Английская Википедия:Bharati Braille
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox writing system Шаблон:Contains special characters Bharati braille (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell), or Bharatiya Braille (Шаблон:Lang-hi Шаблон:IAST Шаблон:IPA-hi "Indian braille"), is a largely unified braille script for writing the languages of India. When India gained independence, eleven braille scripts were in use, in different parts of the country and for different languages. By 1951, a single national standard had been settled on, Bharati braille, which has since been adopted by Sri Lanka,[1] Nepal, and Bangladesh.[2] There are slight differences in the orthographies for Nepali in India and Nepal, and for Tamil in India and Sri Lanka. There are significant differences in Bengali Braille between India and Bangladesh, with several letters differing. Pakistan has not adopted Bharati braille, so the Urdu Braille of Pakistan is an entirely different alphabet than the Urdu Braille of India, with their commonalities largely due to their common inheritance from English or International Braille. Sinhala Braille largely conforms to other Bharati, but differs significantly toward the end of the alphabet, and is covered in its own article.
Bharati braille alphabets use a 6-dot cell with values based largely on English Braille. Letters are assigned as consistently as possible across the various regional scripts of India as they are transliterated in the Latin script, so that, for example, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, and English are rendered largely the same in braille.
System
Although basically alphabetic, Bharati braille retains one aspect of Indian abugidas, in that the default vowel a is not written unless it occurs at the beginning of a syllable or before a vowel. This has been called a "linearized alphasyllabary abugida".[3] For example, and taking Devanagari as a representative printed script, the braille letter Шаблон:Braille cell (the consonant K) renders print Шаблон:Lang ka, and braille Шаблон:Braille cell (TH) renders print Шаблон:Lang tha. To indicate that a consonant occurs without a following vowel (as when followed by another consonant, or at the end of a syllable), a virama (vowel-canceling) prefix is used: Шаблон:Braille cell (virama-K) is Шаблон:Lang k, and Шаблон:Braille cell (virama-TH) is Шаблон:Lang th. However, unlike in print, there are no vowel diacritics in Bharati braille; vowels are written as full letters following the consonant, regardless of their order in print. For example, in print the vowel i is prefixed to a consonant in a reduced diacritic form, Шаблон:Lang ki, but in braille it follows the consonant in its full form: Шаблон:Braille cell (K-I), equivalent to writing Шаблон:Angle bracket for ki in print. Thus print Шаблон:Lang klika is written in braille as Шаблон:Braille cell (virama-K-L-I-K). The one time a non-initial short a is written in braille is when it is followed by another vowel. In this environment the a must be written, because otherwise the subsequent vowel will be read as following the consonant immediately. Thus print Шаблон:Angle bracket kai is rendered in braille as Шаблон:Braille cell (K–A–I), to disambiguate it from Шаблон:Braille cell for Шаблон:Lang ki.
Apart from the kṣ and jñ, Bharati braille does not handle conjuncts. Consonant clusters written as conjuncts in print are handled with the virama in braille, just as they are with computer fonts that lack the conjuncts. Bharati braille is thus equivalent to Grade-1 English braille, though there are plans to extend all the Bharati alphabets to include conjuncts.
Alphabet
Following are the charts of the braille correspondences of the main Indian scripts.[4] Irregularities, where a letter does not match the romanized heading, are placed in parentheses.
Codas
- In Hindi (written in Devanagari), halanta is not used with the last letter when a word ends in a consonant.
Punctuation
Some of the punctuation marks (comma, close quote) duplicate letters. The caps mark is only used when transcribing English.
| Punctuation | Comma / Apostrophe |
; | : | । (danda) |
॥ (double danda) |
! | ? / Open quote |
Close quote | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Braille | Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell | ||
| Punctuation | Accent | Hyphen | Dash | Pointing | Asterisk | Italics | ( ) | |||
| Braille | Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell...Шаблон:Braille cell | |||
The 'accent', Шаблон:Braille cell, transcribes Urdu ّ shaddah (tashdeed), and the colon, Шаблон:Braille cell, is also used for Urdu ة ta marbuta.Шаблон:Citation needed
In Bangladesh and Nepal, several additional punctuation marks are noted, but they do not agree with each other. It is not clear which are used in India. (See Bengali Braille and Nepali Braille.)
Pointing and Urdu
Шаблон:Main The pointing symbol, Шаблон:Braille cell, is used for consonant letters that in print are derived by adding a dot to another consonant. For Urdu, the base letter in Devanagari is used: the pointing of the Arabic/Persian script is not reflected. For example, Gurmukhi Шаблон:Lang / Urdu غ / Devanagari Шаблон:Lang ġa Шаблон:IPA, formed by adding a dot to g in Gurmukhi and Devanagari, is written Шаблон:Braille cell point-G in all three. With Urdu, this is only done in India.
Other languages
Ethnologue 17 reports braille usage for Mizo, Garo, and Meitei. It is not clear if these are obsolete alphabets, or if they have been unified with Bharati Braille.
Digits
Digits follow international conventions and are marked by Шаблон:Bc.
See also
- Moon type is a simplification of the Latin alphabet for embossing. An adaptation for "Hindustanee"-reading blind people as proposed.
References
- ↑ With a few inconsistencies in non-native sounds in Sinhala
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Richard Sproat, Language, Technology, and Society
- ↑ UNESCO (2013) World Braille Usage Шаблон:Webarchive, 3rd edition.
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 In Urdu and Gurmukhi, Шаблон:Braille cell is used for خ/Шаблон:Lang x, based on its value in unified international braille. For the equivalent letter in Devanagari, Шаблон:Lang, the pointing diacritic can be used.
- ↑ Hindi, Nepali, Marathi
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 In Bengali and Oriya, Шаблон:Braille cell is a consonant y-sound. In the national scripts, the letters are derived from the original y, which had shifted to a j-sound. The Oriya letter, Шаблон:Lang, is transcribed ẏ.
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang are Assamese.
- ↑ These have the same sound value in Oriya.
- ↑ Unesco (2013) also has Шаблон:Braille cell for Gurmukhi Шаблон:Lang ṛh, but this is an apparent error; Шаблон:Lang is a sequence ṛ-h, not a letter of the Gurmukhi script.
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 In Urdu, Шаблон:Braille cell (kṣ) is used for ق q, the value it has in Unified Braille; Шаблон:Braille cell (jñ) is used for ح ḥ, and Шаблон:Braille cell (ḻ) for ع ʿ. For Devanagari Шаблон:Lang q, the pointing diacritic can be used.
- ↑ According to Unesco (2013), this is the value in Indian Nepali, but in Nepalese Nepali it transcribes tr, and several of the other Sanskrit letters are not used. There is no indication of how r is written after other consonants.
