Английская Википедия:Beylerbey

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Файл:Ottoman Empire (1609).png

The eyalets of the Ottoman Empire in 1609

Beylerbey (Шаблон:Lang-ota, meaning the 'commander of commanders' or 'lord of lords') was a high rank in the western Islamic world in the late Middle Ages and early modern period, from the Anatolian Seljuks and the Ilkhanids to Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Initially designating a commander-in-chief, it eventually came to be held by senior provincial governors. In Ottoman usage, where the rank survived the longest, it designated the governors-general of some of the largest and most important provinces, although in later centuries it became devalued into a mere honorific title. The title is originally Turkic and its equivalents in Arabic were amir al-umara, and in Persian, mir-i miran.

Early use

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Depiction of the beylerbey of the Bosnia Eyalet (1657)

The title originated with the Seljuqs, and was used in the Sultanate of Rum initially as an alternative for the Arabic title of malik al-umara ("chief of the commanders"), designating the army's commander-in-chief.Шаблон:Sfn Among the Mongol Ilkhanids, the title was used to designate the chief amir al-ulus ("emir of the state")—also known by the Turkic title ulusbegi and the Arabic amir al-umara–while in the Golden Horde it was applied to all the holders of the rank of amir al-ulus.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Mamluks of Egypt possibly used it as an alternative title for the atabak al-asakir, the commander-in-chief of the army.Шаблон:Sfn

Ottoman use

Шаблон:Further The Ottomans used the title Шаблон:Transl from the late 14th until the mid-19th century, with varying meanings and degrees of importance.Шаблон:Sfn The early Ottoman state continued to use the term Шаблон:Transl in the meaning of commander-in-chief, held by princes of the Ottoman dynasty: under the Ottoman Empire's founder, Osman I (ruled 1299–1326), his son Orhan held the post, and during Orhan's reign (1324–1362), his brother Alaeddin Pasha and Orhan's son Süleyman Pasha.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The first step towards the transformation of the office into a gubernatorial title occurred when Murad I (Шаблон:Reign) gave the title to Lala Shahin Pasha as a reward for his capture of Adrianople (modern Edirne) in the 1360s. In addition, Lala Shahin was given military authority over the Ottoman territories in Europe (Rumelia).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This marked the Шаблон:Transl effectively as the viceroy of the European territories, as the Sultans still resided in Anatolia, and as the straits of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, which connected the two parts of the Ottoman state, continued to escape full Ottoman control until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.Шаблон:Sfn

Lala Shahin died after 1388. Sometime in 1385–87 Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha succeeded him in the position of commander-in-chief in Rumelia. In 1393 Sultan Bayezid I (Шаблон:Reign) appointed Kara Timurtash as Шаблон:Transl and viceroy in Anatolia, when Bayezid himself crossed over into Europe to campaign against Mircea I of Wallachia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This process marked the birth of the first two, and by far the most important, Шаблон:Transls: those of Rumelia and Anatolia, while the third Шаблон:Transl, that of Rûm, followed soon after.Шаблон:Sfn

The Шаблон:Transl was in charge of a province—termed a Шаблон:Transl or generically Шаблон:Transl, "province", while after 1591 the term Шаблон:Transl was used and Шаблон:Transl came to mean the office of Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn Territorial Шаблон:Transls were subdivided into Шаблон:Transls or Шаблон:Transls under Шаблон:Transls.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn With the continuous growth of the Ottoman Empire in the 15th and 16th centuries, new provinces were established, and the ranks of the Шаблон:Transls swelled to a peak of 44 by the end of the 16th century.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A list of Шаблон:Transls in 1609 mentions 32 in total: 23 of them regular Шаблон:Transls where revenue was distributed among the military fief-holders, while the rest (in North Africa and the Middle East) were under the salyane system, i.e. their revenue was sent to the imperial treasury, and the officials and soldiers were paid salaries from it.Шаблон:Sfn The size of these new provinces varied enormously: some containing as many as twenty Шаблон:Transls, and others as few as two, including the Шаблон:TranslШаблон:'s own residence (or Шаблон:Transl).Шаблон:Sfn Among themselves, the various Шаблон:Transls had an order of precedence based on the date of conquest or formation of their provinces. The Шаблон:Transl of Rumelia, however, retained his pre-eminence, ranking first among the other provincial governors-general, and being accorded a seat in the Imperial Council (Шаблон:Transl) after 1536. In addition, the post was occasionally held by the Sultan's chief minister, the Grand Vizier himself.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In his province, the Шаблон:Transl operated as a virtual viceroy of the Sultan: he had full authority over matters of war, justice and administration, except in so far as they were limited by the authority of other officials also appointed by the central government, chiefly the various fiscal secretaries under the mal defterdari, and the kadı, who could appeal directly to the imperial government. In addition, as a further check to their power, the Janissary contingents stationed in the province's cities were outside his authority, and Шаблон:Transls were even forbidden from entering the fortresses garrisoned by the Janissaries.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Transl also had his own court and government council (Шаблон:Transl) and could freely grant fiefs (Шаблон:Transls and Шаблон:Transls) without prior approval by the Sultan, although this right was curtailed after 1530, when beylerbey authority was restricted to the smaller Шаблон:Transls only.Шаблон:Sfn Reflecting the office's origin in the military, the primary responsibility of the Шаблон:Transls and their Шаблон:Transls was the maintenance of the Шаблон:Transl cavalry, formed by holders of the military fiefs, whom they led in person on campaign.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

From the reign of Mehmed II (Шаблон:Reign) onwards, the title of Шаблон:Transl also became an honorary court rank, coming after the viziers; both viziers and Шаблон:Transls were titled pashas, with the viziers sporting three horse-tails and the Шаблон:Transls two.Шаблон:Sfn From the 16th century on, however, viziers could be appointed as provincial Шаблон:Transls, enjoying precedence and authority over the ordinary Шаблон:Transls of the neighbouring provinces.Шаблон:Sfn Towards the end of the 17th century, the title of 'Шаблон:Transl of Rumelia' ('Шаблон:Transl) also began to be awarded as an honorific rank, alongside the actual holder of the provincial post, even to officials unrelated to the provincial administration, such as the chief treasurer (Шаблон:Transl).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Beginning in the 18th century, the Arabic-origin title of Шаблон:Transl began to be increasingly used for provincial governors-general at the expense of Шаблон:Transl, except for the two original Шаблон:Transls of Rumelia and Anatolia; the Arabic title Шаблон:Transl, and the Persian Шаблон:Transl or Шаблон:Transl, which had been used as equivalents of the Шаблон:Transl, now increasingly came to refer only to the honorary rank, which in turn was increasingly devalued. The process culminated with the Шаблон:Transl reform of 1864, after which Шаблон:Transl became the only official designation for the governor-general of a province, while the title of Шаблон:Transl survived only in the honorary rank of Шаблон:Transl, which continued in use alongside its Perso-Arabic equivalents.Шаблон:Sfn

Safavid use

Файл:Daud Khan Undiladze.jpg

Daud Khan Undiladze, ghilman and the beylerbey of Ganja and Karabakh from 1625 to 1630.

Under the Safavid dynasty of Iran, the title (beglerbegi) was used from ca. 1543/44 on for governors (generically styled hakim) of the more important provinces. The title was thus used for the governors of Herat, Azerbaijan, Ganja, Karabakh, Shirvan, Fars, Iraq, and Astarabad. The Safavids also used the title of wali for provinces even more important than those of the beglerbegi. Towards the end of the Safavid period, the title of beglerbegi had been eclipsed by that of wali, most notably being the wali's of the shah's their Georgian areas.Шаблон:Sfn

Sources

• Шаблон:Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches
• Шаблон:EI2
• Шаблон:Encyclopaedia Iranica
• Шаблон:EI2
• Шаблон:Cite book