Английская Википедия:Berkeley Pit

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox superfund The Berkeley Pit is a former open pit copper mine in the western United States, located in Butte, Montana. It is Шаблон:Convert long by Шаблон:Convert wide, with an approximate depth of Шаблон:Convert. It is filled to a depth of about Шаблон:Convert with water that is heavily acidic (2.5 pH level), about the acidity of Coca-Cola, lemon juice,[1] or gastric acid. As a result, the pit is laden with heavy metals and dangerous chemicals that leach from the rock, including copper, arsenic, cadmium, zinc, and sulfuric acid.[1]

The mine was opened in 1955 and operated by the Anaconda Copper Mining Company, and later by the Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO), until its closure on Earth Day in 1982.[2] When the pit was closed, the water pumps in the nearby Kelley Mine, Шаблон:Cvt below the surface, were turned off, and groundwater from the surrounding aquifers began to slowly fill the Berkeley Pit, rising at about the rate of Шаблон:Convert per month.[1] Since its closure, the water level in the pit has risen to within Шаблон:Convert of the natural water table.

The Berkeley Pit is currently one of the largest Superfund sites. The water, with dissolved oxygen, allows pyrite and sulfide minerals in the ore and wall rocks to decay, releasing acid. The acidic water in the pit carries a heavy load of dissolved heavy metals. A water treatment plant has been operating since October 2019.

The Berkeley Pit is a tourist attraction, with an adjacent gift shop. An admission fee is charged to go out on the viewing platform.

History

Файл:Berkeley pit1984.jpg
The Berkeley Pit in May 1984.

The underground Berkeley Mine was located on a prominent vein extending to the southeast from the main Anaconda vein system. When open pit mining operations began in July 1955, near the Berkeley Mine shaft, the older mine gave its name to the pit. The open-pit style of mining superseded underground operations because it was far more economical and much less dangerous than underground mining.

Within the first year of operation, the pit extracted 17,000 tons of ore per day at a grade of 0.75% copper. Ultimately, about 1,000,000,000 tons of material were mined from the Berkeley Pit. Copper was the principal metal produced, although other metals were also extracted, including silver and gold.[3]

Two communities and much of Butte's previously crowded east side were consumed by land purchases to expand the pit during the 1970s.[4] The Anaconda Company bought the homes, businesses and schools of the working-class communities of Meaderville, East Butte, and McQueen, east of the pit site. Many of these homes were either destroyed, buried, or moved to the southern end of Butte. Residents were compensated at market value for their acquired property.Шаблон:Citation needed

Pollution, toxicity, and cleanup

Файл:Butte MT Berkeley Pit April 2005 Composite Fisheye View.jpg
Composite Fisheye View of the Berkeley Pit, April 2005
Файл:Butte MT Berkley Pit close up of telephone polls for scale.jpg
Perspective: Power line poles descending the walls of the pit. The poles are located slightly to the right of center in the above Composite Fisheye View, April 2005.

The Berkeley Pit is a part of the Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site,[5] considered one of the largest in America,[6] and the pit itself was added to the federal Superfund site list in 1987. It is one of sixteen Superfund sites in Montana, and the final unrestored section of the Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area site.

In 1995, a flock of migrating geese landed in the pit and died. A total of 342 carcasses were recovered.[7] ARCO, the custodian of the pit, denied that the toxic water caused the death of the geese, attributing the deaths to an acute aspergillosis infection that may have been caused by a grain fungus, as substantiated by Colorado State University necropsy findings.[7] These findings were disputed by the State of Montana on the basis of its own lab tests.[7] Necropsies showed their insides were lined with burns and festering sores from exposure to high concentrations of copper, cadmium, and arsenic.[1] Levels of copper are high enough that Montana Resources has mined copper directly from the water.[8]

On November 28, 2016, several thousand snow geese died after a large flock landed in the pit's water to avoid a snowstorm.[9] Immediately after the event, officials made efforts to scare birds away and prevent more from landing in the area. An official report issued in 2017 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service found that the 3,000 to 4,000 snow geese that died at the pit were killed by exposure to sulfuric acid and heavy metals.[10]

Atlantic Richfield and Montana Resources have installed Phoenix Wailers, a type of sonic bird scarer, to keep birds from loitering in the pit.[11][12] Studies have shown that the Wailers have been effective in limiting bird deaths in most cases,[13] but they have not worked as well when faced with a large number of birds. Staff also use firearms to scare away birds during spring migration seasons.[14]

A treatment plant was completed in 2019 and began treating the water in the pit before it would contaminate local groundwater.[15] The plant cost $19 million and was designed to treat ten million gallons of water per day.[16]

Important dates

  • 1994 – September, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)/DEQ issue Record of Decision (ROD) for Butte Mine Flooding Operable Unit.[17]
  • 1996 – April, Montana Resources (MR) and ARCO divert Horseshoe Bend (HSB) drainage water away from Berkeley Pit to slow filling rate, per ROD. [18]
  • 2000 – July, MR suspends mining operations due to high energy costs; HSB water allowed to flow back into pit, increasing pit filling rate. [18]
  • 2002 – March, US EPA and Montana Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) enter into a Consent Decree with BP/ARCO and the Montana Resources Group (known as the Settling Defendants) for settlement of past and future costs for this site. [19]
  • 2002 (mid/late) – US EPA and MDEQ issue order for Settling Defendants to begin design of water treatment plant for HSB water. Settling Defendants issue contract and begin construction of treatment plant. [20]
  • 2003 – November, MR resumes mining operations.[18]
  • 2003 – November 17, HSB water treatment plant comes on line slowing pit filling rate.[18]

Geography

The mine is at Шаблон:Coord, at an altitude of 4,698 feet (1432 m) above mean sea level.

Geology

The Butte mining district is characterized by the Late Cretaceous Boulder batholith which metamorphosed surrounding rocks during the Laramide orogeny. Ore formation occurred with the intrusion of the Butte quartz monzonite pluton.[21] Mining of sulfide minerals began in the district in 1864. Placer deposits were mined out by 1867. Silver vein lodes were then the most productive until copper was discovered in 1881. Open-pit mining started in 1955. Copper has historically been the main metal produced, though lead, zinc, manganese, silver and gold have been produced at various times.[21]

Organisms in the water

A protozoan species, Euglena mutabilis, was found to reside in the pit by Andrea A. Stierle and Donald B. Stierle, and the protozoans have been found to have adapted to the harsh conditions of the water.Шаблон:R[1] Intense competition for the limited resources caused these species to evolve the production of highly toxic compounds to improve survivability; natural products such as berkeleydione, berkeleytrione,[22] and berkelic acid[23] have been isolated from these organisms which show selective activity against cancer cell lines. Some of these species ingest metals and are being investigated as an alternative means of cleaning the water.[1]

Photos

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 Edwin Dobb. "New Life in a Death Trap". Discover, 2000.
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ United States Environmental Protection Agency. (1994). EPA Superfund Record of Decision: Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area. Retrieved from https://semspub.epa.gov/work/08/1164465.pdf
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 18,3 Gammons, C.H., & Duaime, T.E. (2020). The Berkeley Pit and surrounding mine waters of Butte. Geology of Montana--Special Topics: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication, 122. Retrieved from https://mbmg.mtech.edu/pdf/geologyvolume/GammonsDuaimeMineWatersFinal.pdf
  19. ↑ United States Environmental Protection Agency (2002, March 25). United States and Montana Reach Agreement with Mining Companies to Clean Up Berkeley Pit. [Press release] https://www.epa.gov/archive/epapages/newsroom_archive/newsreleases/746732fc9e0255f185256b88005adc40.html
  20. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Montana Department of Environmental Quality. (2002). Explanation of Significant Differences: Butte Mining Flooding Operable Unit Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area NPL Site. https://semspub.epa.gov/work/08/1140014.pdf
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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