблон:Angbr.[15]
See also
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:In lang Tira n Tmaziɣt: Propositions pour la notation usuelle à base latine du berbère (Atelier du 24–25 juin 1996, INALCO/CRB; synthèse des travaux par S. Chaker), Études et documents berbères, 14, 1997, p. 239–253.
- Kamal Nait-Zerrad. Grammaire moderne du kabyle, tajerrumt tatrart n teqbaylit. Éditions KARTHALA, 2001. Шаблон:ISBN
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
External links
Шаблон:Romanization Шаблон:Berber languages
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Initiation à la langue amazighe", 2004, p.14.
- ↑ Tira n Tmaziɣt, 1996, p. 6.
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Tira n Tmaziɣt, 1996, pp. 8–9.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Tira n Tmaziɣt, 1996, p. 9.
- ↑ [Examples of local Riffian orthography http://www.amazigh.nl/ Шаблон:Webarchive]
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 Tira n Tmaziɣt, 1996, pp. 7–8.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
