Английская Википедия:Bethlehem Down

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"Bethlehem Down" is a Christmas carol for SATB choir composed in 1927 by British composer Peter Warlock (1894–1930)Шаблон:Emdashthe pseudonym of Philip Arnold Heseltine.Шаблон:Efn It is set to a poem written by journalist and poet Bruce Blunt (1899–1957). Warlock and Blunt wrote the carol to finance an "immortal carouse" (a heavy bout of drinking) over Christmas in 1927. The pair submitted the carol to The Daily TelegraphШаблон:'s annual Christmas carol contest and won. It is characterised by modal harmony with chromatic inflections. The musicologist Barry Smith described "Bethlehem Down" as the finest of all of Warlock's choral music.

In 1930, Warlock composed an arrangement of "Bethlehem Down" for solo voice and keyboard accompaniment. It was the last piece of music that Warlock wrote, less than three weeks before he died. The solo arrangement uses the soprano line from the SATB version as its melody. It features more complex harmony than the choral arrangement, highlighting the text in a more sombre manner.

Context

Composition

Peter Warlock was a prolific composer of songs, with over 119 to his name. His choral music is less well-known, but within that genre, "Bethlehem Down" is one of Warlock's most famous carols.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The poet and journalist Bruce Blunt told the story behind the creation of "Bethlehem Down" in a letter to Gerald Cockshott, dated 1943.Шаблон:Sfn He said that he and Peter Warlock were short on money in the run up to Christmas in 1927, so they had the idea to write a Christmas carol together in the hopes it would be published and earn them enough money for alcohol (or as Blunt called it, an "immortal carouse").Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Whilst on a night-time walk between two pubs—The Plough in Bishops Sutton and The Anchor in RopleyШаблон:Sfn—Blunt thought up the words to "Bethlehem Down". He sent the text to Warlock who set it to music within a few days. The completed carol was entered into The Daily Telegraph's Christmas carol competition and won. It was published in the paper on 24 December 1927.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn The carol would be published again the following year by Winthrop Rogers (now Boosey & Hawkes).Шаблон:Sfn Warlock and Blunt worked on other carols together, including The Frostbound Wood,Шаблон:Sfn which was published in the Radio Times on 20 December 1929.Шаблон:Sfn

Solo arrangement

In 1930, Warlock arranged a solo version of "Bethlehem Down".Шаблон:Sfn It was written especially for Arnold Dowbiggin to perform as part of a Christmas recital in Lancaster Priory Church.Шаблон:Sfn The musicologist Barry Smith writes that in this late period of Warlock's life, he was feeling increasingly depressed.Шаблон:Sfn Dowbiggin himself wrote that the solo arrangement of "Bethlehem Down" is "a source for sorrow".Шаблон:Sfn The solo arrangement of "Bethlehem Down" was the last piece of music Warlock wrote,Шаблон:Sfn less than three weeks before his death.Шаблон:Sfn Dowbiggin said that he received the manuscript on the day that Warlock died.Шаблон:Sfn

Composition

Choral arrangement

The choral arrangement of "Bethlehem Down", written and published in 1927, is written for unaccompanied SATB choir. The piece is in D minor and 6/2 time. It is characterised by long phrasing of lines with melancholic modal harmonyШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn in a largely homophonic texture.Шаблон:Sfn Smith writes that the music complements the lyrics with a "finely-crafted melody" and "imaginative and sensitive harmony".Шаблон:Sfn Chromaticism is used throughout the piece,Шаблон:Sfn one example being the Tudor-styled flattened sevenths which populate the melody;Шаблон:Sfn Ian Alfred Copley writes that this is a common recurring motif in Warlock's music. A prominent example of a flattened seventh occurs in the soprano line of the fifth bar of each verse:Шаблон:Sfn

<score lang="lilypond" audio="1">{

   \time 6/2
   \clef treble
   \key d \minor
   c4 d ees d c bes' g'2 bes' bes'

}</score>

Each verse ends with a phrase which Smith describes as "haunting".Шаблон:Sfn

Solo arrangement

In the solo arrangement of "Bethlehem Down", the solo part uses the same melody as the SATB soprano line. The solo is accompanied by a new keyboard partШаблон:Sfn which can be performed by either piano or organ.Шаблон:Sfn Trevor Hold describes the keyboard accompaniment as more "intricate" than the SATB arrangement.Шаблон:Sfn It features more complex harmony than the SATB version with additional counterpoint, differences in texture, and a passage linking penultimate and final verses—reminiscent of Warlock's other carol, Corpus Christi.Шаблон:Sfn The solo arrangement accompaniment features what Copley calls the "gloom motif"—a motif used in other Warlock pieces consisting of a chromatic sequence played over a pedal. Copley describes the motif as "desolate",Шаблон:Sfn and Smith writes that the accompaniment as a whole "highlights the inherent sadness of Blunt's poem".Шаблон:Sfn

Text

Smith writes that, although Warlock was not religious and was anti-Christian, he liked the story of Christmas.Шаблон:Sfn Hold writes that Blunt's text takes an "oblique" approach to carol text, contrasting the Christmas story ("Myrrh for its sweetness, and gold for a crown") with the later life of Jesus ("Myrrh for embalming, and wood for a crown").Шаблон:Sfn<poem> When He is King we will give him the King's gifts, Myrrh for its sweetness, and gold for a crown, "Beautiful robes", said the young girl to Joseph Fair with her first-born on Bethlehem Down.

Bethlehem Down is full of the starlight Winds for the spices, and stars for the gold, Mary for sleep, and for lullaby music Songs of a shepherd by Bethlehem fold.

When He is King they will clothe Him in grave-sheets, Myrrh for embalming, and wood for a crown, He that lies now in the white arms of Mary Sleeping so lightly on Bethlehem Down.

Here He has peace and a short while for dreaming, Close-huddled oxen to keep Him from cold, Mary for love, and for lullaby music Songs of a shepherd by Bethlehem fold. </poem>

Reception

Smith writes that "Bethlehem Down" is "surely the finest of all [Warlock's] choral works"Шаблон:Sfn and a rare example of a modern carol which captures the essence of the genre.Шаблон:Sfn The music critic Wilfrid Mellers described it as a small miracle.Шаблон:Sfn Music journalist Alexandra Coghlan writes that the piece is Warlock's "unquestioned carol masterpiece",Шаблон:Sfn and is particularly impressive given the fact its creation arose from the simple need for money and alcohol. BBC Music Magazine writes that the carol has a beautiful and sombre tone which can act as a change in pace in carol services.

See also

• List of Christmas carols

References

Works cited

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite magazine

External links

• First publication of "Bethlehem Down" in The Daily Telegraph, 24 December 1929
• Manuscript for solo arrangement of "Bethlehem Down"
• Шаблон:IMSLP

Шаблон:Peter Warlock Шаблон:Portal bar Шаблон:Authority control