Английская Википедия:Bharat Ratna

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:EngvarB Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox award The Bharat Ratna (Шаблон:IPA-hi; Jewel of India) is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India. Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is conferred in recognition of "exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position or gender. The award was originally limited to achievements in the arts, literature, science, and public services, but the Government of India expanded the criteria to include "any field of human endeavor" in December 2011. The recommendations for the award are made by the Prime Minister to the President. The recipients receive a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a peepal leaf-shaped medallion with no monetary grant associated with the award. Bharat Ratna recipients rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence.

The first recipients of the Bharat Ratna were: the last Governor-General of the Dominion of India and the former Chief Minister of Madras – C. Rajagopalachari, second President and the first Vice President of India – Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Nobel Prize Laureate and Physicist C. V. Raman, who were honoured in 1954. Since then, the award has been bestowed upon 50 individuals, including 15 who were awarded posthumously. The original statutes did not provide for posthumous awards but were amended in January 1966 to permit them with former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri, the first individual to be honored posthumously. In 2014, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, then aged 40, became the youngest recipient; while social reformer Dhondo Keshav Karve was the oldest recipient when he was awarded on his 100th birthday. Though usually conferred on India-born citizens, the award has been conferred on one naturalized citizen – Mother Teresa, and to two non-Indians: Abdul Ghaffar Khan (born in British India and later citizen of Pakistan) and Nelson Mandela, a citizen of South Africa.

The Bharat Ratna, along with other personal civil honours, was briefly suspended from July 1977 to January 1980, during the change in the national government; and for a second time from August 1992 to December 1995, when several public-interest litigations challenged the constitutional validity of the awards. In 1992, the government's decision to confer the award posthumously on Subhas Chandra Bose was opposed by those who had refused to accept the fact of his death, including some members of his extended family. Following a 1997 Supreme Court decision, the press communique announcing Bose's award was cancelled; it is the only time when the award was announced but not conferred.

History

Файл:Dilip Kumar greets Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan at Meenambakkam Airport, Chennai (c. 1960).jpg
Dilip Kumar greets Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan at Meenambakkam Airport, Chennai (Шаблон:Circa). Khan is the only Pakistani recipient of Bharat Ratna while Kumar is the only Indian recipient of Pakistan's highest civilian award, Nishan-e-Imtiaz

On 2 January 1954, a press communique was released from the office of the secretary to the President announcing the creation of two civilian awards—Bharat Ratna (Jewel of India), the highest civilian award, and the three-tier Padma Vibhushan, classified into "Pehla Warg" (Class I), "Dusra Warg" (Class II), and "Tisra Warg" (Class III), which rank below the Bharat Ratna.[1][2][3] On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards; the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri.[4]

The award was briefly suspended twice in its history.Шаблон:Sfn The first suspension occurred when Morarji Desai, who was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister in 1977, withdrew all personal civil honours on 13 July 1977.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980, after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister.[5]Шаблон:Sfn The award was suspended again in mid-1992, when two Public-Interest Litigations were filed, one in the Kerala High Court and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court, challenging the "constitutional validity" of the awards.Шаблон:Sfn The awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court in December 1995, following the conclusion of the litigation.Шаблон:Sfn[6]

There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens. It has been awarded to a naturalised Indian citizen, Mother Teresa in 1980, and to two non-Indians, Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the former South African president Nelson Mandela in 1990.Шаблон:Sfn Sachin Tendulkar, at the age of 40, became the youngest person and first sportsperson to receive the honour.[7] Dhondo Keshav Karve was the oldest living recipient when he was awarded on his 100th birthday on 18 April 1958.[8]Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:As of, the award has been conferred upon 50 people with 15 posthumous declarations.[9]

Regulations

The Bharat Ratna is conferred "in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or gender.[10][3] The award was originally confined to the arts, literature, science, and public services, as per the 1954 regulations.[2] In December 2011, the rules were amended to "any field of human endeavour".[3][11] The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards, but this was subsequently modified in the January 1966 statute, and Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first recipient to be honored posthumously in 1966.[4][12]

Although there is no formal nomination process, recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President.[3] The recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medallion without any monetary grant. Usage of the title 'Bharat Ratna' as a prefix by the awardee is exempt from Article 18 (1) of the Constitution,Шаблон:Efn as per the Supreme Court's precedent in Balaji Raghavan/S.P. Anand v. Union of India in 1995.[13] Additionally, recipients may either use the expression "Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President" or "Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award" to indicate that they have been honored with the award.[10] The holders of the Bharat Ratna rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence.[14]

As with many official announcements, recipients are announced and registered in The Gazette of India, a publication released by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices; without publication in the Gazette, conferral of the award is not considered official. Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, are registered in the Gazette. Recipients whose awards have been revoked are required to surrender their medals, and their names are struck from the register.[2][4]

Specifications

Файл:Bharat Ratna.jpg
Bharat Ratna medal

The original 1954 specifications of the award was a circle made of gold Шаблон:Convert in diameter with a centered image of the sun on the obverse side. The text "Bharat Ratna", in Devanagari Script, is inscribed on the upper edge in silver gilt with a wreath set along on the lower edge. A platinum State Emblem of India was placed in the center of the reverse side with the national motto, "Satyameva Jayate" in Devanagari Script (Шаблон:Lang-sa; lit. "Truth alone triumphs"), inscribed in silver-gilt on the lower edge.[2][3]

A year later, the design was modified. The current medal is in the shape of a peepal leaf, approximately Шаблон:Convert long, Шаблон:Convert wide and Шаблон:Convert thick and rimmed in platinum.[15] The embossed sun burst design, made of platinum, on the obverse side of the medal has a diameter of Шаблон:Convert with rays spreading out from Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert from the center of the Sun. The words "Bharat Ratna" on the obverse side remained the same as the 1954 design as did the emblem of India and "Satyameva Jayate" on the reverse side. A Шаблон:Convert white ribbon is attached to the medal so it can be worn around the neck.[4]Шаблон:Sfn[16] In 1957, the silver-gilt decoration was changed to burnished bronze.[2]Шаблон:Sfn The medals are minted at Alipore Mint in Kolkata.[17][18]

Entitlements

Bharat Ratna can not be used as a prefix or suffix, however recipients may identify themselves as "Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President" or "Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award". The award does not carry any monetary benefits, but the award includes the following entitlements:[2][3]

  • The medallion and miniature
  • A Sanad (certificate) signed by the President of India
  • Treatment as a state guest by state governments when traveling within a state
  • Indian missions abroad requested to facilitate recipients when requested
  • Entitlement to a diplomatic passport
  • Placed seventh in the Indian order of precedence
  • Concessional fare on the flag carrier Air India[19]

Controversies

The Bharat Ratna has been mired in several controversies and award grants have been subject to multiple Public-Interest Litigations (PILs).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn[20][21][22]

Subhas Chandra Bose (1992)

Файл:Subhas Chandra Bose.jpg
In 1992, a press release was published to confer the award posthumously on Subhas Chandra Bose, which was later cancelled post the order of the Supreme Court in 1997

On 23 January 1992, a press release was published by the President's secretariat to confer the award posthumously on Subhas Chandra Bose. The decision was contested in a public interest litigation, with the petitioner objecting to the conferral of the award and its posthumous mention of Bose, saying that honoring a personality higher than the award is "ridiculous", and it was an act of "carelessness" to classify such a person with past and future recipients. It was also contested that the award cannot be conferred to Bose posthumously as the Government had not officially accepted his death on 18 August 1945.Шаблон:Sfn The petitioner requested the whereabouts of Bose from 18 August 1945 to date, based on the information collected by the 1956 Shah Nawaz Committee and the 1970 Khosla Commission.[23]Шаблон:Sfn Bose's family also declined to accept the award.[24]

The Supreme Court formed a special two-judge division bench to adjudicate the case. The Solicitor General noted that to confer the award per the appropriate regulations pertaining to the Bharat Ratna, the name of the recipient must be published in The Gazette of India and entered in the recipients register maintained under the direction of the President.[2] It was noted that only an announcement had been made by press communique, but the government had not proceeded to confer the award by publishing the name in the Gazette and entering the name in the register with the president having not conferred a Sanad (certificate).[23] On 4 August 1997, the Supreme Court delivered an order that since the award had not been officially conferred, it cannot be revoked and declared that the press communique be treated as cancelled with the court declining to pass any judgement on the posthumous mention of Bose and his death.[23][25]

Awards as "titles" (1992)

In 1992, two PILs were filed in the High Courts; one in the Kerala High Court on 13 February 1992 and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court on 24 August 1992. Both petitions questioned the civilian awards being "Titles" per an interpretation of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution.Шаблон:Efn On 25 August 1992, the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards.Шаблон:Sfn A special five-judge division bench of the Supreme Court was formed, which restored the awards and delivered a judgement that the "Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are not titles under Article 18 of the Constitution" on 15 December 1995.[6]

Rao and Tendulkar (2013)

Файл:Dhyan Chand with the ball vs. France in the 1936 Olympic semi-finals.jpg
Dhyan Chand at the 1936 Summer Olympics. Widely regarded as the greatest hockey player of all time, Chand has not been conferred the Bharat Ratna

Following the announcement, in November 2013, that C. N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar were to be awarded the Bharat Ratna, multiple litigations were filed challenging the awards. The litigation against Tendulkar to the Election Commission indicated that the awarding him was a violation of the model code of conduct as Tendulkar was an Indian National Congress nominated member of Rajya Sabha and the decision to award him would influence the voters of five states where elections were underway at the time.[21] On 4 December 2013, the Election Commission rejected the petition stating that conferring the award on people from non-polling states did not amount to a violation of the code.[26]

Another litigation was filed against then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, home minister Sushilkumar Shinde and sports minister Bhanwar Jitendra Singh for conferring of the award on Tendulkar, alleging an apparent "conspiracy to ignore" the famed Indian field hockey player Dhyan Chand.[22][27] The litigation filed against Rao declared that other Indian scientists, such as Homi Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai, had contributed more than Rao, his claim of publishing 1400 research papers was "physically impossible" and Rao had proven cases of plagiarism, hence the announcement should be annulled.[20] The High Courts rejected all the petitions raised against Rao and Tendulkar.[28][29][30]

Criticism

Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi were awarded the Bharat Ratna while they were serving as the Prime Minister of India themselves, which have later been clarified as being awarded suo moto by then respective Presidents of India.[31][32]

In 1977, the decision by then prime minister Indira Gandhi to posthumously honor former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu K. Kamaraj was criticized to have been aimed at placating the voters before the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1977.[24] In 1988, the decision by then prime minister Rajiv Gandhi (1984–89) to confer the award posthumously on former chief minister of Tamil Nadu, M. G. Ramachandran was criticized to have been aimed to influence voters prior to the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1989.[24][33] The decision was also criticized for awarding Ramachandran before prominent independence activists B. R. Ambedkar and Vallabhbhai Patel, who were bestowed the honor later in 1990 and 1991 respectively.[34] Later, then prime minister V.P.Singh was criticized for posthumously honoring B. R. Ambedkar, apparently in a bid to please the Dalit voters.[24][35]Шаблон:Sfn Later, Ravi Shankar was accused of lobbying for the award.[36]

The posthumous conferments of the award on the recipients who died before the Indian independence in 1947 or before the award was instituted in 1954, have been criticized by various authors and historians, stating that such conferments could lead to more demands to honor people like Maurya emperor Ashoka,[37][38] Mughal emperor Akbar, Maratha emperor Shivaji, poet Rabindranath Tagore,[39] Hindu spiritualist Swami Vivekananda,[40] independence activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak,[41] and father of the nation Mahatma Gandhi.[41] In 1991, then prime minister P. V. Narasimha Rao was criticized for bestowing the award upon Sardar Patel in 1991, 41 years after his death in 1950; and upon Subhas Chandra Bose in 1992, who purportedly died in 1945.[41][42] In 2015, the prime minister Narendra Modi's decision to award Madan Mohan Malaviya, who died in 1946, close to the local body elections in Uttar Pradesh was also met with criticism.[41]

A few of the conferments have been criticized for honoring personalities only after they received global recognition.[43] The award for Mother Teresa was announced in 1980, a year after she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.Шаблон:Sfn Satyajit Ray received an Academy Honorary Award in 1992 followed by the Bharat Ratna the same year.[44] In 1999, Amartya Sen was awarded the Bharat Ratna, a year after his 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.[45][46]

Popular demands

Though, as per the statutes for the Bharat Ratna, the recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President, there have been several demands from various political parties publicly to honor their leaders.[10] In January 2008, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader L. K. Advani wrote to then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recommending Singh's predecessor Atal Bihari Vajpayee for the award.[47][48] This was immediately followed by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) lobbying for their leader, Jyoti Basu, former Chief Minister of West Bengal though Basu himself said that he would decline the honour, even if awarded.[49][50][51] Similar demands were made by Telugu Desam Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, and Shiromani Akali Dal for their respective leaders N. T. Rama Rao, Kanshi Ram, and Parkash Singh Badal.[52] In September 2015, regional political party Shiv Sena demanded the award for the independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar stating that he had been "deliberately neglected by previous governments" but his family clarified that they are not making such demand and that the freedom fighter is known for his contribution towards independence movement and did not need an award for recognition.[53][54][55]

Per the original statutes, sports-persons were not eligible for the award; however, a revision of the rules in December 2011 made eligible "any field of human endeavour".[11] Subsequently, several sports-persons' names were discussed; amongst them were field-hockey player Dhyan Chand and former world chess champion Viswanathan Anand.[24][56][57] In 2011, 82 members of parliament recommended Chand's name for the award to the Prime Minister's Office. In January 2012, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports forwarded his name again, this time along with 2008 Summer Olympics gold medallist shooter Abhinav Bindra and mountaineer Tenzing Norgay while Bindra had already been recommended for the award in May 2013 by the National Rifle Association of India.[58][59] In July 2013, the ministry again recommended Dhyan Chand.[58][60] However, in November 2013, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar became the first sports-person to receive the honour and this garnered much criticism for the government.[7][61][62][63]

In 2012, a litigation was filed in the Karnataka High Court requesting the court to issue a direction to the Ministry of Home Affairs to confer the Bharat Ratna upon Mahatma Gandhi. On 27 January 2014, a counsel appearing for the petitioner noted that after multiple representations from the petitioner, they were provided with the information under RTI that the recommendations to confer the award on Gandhi have been received multiple times in the past and were forwarded to the Prime Minister's Office. A Division bench consisting of the Chief Justice and another judge, dismissed the petition stating that the subject is not amenable to any adjudication process and the nominations and conferment process is stated to be informal and in the discretion of the highest authority in the Government.[64][65][66]

List of recipients

Key
Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend
List of recipients of Bharat Ratna[9]
Year Image Name State / CountryШаблон:Efn Life span Notes
1954 Файл:Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari.jpg C. Rajagopalachari Tamil Nadu 1878-1972 Rajagopalachari was an independence activist, who served as the last Governor-General of India from 1948 to 50).[67] Earlier, he served as the first governor of West Bengal in 1947-48.[68] He was the home minister in the first Nehru cabinet succeeding Sardar Vallabhai Patel in 1950.[69] He served as the chief minister of Madras Presidency from 1937–39 and later as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu between 1952 and 1954.[70] He founded the Swatantra Party in 1959.[71]
Файл:Photograph of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan presented to First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in 1962.jpg Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Tamil Nadu 1888-1975 Radhakrishnan served as the first Vice-President of India from 1952 to 1962 and as the second President of India from 1962 to 1967).[72][73] Since 1962, his birthday of 5 September is observed annually as Teachers' Day in India.[74]
Файл:Sir CV Raman.JPG C. V. Raman Tamil Nadu 1888-1970 Raman was a physicist known for his work in the field of light scattering.[75] He is known for the discovery of Raman scattering and Raman spectroscopy and was presented the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.[76]
1955 Файл:Bhagwan Das 1969 stamp of India (cropped).jpg Bhagwan Das Uttar Pradesh 1869-1958 Bhagwan Das was an independence activist, theosophist and educationist. He co-founded Kashi Vidyapith and worked with Madan Mohan Malaviya to establish the Banaras Hindu University.[77][78]
Файл:Vishveshvarayya in his 30's.jpg M. Visvesvaraya Karnataka 1861-1962 Visvesvaraya was a civil engineer and statesman. He served as the 19th Diwan of Mysore from 1912 to 1918.[79] His birthday, 15 September, is observed annually as Engineer's Day in India.[80]
Файл:Jnehru.jpg Jawaharlal Nehru Uttar Pradesh 1889-1964 Nehru was an independence activist and politician, who was the first and the longest-serving Prime Minister of India from 1947 to 1964.[47][81]
1957 Файл:Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant.jpg Govind Ballabh Pant Uttar Pradesh 1887-1961 Pant was an independence activist and politician, who served as the premier of United Provinces (1937–39, 1946–50) and as the first chief minister of Uttar Pradesh from 1950 to 1954.[82] He served as Union Home Minister from 1955 to 1961.[83]
1958 Файл:Dhondo Karve.jpg Dhondo Keshav Karve Maharashtra 1858-1962 Karve was a social reformer and educator, known for his work on education for women and remarriage of Hindu widows. He established the Widow Marriage Association (1883), Hindu Widows Home (1896), and started Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University in 1916.[84]
1961 Файл:Photograph of Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy, 2nd Chief Minister of West Bengal.jpg Bidhan Chandra Roy West Bengal 1882-1962 Roy was a physician, politician and educationist. He served as the second Chief Minister of West Bengal from 1948 to 1962 and is known as the "Maker of Modern West Bengal".[85] His birthday on 1 July is observed annually as the National Doctors' Day in India.[50]
Файл:Purushottam Das Tandon 1982 stamp of India.jpg Purushottam Das Tandon Uttar Pradesh 1882-1962 Tandon was an independence activist and politician, who served as the speaker of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly from 1937 to 1950.[86] He was actively involved in a campaign to get official language status to Hindi.[87]
1962 Файл:Rajendra Prasad (Indian President), signed image for Walter Nash (NZ Prime Minister), 1958 (16017609534).jpg Rajendra Prasad Bihar 1884-1963 Prasadn was an independence activist, lawyer and statesman, who was associated with Mahatma Gandhi in the Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar and non-cooperation movement.Шаблон:Sfn[88] Became the president of Constituent Assembly of India .He was later elected as the first President of India (1950–62).[72]
1963 Файл:President Zakir Husain 1998 stamp of India (cropped).jpg Zakir Husain Andhra Pradesh 1897-1969 Husain was an independence activist and philosopher, who served as the Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University (1948–56) and the Governor of Bihar (1957–62).Шаблон:Sfn Later, he was elected as second vice-president of India (1962–67) and went on to become the third President of India (1967–69).[72][73]
Файл:Pandurang Vaman Kane 2022 stamp of India.jpg Pandurang Vaman Kane Maharashtra 1880-1972 Kane was an indologist and Sanskrit scholar, known for his five volume literary work, History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India.[89][90]
1966 Файл:Lal Bahadur Shastri (from stamp).jpg Lal Bahadur ShastriШаблон:Sup Uttar Pradesh 1904-1966 Shastri was an independence activist, known for his slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" ("Hail to the Soldier, hail to the Farmer").[91] He served as second Prime Minister of India (1964–66) and led the country during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.[47][92]
1971 Файл:Indira Gandhi official portrait.png Indira Gandhi Uttar Pradesh 1917-1984 Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India during 1966–77 and 1980–84.[47] She is known as the "Iron Lady of India", as she led India during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and the concurrent Bangladesh Liberation War which led to the formation of Bangladesh.[93][94]
1975 Файл:President V. V. Giri.jpg V. V. Giri Odisha 1894-1980 Giri was an independence activist, who organized trade unions and facilitated their participation in the fight for independece. Post-independence, Giri held positions of Governor of Uttar Pradesh, Kerala and Mysore state and other cabinet ministries.[95] He became the first acting president and was eventually elected as the fourth President of India, serving from 1969 to 1974.[72][96]
1976 Файл:K Kamaraj 1976 stamp of India (cropped).jpg K. KamarajШаблон:Sup Tamil Nadu 1903-1975 Kamaraj was an independence activist and politician, who served athe chief minister of Tamil Nadu for over nine years, between 1954 and 1963.[97] He was known as the "King Maker", as he was the president of the Indian National Congress, when electing Lal Bahadur Shastri the prime minister after Nehru's death and Indira Gandhi after Shastri's death.[98] He later founded the Indian political party, the Indian National Congress (Organisation).[99]
1980 Файл:Mother Teresa 1.jpg Mother Teresa Шаблон:Sup West Bengal
(Шаблон:TooltipSkopje,
North Macedonia) 		1910-1997 Mother Teresa was a Catholic nun and founder of the Missionaries of Charity, a religious congregation, which manages homes for diseased people.[100] She was the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize for her humanitarian work in 1979.[101] She was beatified on 19 October 2003 by Pope John Paul II and canonised on 4 September 2016 by Pope Francis.[102]
1983 Файл:Vinobabhaveji (cropped).jpg Vinoba BhaveШаблон:Sup Maharashtra 1895-1982 Bhave was an independence activist, social reformer and an associate of Mahatma Gandhi, known for his Bhoodan movement.[103][104] He was known by the honorific title "Acharya" ("teacher") and was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award (1958) for his humanitarian work.[105]
1987 Файл:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan.jpg Abdul Ghaffar KhanШаблон:Sup Pakistan 1890-1988 Khan was a independence activist, a follower of Mahatma Gandhi and an advocate of Hindu–Muslim unity in the subcontinent.[106] He was known as "Frontier Gandhi" and was part of the Khilafat Movement in 1920 and founded the Khudai Khidmatgar ("Red Shirt movement") in 1929.[107][108][109]
1988 Файл:MGR portrait, from 2017 Stamp.jpg M. G. RamachandranШаблон:EfnШаблон:Sup Tamil Nadu 1917-1987 Ramachandran was an actor and politician, who was the founder of the Indian political party, All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and served as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu for over ten years, between 1977 and 1987.[97] He is known by the sobrequet the "Puratchi Thalaivar" ("Revolutionary Leader").[110]
1990 Файл:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg B. R. AmbedkarШаблон:Sup Maharashtra 1891-1956 Ambedkar was a social reformer, lawyer and a Dalit leader, who headed the committee drafting the Indian Constitution while also serving as the first Law Minister of India later.[111][112] Ambedkar campaigned against the social discrimination of Dalits and the caste system in India.[113][114] He was associated with the Dalit Buddhist movement after converting to Buddhism on 14 October 1956.[115][116]
Файл:Nelson Mandela 1994.jpg Nelson MandelaШаблон:Sup South Africa 1918-2013 Mandela was the leader of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa and later served as the President of South Africa (1994–99).[117][118] Often called as the "Gandhi of South Africa", Mandela's African National Congress movement was influenced by Gandhian philosophy.[119][120] In 1993, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[121]
1991 Файл:Rajiv Gandhi, the 6th PM of India.jpg Rajiv GandhiШаблон:Sup Uttar Pradesh 1944-1991 Rajiv Gandhi was a pilot] turned politician, who served as the sixth Prime Minister of India serving from 1984 to 1989.[47]
Файл:Sardar patel (cropped).jpg Vallabhbhai PatelШаблон:Sup Gujarat 1875-1950 Patel was an independence activist, who served as the first Deputy Prime Minister of India (1947–50) and home minister.[122][123] Patel was known as the "Iron Man of India" and by the title of "Sardar" ("Leader") Patel and was instrumental in the accession of the princely states into the Indian union.[124][125][126]
Файл:Morarji Desai During his visit to the United States of America .jpg Morarji Desai Gujarat 1896-1995 Desai was an independence activist and politician, who served as the fourth Prime Minister of India from 1977 to 1979 and was the first to be not from the Indian National Congress.[47] He was also awarded the Nishan-e-Pakistan, the second highest civilian award given by the Government of Pakistan.[127] Desai had earlier abolished the awards while he was in the office of Prime Minister for it being "worthless and politicised".[128]
1992 Файл:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.jpg Abul Kalam AzadШаблон:EfnШаблон:Sup West Bengal 1888-1958 Azad was an independence activist and politician, who served as the first education minister of India.[129] His birthday on 11 November is observed annually as the National Education Day in India.[130]
Файл:J.R.D. Tata (1955).jpg J. R. D. Tata Maharashtra 1904-1993 Tata was an industrialist, philanthropist, and aviation pioneer, who served as the chairman of the business conglomerate Tata Group. He is the founder of various educational and research institutes and businesses.[131][132]
Файл:Satyajit Ray in New York (cropped).jpg Satyajit Ray West Bengal 1922-1992 Ray was a film director. He directed his first film Pather Panchali in 1955 and is credited with bringing world recognition to Indian cinema.Шаблон:Sfn[133][134] In 1984, Ray was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema and in 1991, he received Academy Honorary Award.[135][136]
1997 Файл:Gulzarilal Nanda 1.jpg Gulzarilal Nanda Punjab 1898-1998 Nanda was an independence activist and politician, who served as the interim Prime Minister of India in 1964 and 1966 and as the deputy chairman of the Planning Commission.[47][137]
Файл:Aruna Asaf Ali 1998 stamp of India (cropped).jpg Aruna Asaf AliШаблон:Sup West Bengal 1909-1996 Ali was an independence activist, known for hoisting the tricolor flag of in Bombay during the Quit India Movement in 1942. Post Independence, Ali was elected as Delhi's first mayor in 1958.[138]
Файл:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.jpg A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Tamil Nadu 1931-2015 Kalam was an aerospace and defence scientist, who later served as the eleventh President of India from 2002 until 2007.[72] He was involved in the development of India's first satellite launch vehicle SLV III and the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program, while working for various space and defence research agencies and has served as the scientific advisor to the defence minister, Secretary for defence research and director of Defence Research and Development Organisation.[139]
1998 Файл:M. S. Subbulakshmi (03).jpg M. S. Subbulakshmi Tamil Nadu 1916-2005 Subbulakshmi was a Carnatic classical vocalist, known for her songs, religious chantings and compositions.[140] She was the first Indian musician to receive the Ramon Magsaysay award for her public service.[141]
Файл:Chidambaram Subramaniam.jpg C. Subramaniam Tamil Nadu 1910-2000 Subramaniam was an independence activist and politician, who served as the minister of agriculture from 1964 to 1966 and later as minister of finance and defence. He is known for his contribution towards the Green Revolution in India.[142]
1999 Файл:Jawaharlal Nehru with Jayaprakash Narayan (cropped).jpg Jayaprakash NarayanШаблон:Sup Bihar 1902-1979 Narayan was an independence activist and social reformer. He was commonly referred as "Loknayak" ("People's Leader") and is known for the Total Revolution Movement initiated during the mid-1970s against the then government of India.[143]
Файл:Amartya Sen NIH.jpg Amartya Sen West Bengal 1933- Sen is an economist and he winner of the Nobel memorial prize in economic sciences in 1998.[144][145]
Файл:Gopinath Bordoloi.jpg Gopinath BordoloiШаблон:Sup Assam 1890-1950 Bordoloi was an independence activist and politician, who served as the first chief minister of Assam (1946–50).[146] His was instrumental in uniting Assam with India when parts of it wanted to accede to Pakistan.[147]
Файл:Ravi Shankar.jpg Ravi Shankar Uttar Pradesh 1920-2012 Ravi Shankar was a musician and sitar player. He has won four Grammy Awards and is often considered "the world's best-known exponent of Hindustani classical music".[148][149]
2001 Файл:Lata Mangeshkar.jpg Lata Mangeshkar Maharashtra 1929-2022 Mangeshkar was a playback singer, known as the "nightingale of India".[150] She started her career in the 1940s and has sung songs in over 36 languages.Шаблон:Sfn In 1989, Mangeshkar was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema.[135]
Файл:Bismillah at Concert1 (edited).jpg Bismillah Khan Bihar 1916-2006 Khan was a Hindustani classical shehnai player, who played the instrument for more than eight decades and is credited to have brought the instrument to the centre stage of Indian music.[151]
2009 Файл:Pandit Bhimsen Joshi (cropped).jpg Bhimsen Joshi Karnataka 1922-2011 Joshi was a Hindustani classical vocalist, who was a disciple of Kirana gharana and is widely known for the Khyal genre of singing.[152][153]
2014 Файл:CNRrao2.jpg C. N. R. Rao Karnataka 1934- Rao is a chemist and a scientist specializing in solid state chemistry. He has honorary doctorates from 86 universities and has authored around 1,800 research publications and 56 books.[154][155][156]
Файл:Sachin-Tendulkar (cropped).jpg Sachin Tendulkar Maharashtra 1973- Tendulkar is a cricketer, who is regarded as one of the greatest batters of all-time.[157][158] Having debuted in 1989, Tendulkar played 664 international cricket matches, scoring more than 34,000 in a career spanning over two decades and holds various cricket records.[159][160]
2015 Файл:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg Atal Bihari Vajpayee Madhya Pradesh 1924-2018 Vajpayee was a politician, who served as the Prime Minister of India three times in 1996, 1998 and from 1999 to 2004.[47] He was a parliamentarian for over four decades and was elected nine times to the Lok Sabha, twice to the Rajya Sabha, also serving as the minister of external affairs during 1977–79.[161][162]
Файл:Mahamana Malaviya.jpg Madan Mohan MalaviyaШаблон:Sup Uttar Pradesh 1861-1946 Malaviya was a scholar and educational reformer, who founded the Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha (1906) and Banaras Hindu University, while serving as the university's vice-chancellor from 1919 until 1938.[163] He was the President of Indian National Congress for four terms and was the chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946.[164][165]
2019 Файл:Pranab Mukherjee Portrait (cropped).jpg Pranab Mukherjee West Bengal 1935-2020 Mukherjee was a politician who served as the 13th President of India from 2012 until 2017.[72] In a career spanning five decades, Mukherjee had been a leader of the Indian National Congress and had occupied several ministerial portfolios in the Government of India. Prior to his election as President, he was finance minister from 2009 to 2012.[166]
Файл:Dr. Bhupen Hazarika, Assam, India.jpg Bhupen HazarikaШаблон:Sup Assam 1926-2011 Hazarika was a playback singer, lyricist, musician, poet and film-maker, widely known as Sudhakantha.[167] His songs, written and sung mainly in the Assamese language by himself, are themed around universal justice and peace and have been translated and sung in many languages.[168]
Файл:Nanaji Deshmukh 2017 stamp of India.jpg Nanaji DeshmukhШаблон:Sup Maharashtra 1916-2010 Deshmukh was a social activist and politician, who worked in the fields of education, health, and rural self-reliance. He was a leader of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh and also served as a member of the Rajya Sabha.[169][170]
2024 Файл:Karpoori Thakur 1991 stamp of India.jpg Karpoori ThakurШаблон:Sup Bihar 1924-1988 Thakur was a politician, who served two terms as the 11th Chief Minister of Bihar, from 1970 to 1971, and from 1977 to 1979. In 1978, he introduced the reservation policy in state government jobs.[171][172]
Файл:Lkadvani.jpg L. K. Advani Delhi (Шаблон:TooltipKarachi,
Undivided India) 		1927- Advani is a politician who served as the 7th Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004.[173][174] He is one of the co-founders of Bharatiya Janata Party and was the longest serving Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha.[175]

See also

Шаблон:Portal

Explanatory notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Bharat Ratna Шаблон:Indian honours and decorations Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 Шаблон:Cite journal
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite report
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 24,2 24,3 24,4 Шаблон:Cite news
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  36. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок aticon не указан текст
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  41. ↑ 41,0 41,1 41,2 41,3 Шаблон:Cite news
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  47. ↑ 47,0 47,1 47,2 47,3 47,4 47,5 47,6 47,7 Шаблон:Cite web
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  50. ↑ 50,0 50,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  51. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  53. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  54. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  55. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  56. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  57. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  58. ↑ 58,0 58,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  59. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  60. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  61. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  62. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  63. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  64. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  65. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  66. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  67. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  68. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  69. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  70. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  71. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  72. ↑ 72,0 72,1 72,2 72,3 72,4 72,5 Шаблон:Cite web
  73. ↑ 73,0 73,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  74. ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
  75. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  76. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  77. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  78. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  79. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  80. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  81. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  82. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  83. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  84. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  85. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  86. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  87. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  88. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  89. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  90. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  91. ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
  92. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  93. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  94. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  95. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  96. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  97. ↑ 97,0 97,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  98. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  99. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  100. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  101. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  102. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopediaШаблон:Tertiary source inline
  103. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  104. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  105. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  106. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  107. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  108. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  109. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  110. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  111. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  112. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  113. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  114. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  115. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  116. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  117. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  118. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  119. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  120. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  121. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  122. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  123. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  124. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  125. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  126. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  127. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  128. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  129. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  130. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  131. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  132. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  133. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  134. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  135. ↑ 135,0 135,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  136. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  137. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  138. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  139. ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
  140. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  141. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  142. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  143. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  144. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  145. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  146. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  147. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  148. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  149. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  150. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  151. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  152. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  153. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  154. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  155. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  156. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  157. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  158. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  159. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  160. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  161. ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
  162. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  163. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  164. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  165. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  166. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  167. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  168. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  169. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  170. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  171. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  172. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  173. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  174. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  175. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Bharat_Ratna&oldid=13502150