Английская Википедия:Berlin (carriage)
A Berlin (or Berline) carriage was a type of covered four-wheeled travelling carriage with two interior bench seats facing one-another.Шаблон:Sfn Initially noted for using two chassis rails and having the body suspended from the rails by leather straps,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn the term continued in use for enclosed formal carriages with two seats after the suspension system changed from leather straps to steel springs.Шаблон:Sfn
Origin
The carriage was designed around 1660Шаблон:Sfn or 1670Шаблон:Sfn by a Piedmontese architect commissioned by the General quartermaster to Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Elector used the carriage to travel from Berlin, Brandenburg's capital, to the French capital of Paris, a distance of Шаблон:Convert where his carriage created a sensation.Шаблон:Sfn While heavy-duty vehicles had used double-railed frames before, passenger vehicles had normally used a single rail.Шаблон:Sfn The elegant but durable style was widely copied and named "berline" after the city from which the carriage had come.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It was more convenient than other carriages of the time, being lighter and less likely to overturn.Шаблон:Sfn The berline began to supplant the less practical and less comfortable state coaches and gala coaches in the 17th century.Шаблон:Sfn
British and American sources mention a separate hooded rear seat for a footman detached from the body in their definitions of a berlin carriage, in a similar fashion to a stagecoach.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Development
In the 18th century, the steel spring became widely used in carriage suspensions, supplanting the berline's twin-strap suspension system. The term "berline" survived as a description of the formal or ceremonial body style with two bench seats facing each other in a closed carriage.Шаблон:Sfn
Smaller carriages mainly for town use were developed from the berline by removing the rear-facing front seat and shortening the enclosure. This style became known as the "halbberline" in Germany and the "berline coupé" (cut berline) in France. The name "berline coupé" was later shortened to "coupé".Шаблон:Sfn
Automobile
The berline body style initially carried over from the carriage to the automobile with the chauffeur in the open at the front and an enclosure behind with two seats facing each other as opposed to facing forward. As with the coupé and the brougham, the term evolved with the movement of the driver and controls into an enlarged enclosure, which resulted in turning the front seat to face forward. The term "berline" is now the French term for the saloon or sedan.Шаблон:Sfn
See also
Notes
References
External links
- Berlin coach Clipart Educational Technology Clearinghouse, University of South Florida. Sketch.
- Шаблон:Cite web
- The Long Island Museum of American Art, History & Carriages - Collection Database. Search berlin carriage, record type Objects (photo and text).
- MNC - Colecção: Berlindas National Coach Museum (Museu dos Coches), Lisbon (Portugal). Illustrations and text.
- Музеи Московского Кремля Moscow Kremlin Museum. Photo.
Шаблон:Horse-drawn carriages Шаблон:Authority control
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