Английская Википедия:Bernard William of Gascony
Bernard William,Шаблон:Efn sometimes Bernard I (died 25 December 1009), was the Duke of GasconyШаблон:Efn and Count of Bordeaux from Шаблон:Circa997 to his death. During his time, Gascony was effectively independent, its duke a sovereign and any connection to the Kingdom of France theoretical. His reign fell during a period of relative peace and prosperity: the Peace of God movement had originated in Gascony in his father's time, monastic reform was introduced during his reign and the period of Viking attacks was over. Nonetheless, it was also a period of increasing feudal fragmentation, and Bernard died a violent death.[1][2]
Descended on both sides from dynasties of Basque origin, Bernard was the eldest son of Duke William Sánchez and Urraca, daughter of King García Sánchez I of Pamplona. "Bernard" was his given name and "William" a patronymic, being the name of his father. He used both names.[3]
Rule
The date of Duke William's death and Bernard's succession may be placed anywhere between 996 and 999. The early modern historian Pierre de Marca believed that Bernard was a minor and under a regency at the time of his accession, but this very unlikely.Шаблон:Efn Jean de Jaurgain reckons he was 23 or 24 years old, based on the lifespans of his father and brother.[4]
Bernard's father had inherited the county of Bordeaux between 977 and 988 and begun minting coins there. Bernard continued to mint deniers and obols under his name and possibly under his patronymic as well. Of the several different types of obol minted under the name William, some were probably minted by Bernard.[3] The hand on the obverse of some of Bernard's coins may represent a glove as used in a ceremony of investiture.[5] A coin bearing his name was found in an 11th-century hoard of diverse coins in Piedmont. The hoard was probably assembled by a merchant or pilgrim who travelled throughout France and Gascony.[6]
During Bernard's rule, the abbot Abbo of Fleury visited the monastery of La Réole with some of his monks to reform the monastery and establish the Benedictine rule. He is said to have remarked that he was more powerful in La Réole than the king of France (then Robert II), since nobody feared the power of the king. In fact, the Fleury mission was under the protection of Amalvi, viscount of Bézeaune.[7] When Abbo was assassinated on 13 November 1004, according to the contemporary chronicler Adhemar of Chabannes, Bernard punished the assassins, "some he hanged, other he sent to the flames", and gave all the disputed monastic property and the monastic church of St Peter itself to the French monks from Fleury who had accompanied Abbo.[8][9]
Bernard's swift response to the murder of Abbo may have been designed to strengthen his authority in the territory of Viscount Amalvi and show who was the real protector of La Réole, for there is other evidence of challenges to Bernard's authority over the monasteries of Gascony. The ruling family of Montaner annexed the abbey of Saint-Orens de Larreule in 1009 and installed one of their own as abbot. By 1010, the head of the family Odon-Doat, had appropriated for himself the title of viscount.[7]
On 3 April 1009, Bernard and his wife Urraca issued a charter of confirmation for the property of the abbey of Saint-Sever, founded by his father. By the time of this charter, Bernard's mother had also died.[10]
Death
Bernard's death is dated to 25 December 1009 by the necrology of the abbey of Saint-Sever.[11] Since Bernard died without a male heir, his younger brother Sancho William succeeded him.[3] A certain William Bernard, called de Laussianum, who got into a dispute with the abbey of Saint-Sever during the reign of Sancho William, may have been a natural son of Bernard.[12] There are two non-overlapping accounts of Bernard's death.
According to Adhemar, Bernard was poisoned through "womanly plots".[13] Probably he means to identify the killers as witches. Adhemar describes the poisoning of Count William II of Angoulême in 1028 in nearly identical terms.[14]
According to a document in the "black" cartulary of the cathedral of Saint Mary of Auch, dating to about 1110,[15] Bernard was assassinated by a knight named Raymond Paba.Шаблон:Efn After the murder, Raymond sought refuge at the court of Aimeric I, count of Fezensac, who granted him the fief of Vic-Fezensac.Шаблон:Efn This clearly implicates Aimeric in the murder. In response, Odo of Astarac, archbishop of Auch, excommunicated Raymond. As an act of penance, the latter went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, during which he died. Before he left, however, he received from Duke Sancho as a fief the castle of Buzet-sur-Baïse, which had been constructed by Sancho and Bernard's grandfather, Duke García Sánchez, to protect a now lost monastery.[7]
Notes
References
- ↑ Jean Dunbabin, France in the Making, 843–1180 (Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 177.
- ↑ Michel Zimmerman, "Western Francia: The Southern Principalities", in Timothy Reuter (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, c. 900 – c. 1024 (Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 420–55, at 439–40.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Charles Higounet, Bordeaux pendant le Haut Moyen Âge (Bordeaux: 1963), pp. 46–48, 52, 304–05. For photographs of Bernard's coin, see plates III–IV.
- ↑ Jean de Jaurgain, La Vasconie: Étude historique et critique sur les origines du royaume de Navarre, du duché de Gascogne, des comtés de Comminges, d'Aragon, de Foix, de Bigorre, d'Alava et de Biscaye, de la vicomté de Béarn et des grands fiefs du duché de Gascogne, 2 vols. (Pau: Garet, 1898–1902), vol. 1, pp. 200–01.
- ↑ Adolphe Dieudonné, Manuel de numismatique française, Volume 4 (Paris: 1936), pp. 215–16.
- ↑ Elina Screen, "The 'Ratto' Parcel: A Find of Eleventh-Century French Coins from Italy", The Numismatic Chronicle, 163 (2004), pp. 349–54.
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Claire Taylor, "Royal Protection in Aquitaine and Gascony by c. 1000: The Public, the Private, and the Princely", in T. B. Lambert and D. W. Rollason (eds.), Peace and Protection in the Middle Ages (Durham: Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2009), pp. 36–59, at 52–53.
- ↑ Agathe Corre, "Être princeps et agir en tant que tel en Gascogne au Xe siècle", in Jacqueline Hoareau-Dodinau, Guillaume Métairie and Pascal Texier (eds.), Le prince et la norme: ce que légiférer veut dire (Pulim, 2007), pp. 331–48, at 347: Bernardus Wasconiae dux necem tanti viri de interfectoribus ejus punivit, alios suspendio, alios flammis tradens, et omnem illam possessionem Regulatensem [cum ecclesia sancti Petri], quae ante in lite invadentium erat, sine lite dehinc monachis Francis sancti Benedicti paravit vindicandam.
- ↑ Claire Taylor, "Reform and the Basque Dukes of Gascony: A Context for the Origins of the Peace of God and the Murder of Abbo of Fleury", Early Medieval Europe, 15:1 (2007), pp. 35–52.
- ↑ Jaurgain, La Vasconie, vol. 1, pp. 169 and 399–401.
- ↑ Jaurgain, La Vasconie, vol. 2, p. 13: VIII kalendas januarii, obiit inclitus comes Vasconiae Bernardus, filius Willelmi Sancii comitis, in die dominico. Translation: "On the eighth kalends of January, died the renowned count of Gascony, Bernard, son of count William Sánchez, on a Sunday."
- ↑ Jaurgain, La Vasconie, vol. 2, p. 12, n. 7.
- ↑ Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Medievalis29, book III, chapter 38, p 160: At Bernardo, insidiis muliebribus, maleficis artibus corpore fatescente, vitae privato, Santius, frater eius, dux Wasconum extitit; Chronique, III, 39, p. 250. Bernard, privé de la vie par des intrigues féminines, la santé ruinée par de néfastes artifices, Sanche, son frère, devint duc de Gascogne. Translation: "Bernard, deprived of life by feminine intrigues, his health ruined by harmful arts; Sancho, his brother, came to be duke of Gascony."
- ↑ Richard Allen Landes, Relics, Apocalypse, and the Deceits of History: Ademar of Chabannes, 989–1034 (Harvard University Press, 1995), p. 190.
- ↑ Cyprien La Cave La Plagne-Barris, Cartulaires du chapitre de l'église métropolitaine Sainte-Marie d'Auch, 2 vols. (Paris: Champion, 1899), i, pp. 157–64, doc. CXXXIIII.
