Английская Википедия:Biblical literalist chronology
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:For Шаблон:Bible-related
Biblical literalist chronology is the attempt to correlate the historical dates used in the Bible with the chronology of actual events, typically starting with creation in Genesis 1:1.Шаблон:Sfn Some of the better-known calculations include Archbishop James Ussher, who placed it in 4004 BC, Isaac Newton in 4000 BC (both off the Masoretic Hebrew Bible), Martin Luther in 3961 BC, the traditional Hebrew calendar date of 3760 BC, and lastly the dates based on the Septuagint, of roughly 4650 BC.[1] The dates between the Septuagint & Masoretic are conflicting by 650 years between the genealogy of Arphaxad to Nahor in Genesis 11:12-24. The Masoretic text which lacks the 650 years of the Septuagint is the text used by most modern Bibles. There is no consensus of which is right, however, without the additional 650 years in the Septuagint, according to Egyptologists[2] the great Pyramids of Giza would pre-date the Flood (yet show no signs of water erosion) and provide no time for Tower of Babel event.
Background
The Jewish Bible (the Christian Old Testament) dates events either by simple arithmetic taking the creation of the world as the starting point, or, in the later books, by correlations between the reigns of kings in Israel and Judah.Шаблон:Sfn The data it provides falls into three periods:Шаблон:Sfn
- From the Creation to Abraham's migration to Canaan, during which events are dated by adding the ages of the patriarchs;
- From Abraham's migration to the foundation of Solomon's temple, in which the chronology in Genesis continues to be arrived at by adding ages, but from Exodus on is usually given in statements;
- From the foundation of the temple onward, which gives the reigns in years (sometimes shorter periods) of kings in Israel and Judah.
Some believe that for the biblical authors the chronology was theological in intent, functioning as prophecy and not as history.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Biblical literalism, however, does not treat it this way, because literalists have a profound respect for the Bible as the word of God.Шаблон:Sfn This way of thinking had its origins in Christian fundamentalism, an early-20th-century movement which opposed then-current non-supernatural interpretations of the life of Jesus by stressing, among other things, the verbal inspiration of scripture.Шаблон:Sfn The underlying concept, or fear, was that if anything in the Bible were not true, everything would collapse.Шаблон:Sfn
Literalist chronologies
The creation of a literalist chronology of the Bible faces several hurdles, of which the following are the most significant:
- There are different texts of the Jewish Bible, the major text-families being: the Septuagint, a Greek translation of the original Hebrew scriptures made in the last few centuries before Christ; the Masoretic text, a version of the Hebrew text curated by the Jewish rabbis but the earliest manuscripts of which date from the early years of the 2nd millennium CE; and the Samaritan text, restricted to the five books of the Torah plus the Book of Joshua. The three differ quite markedly from each other.Шаблон:Sfn
- Literalists prefer the Masoretic text, on which Protestant Bibles are based, but the Masoretic text sometimes contains absurdities, as when it states that Saul came to the throne at the age of one and reigned for two years. Such obvious errors can be corrected by reference to other versions of the Bible (in this case the Septuagint, which gives more realistic numbers), but their existence calls into question the fundamentalist idea that the MT text is the inspired word of God.Шаблон:Sfn Most fundamentalists, with the notable exception of the King James Only movement, avoid this by holding that only the authors of the original autographs (the very first copies written by Moses and others) were inspired by God.Шаблон:Sfn
- Very few events in the Bible are mentioned in outside sources, making it difficult to move from a relative chronology (X happened before Y happened) to an absolute one (X happened in a known year).
- The Bible is not always consistent.Шаблон:Sfn For example, Exodus 12:40 states that the Israelites spent 430 years in Egypt, while Paul in Galatians 3:17 says the 430 years covers the period from Abraham to Moses.Шаблон:Sfn
- Literal interpretation of the earlier parts of Bible is in direct contradiction with modern science.[3]
Tables
The Bible measures events from the year of God's creation of the world, a type of calendar called Anno Mundi ("Year of the World"), shortened as AM. The task of a literal biblical chronology is to convert this to dates in the modern chronology expressed as years before or after Christ, BC and AD. There have been many attempts to do this, none of them universally accepted. The following tables (derived from Thomas L. Thompson, The Mythic Past; notes within the table as cited) divide the Bible's AM dates by the three periods into which they most naturally fall.Шаблон:Sfn
Creation to Abraham's migration to Canaan
Masoretic Date (AM) |
Event |
Note |
---|---|---|
AM 1 AM 1656 AM 1946 AM 2021 |
Creation Flood Birth of Abraham Entry into Canaan |
From Creation to the birth of Abraham time is calculated by adding the ages of the Patriarchs when their first child is born.Шаблон:Sfn It seems possible that the period of the Flood is not meant to be included in the count – Shem, born 100 years before the Flood, "begot" his first son two years after it, which should make him 102, but Genesis 11:10–11 specifies that he is only 100, suggesting that time has been suspended.Шаблон:Sfn
Rashi explains that Japheth was born 100 years before the flood, and Shem was born two years later, solving the discrepancy.[4] A literal chronology would put the creation of the world about 4000 BCE and the Flood about 2300 BCE.Шаблон:Sfn The best-known attempt to provide a date for Creation is probably that of Archbishop James Ussher, who placed it 4004 BCE, but there are many alternatives, including Isaac Newton in 4000 BCE, Martin Luther in 3961 BCE, the traditional Jewish date of 3760 BCE, and the traditional Greek Orthodox date, based on the Septuagint, of 5009 BCE.Шаблон:Sfn The dates given to subsequent events such as the Flood will depend on this initial date. |
Abraham's entry into Canaan to the foundation of Solomon's temple
Masoretic Date (AM) |
Event |
Note |
---|---|---|
AM 2236 AM 2666 AM 3146 |
Entrance into Egypt The Exodus Foundation of Solomon's Temple |
The 215 years between Abraham's call to enter Canaan (AM 2021) and Jacob's entry into Egypt (AM 2236) are calculated from the ages of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob provided in Genesis; the 430 year period in Egypt is stated in Exodus 12:40, although St. Paul in the New Testament says that the 430 years covers the entire period from Abraham to the exodus.Шаблон:Sfn The Exodus (AM 2666) occurs exactly two-thirds of the way through the 4,000 years from the Creation to the rededication of the Temple in 164 BCE, marking it as the pivotal event of the chronology.Шаблон:Sfn It is also two-thirds of the way through the 40 notional "generations" of 100 years each making up the 4,000 years, with Aaron, the first High Priest, being the 26th generation from Adam.Шаблон:Sfn A literal reading of the Biblical chronology would place the Exodus about 1446 BCE, on the basis of the statement in 1 Kings 6:1 that the Temple was founded 480 years after the Exodus.Шаблон:Sfn From this a literal chronology can deduce dates for the entry into Canaan 40 years later and the birth of Moses 80 years earlier. It seems impossible, however, to reconcile the 430 years in Egypt with the Bible's information (Exodus 12:40) that this involved only four generations.Шаблон:Sfn |
After Solomon's temple
Masoretic Date (AM) |
Event |
Note |
---|---|---|
AM 3146 to AM 3576 AM 3626 AM 4000 |
Foundation of the Temple (Kings of Israel and Judah) Siege of Jerusalem and destruction of the Temple Re-foundation of the Second Temple Re-dedication of the Temple |
The period from the foundation of the Temple to its destruction, 430 years, is found by adding the reigns of the kings of Judah from the fourth year of Solomon (the year of the Temple's foundation).Шаблон:Sfn The fourth year of Solomon came exactly 1,200 years after the birth of Abraham (Abraham was born in AM 1946 if the two years of the Flood are excluded),Шаблон:Sfn and there were exactly 20 kings in both Judah and Israel following Solomon, despite Judah lasting more than a century longer than Israel.Шаблон:Sfn The complete chronology seems to point towards the re-dedication of the Temple by the Maccabees in 164 BCE bringing the chronology to AM 4000, from which the entire cycle is calculated backwards.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The chronology of the monarchy, unlike that of earlier periods, can be checked against non-Biblical sources and seems to be correct in general terms.Шаблон:Sfn This raises the prospect that the Books of Kings can be used to reconstruct a chronology for the monarchy, but the task has in fact proven intractably difficult.Шаблон:Sfn The problem is that the books contain numerous contradictions: to take just one example, since Rehoboam of Judah and Jeroboam of Israel began to rule at the same time (1 Kings 12), and since Ahaziah of Judah and Joram of Israel were killed at the same time (1 Kings 9:24, 27), the same amount of time should have elapsed in both kingdoms, but the count shows 95 years passing in Judah and 98 in Israel.Шаблон:Sfn In short, "[t]he data concerning the synchronisms appeared in hopeless contradiction with the data as to the lengths of reigns."Шаблон:Sfn Possibly the most widely followed attempt to resolve the problems is Edwin R. Thiele's The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings (three editions between 1951 and 1983), but his work has been widely criticised for, among other things, introducing "innumerable" co-regencies, constructing a "complex system of calendars", and using "unique" patterns of calculation; as a result his following is largely among scholars "committed ... to a doctrine of scripture's absolute harmony" (the criticism is to be found in Brevard Childs' Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture).Шаблон:Sfn Subsequent scholars continue to propose alternative chronologies, but, in the words of a recent commentary on Kings, there is "little consensus on acceptable methods of dealing with conflicting data."Шаблон:Sfn |
Example of literalist chronology
Шаблон:Religious text primary Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Essay-like The following tabulation of years and dates is according to the literal letter of the text of the Bible alone. Links to multiple translations and versions are provided for verification. For comparison, known historically dated events are associated with the resultant literal dates. Dates according to the famous Ussher chronology appear in small type italics "Шаблон:Small" (Latin: "Year of the World"), "Шаблон:Small" (Latin: "Before Christ"). In ancient Israel a part year was designated as the previous king's last year and the new king's 1st year. The arithmetic can be checked by starting at the bottom of the table with the date of the destruction of the Temple in 587 and adding the number of years in the Scriptures (books of the Prophets and Chronicles through Genesis) back up to the beginning. Dates with events in italics appearing in Шаблон:Small for historical comparison are according to Bernard Grun's The Timetables of History. For the period after 587 BCE known historical dates are used as referents. Biblical source texts for stated numbers of years are referenced and linked. Reference sources are the RSVCE,[5] The New American Bible[6] The Timetables of History by Bernard Grun, and the Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary (2003).
Adam to the Flood 4246–2590 BC
Before Christ (BC) |
Event | Bible texts |
---|---|---|
4246 Шаблон:Small |
The year Adam was formed."4246 BC." Reckoning the years (beginning with the Exodus from Egypt as 1577 BC) in Egypt 430 years, Israel/Jacob (before 17 years in Egypt) 130 years, Isaac 60, Abraham 100, Terah 70, Nahor 29, Serug 30, Reu 32, Peleg 30, Eber 34, Shelah 30, Arpachshad 35, Shem 100 (2 years after the flood), Noah 503 (601 years old when the flood ended and Shem was 98Шаблон:Sndhe was 503 years old when Shem was bornШаблон:Snd503 years), Lamech 182, Methuselah 187, Enoch 65, Jared 162, Mahalalel 65, Kenan 70, Enosh 90, Seth 105, Adam 130 = 2669 years back to 4246 BC (1577–4246). He lived 930 years (4246–3316).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
4116 Шаблон:Small |
The year Seth was born.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
4011 Шаблон:Small |
The year Enosh was born.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
3921 | The year Kenan was born.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
3851 | The year Mahalalel was born.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
3786 | The year Jared was born.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
3624 | The year Enoch was born.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
3559 | The year Methuselah was born.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
3372 | The year Lamech was born.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
3316 | The year Adam died. He was 930 years old (4246–3316).
|
Genesis 5:5 |
3259 Шаблон:Small |
The year Enoch was taken by God. He was 365 years old (3624–3259).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
3204 | The year Seth died. He was 912 years old (4116–3204).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
3190 Шаблон:Small |
The year Noah was born.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
3106 | The year Enosh died. He was 905 years old (4011–3106).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
3011 | The year Kenan died. He was 910 years old (3921–3011).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2956 | The year Mahalalel died. He was 895 years old (3851–2956).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2824 | The year Jared died. He was 962 years old (3786–2824).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2690 | Noah was 500 years old.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2687 | The year Shem was born. He was 100 years old 2 years after the Flood, when Noah was 603.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2595 | The year Lamech died. He was 777 years old (3372–2595).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2590 Шаблон:Small |
The year Methuselah died. He was 969 years old (3559–2590).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Genesis 7:11 |
The Flood to Abram 2589–2211 BC
Before Christ (BC) |
Event | Bible texts |
---|---|---|
2589 | The Flood waters dried up, and the ark came to rest on the Mountains of Ararat.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Genesis 8:13 |
2587 Шаблон:Small |
The year Arpachshad was born, 2 years after the Flood.
|
Genesis 11:10 |
2552 | The year Shelah was born.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2522 | The year Eber was born.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2488 | The year Peleg was born. "...in his days the earth was divided."
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2458 | The year Reu was born.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2426 | The year Serug was born.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2396 | The year Nahor was born.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2367 | The year Terah was born.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2297 | The year Abram was born.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2287 | The year Sarai was born, half-sister of Abram.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2249 | The year Peleg died. He was 239 years old (30 + 209) (2488–2249).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2248 | The year Nahor died. He was 148 years old (29 + 119) (2396–2248).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2240 | The year Noah died. He was 950 years old (3190–2240 BCE).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2222 Шаблон:Small |
The year Abram departed from Haran. He was 75 years old (2297–2222).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2219 | The year Reu died. He was 239 years old (32 + 207) (2458–2219).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
c. 2219–2211 Шаблон:Small |
"And in the 14th year..." The Battle of the kings in the Valley of Siddim.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2212–2211 Шаблон:Small |
"After Abram had dwelt ten years in the land of Canaan..." (2221–2211) Sarai gave her handmaid Hagar to Abram as a wife.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
Abraham to Joseph 2198–1936 BC
Before Christ (BC) |
Event | Bible texts |
---|---|---|
2198 Шаблон:Small |
The Covenant of circumcision.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2197 Шаблон:Small |
The year Isaac was born.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2196 | The year Serug died. He was 230 years old (2426–2196).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
c. 2195–2192 Шаблон:Small |
Isaac was weaned about 2–5 years old. Abraham made a great feast.
|
Genesis 16:16 Шаблон:Bibleverse |
Шаблон:Small | The binding of Isaac.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2162 | The year Terah died in Haran. He was 205 years old (2367–2162).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2160 Шаблон:Small |
The year Sarah died at Hebron. She was 127 years old (2287–2160). Abraham bought the field and the cave in Machpelah. The first possession of the promised land in Palestine.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2149 | The year Arpachshad died. He was 438 years old (35 + 403) (2587–2149).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2137 Шаблон:Small |
The year Esau and Jacob were born.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2122 Шаблон:Small |
The year Abraham died. He was 175 years old (2297–2122).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2119 | The year Shelah died. He was 433 years old (30 + 403) (2552–2119).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Small |
2087 | The year Shem died. He was 600 years old (2687–2087).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2074 | The year Ishmael died. He was 137 years old (2211–2074).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2060 Шаблон:Small |
Jacob was sent away to Paddan-aram to take a wife from the daughters of Laban.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2058 | The year Eber died. He was 464 years old (34 + 430) (2522–2058).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2053 Шаблон:Small |
The year Jacob completed 7 years of service to Laban for Rachel (2060–2053). He was given Leah instead.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
c. 2051–2050 | The approximate time when Levi was born (about 30–33 months after Jacob married Leah).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2046 Шаблон:Small |
The year Joseph was born.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2040 Шаблон:Small |
God commanded Jacob to return to the land of his fathers and to his kindred.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2029 Шаблон:Small |
The year Joseph was 17 years old, a mere lad, a boy, he was sold, and taken into Egypt.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2018 Шаблон:Small |
11 years had passed. Joseph was 28 years old.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2017 | The year Isaac died. He was 180 years old (2197–2017).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2016 Шаблон:Small |
Joseph was 30 years old when he was brought out of prison and interpreted Pharaoh's dreams. He entered Pharaoh's service, was placed over the whole land of Egypt, and was married to Asenath.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
c. 2010 | Manasseh and Ephraim were born before the year of famine came.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2009 Шаблон:Small |
The 7 years of famine began.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
2007 Шаблон:Small |
The year Israel entered Egypt.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1990 Шаблон:Small |
The year Israel died. He was 147 years old (2137–1990).
|
Genesis 47:28 |
1977 | 30 years after Israel entered Egypt, the Egyptians began to enslave the Israelites. Abraham's "posterity would be aliens in a land belonging to others, who would enslave them and ill-treat them 400 years" (1977–1577 BCE).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1936 Шаблон:Small |
The year Joseph died. He was 110 years old (2046–1936). | Шаблон:Bibleverse |
Egypt to the Exodus 1914–1577 BCE
Before the Common Era (BCE) |
Event | Bible texts |
---|---|---|
c. 1914 | The approximate year that Levi died. He was 137 years old (c. 2051–1914). | Шаблон:Bibleverse |
Шаблон:Small c. 1848–1686 |
Шаблон:Small Hammurabi began reign in 1848, 1792, or 1736 BCE[10]Шаблон:Sndhe reigned 1792 BCE to 1750 BCE according to the middle chronology, 1728 BCE to 1686 BCE according to the short chronology.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1660 | The year Aaron was born. Miriam's age is not given. | Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
c. 1659 | The cities of Pithom and Ra-amses/Rameses were built (c. 1659–1638).[note 3] | Шаблон:Bibleverse |
c. 1659–1657 Шаблон:Small |
Pharaoh decreed that every son born to the Hebrews be thrown into the Nile.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1657 Шаблон:Small |
Moses was born, and hidden 3 months. —interval between death of Joseph 1936 BCE and birth of Moses 1657 BCE = 279 years literal count. (1936 – 1657 = 279 years.)
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Exodus 7:7 Numbers 20:1 Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1617 Шаблон:Small |
Moses was 40 years old (1657–1617) when he killed the Egyptian. Pharaoh sought to kill him, and Moses fled.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1615 | The year Joshua was born (if like Caleb he was 40 years old when he was sent forth as a leader with the spies from the wilderness of Paran to spy out the land 2 years after the Exodus). | Exodus 7:7 Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1577 Шаблон:Small |
Moses was 80 years old (1657–1577) when he was sent back to Egypt. Aaron was 83 years old.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
The Wilderness Period to the Conquest of Canaan 1576–1505 BC
Before Christmas (BC) |
Event | Bible texts |
---|---|---|
1576 Шаблон:Small |
The Tabernacle was erected 1 year after the people of Israel came out of the land of Egypt, in the first month, on the first day, at the beginning of the second year.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1575 | Moses sent out Hoshea/Joshua the son of Nun and 11 other leaders in Israel from the wilderness of Paran to spy out the land of Canaan. Caleb was 40 years old. At their report the congregation cried out, and God decreed the people would wander in the wilderness 40 years.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
c. 1538/7 | Miriam died (age not given) 1537 (?) – see the interval of time in Numbers between the death of Miriam and the death of her brother Aaron. Numbers 20:1–33:38. | Numbers 20:1 Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1537 Шаблон:Small |
The 40th year after the people of Israel had come out of Egypt (1577–1537). Aaron died. He was 123 years old (1660–1537). Moses also died. He was 120 years old (1657–1537).
|
Numbers 20:1 Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Joshua 14:6–7 Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1537–1505 Шаблон:Small |
The conquest of Canaan, a period of 32 (?) years, beginning with Jericho (1536). The Bible does not state the number of the years of the conquest of Canaan during the lifetime of Joshua, only that Joshua was 110 years old when he died. |
Deuteronomy 2:14 Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1505 Шаблон:Small |
The year Joshua died. He was 110 years old (1615–1505). "...Israel served the LORD all the days of Joshua, and all the days of the elders who outlived Joshua..." (Joshua 24:30–31).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Joshua 14:7–10 Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
The Judges to the United Monarchy 1505–1018 BCE
Before the Common Era (BCE) |
Event | Bible texts |
---|---|---|
1505 | "...the people served the LORD...all the days of the elders who outlived Joshua...and there arose a generation after them, who did not know the LORD...."
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse "about 450 years" to c. 1055 BCE (1505 – 450 = 1055) |
1505–1497 | Israel served Cushan-Rishathaim king of Mesopotamia 8 years.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1497–1457 | Othniel, son of Kenaz the younger brother of Caleb, judged Israel.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1457–1439 | Israel served Eglon king of Moab 18 years. | Judges 2:19 Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1439–1359 | Ehud delivered Israel and the land had rest for 80 years. | Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1359 | After Ehud died, Shamgar delivered Israel. | Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1359–1339 | Jabin king of Canaan cruelly oppressed the people of Israel for 20 years.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1339–1299 | The land of Israel had rest 40 years. | Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1299–1292 | Israel was in the hand of Midian 7 years. | Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1292–1252 Шаблон:Small |
Gideon/Jerubbaal delivered Israel (1292). The land of Israel had rest 40 years in the days of Gideon (1292–1252).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1252–1249 Шаблон:Small |
Abimelech ruled over Israel 3 years. | Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1249–1226 | Tola judged Israel 23 years. | Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1226–1204 | Jair judged Israel 22 years.[note 8] | Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1204–1186 | Israel was crushed and oppressed in the hand of the Philistines and in the hand of the Ammonites 18 years. | Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1186–1180 Шаблон:Small |
Jephthah judged Israel 6 years.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1180–1173 | Ibzan judged Israel 7 years.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1173–1163 | Elon judged Israel 10 years 1173–1163
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1163–1155 | Abdon judged Israel 8 years. | Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1155–1115 | Israel was in the hand of the Philistines 40 years. This can be divided into 2 periods:
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
no date | Unknown period of time (from Samson to Eli):
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1115 | Eli was 59 years old (1174–1115), and he judged Israel 40 years (1115–1075).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1115–1105 | Eli was 68 years old (1173–1105) and judge of Israel 40 years (1115–1075). Saul was anointed king over Israel by Samuel the prophet "when Samuel became old" and Samuel was judge over Israel. 1 Samuel 6–10. Saul reigned 42 years (1105–1063/2), according to 1 Samuel 13:1.[note 10]
|
1 Samuel 4:10–18 1 Samuel 6:1–3 1 Samuel 7:2 1 Samuel 8:1 1 Samuel 8:22 1 Samuel 9:25–10:1 1 Samuel 10:17–26 Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1103 | Eli was 70 years old and judge of Israel 40 years (1115–1075). 1 Samuel 4:15–18. Saul son of Kish, of the tribe of Benjamin, was anointed king over Israel by Samuel the prophet "when Samuel became old" and Samuel was judge over Israel. 1 Samuel 6–10. Saul reigned 40 years (1103–1063/2), according to Acts 13:21,[note 12][note 13] and according to some readings of 1 Samuel 13:1.[note 10]
|
1 Samuel 4:8–10 1 Samuel 6:1–3 1 Samuel 7:2 1 Samuel 8:1 1 Samuel 8:22 1 Samuel 9:25–10:1 1 Samuel 10:17–26 1 Samuel 13:1 Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1095 | Eli was 88 years old and judge of Israel (1115–1075). Saul was anointed by Samuel the prophet "when Samuel became old" and Samuel was judge over Israel. 1 Samuel 6–10. Saul reigned 32 years (1095–1063/2) according to 1 Samuel 13:1.[note 10]
|
1 Samuel 6–10 |
1092 | The year David son of Jesse was born. Eli was 82 years old and judge of Israel (1115–1075). Saul had been king over Israel 13 years (1105–1092), 11 years (1103–1092), 3 years (1095–1092). |
1 Samuel 13:1 Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1075 Шаблон:Small |
The ark of the covenant was captured by the Philistines. Eli died. He was 98 years old (1173–1075); he had judged Israel 40 years (1115–1075). The ark remained in the land of the Philistines 7 months.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1075 | The ark of the covenant was sent back to Israel, and it remained in the house of Abinadab 20 years at Kiriath-Jearim (1075–1055). | Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1075–1064 Шаблон:Small |
Samuel judged Israel 11 years after Eli died (1075–1064).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse 1 Samuel 9–12 1 Samuel 13:1 Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1064–1063/2 | David fled and dwelt at Ziklag 1 year 4 months. | Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1063/2 Шаблон:Small |
The year Saul was slain on Mount Gilboa with his sons. He died 72 years old, 70 years old, 32 years old, 3 years old, age unknown.[note 14][note 10] Compare Acts 13:21, 1 Samuel 7:2; 13:1 and 2 Samuel 5:4–6:11[note 13]
|
1 Samuel 7:2 1 Samuel 13:1 Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Acts 13:21 |
1062–1055 | David at Hebron was anointed king over the house of Judah (1062).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1055 Шаблон:Small |
David was anointed king over Israel by all the elders of Israel.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1055–1022 | David reigned over all Israel and Judah 33 years.
|
2 Samuel 5:4–5 Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1022 Шаблон:Small |
The year David died. He was 70 years old (30 + 40) (1092–1022). | Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
1018 Шаблон:Small |
Solomon began to build the house of the LORD the 4th year of his reign (1022–1018).
|
1 Kings 6:1 Psalm 72 Psalm 127 |
1011 | Solomon finished building the house of the LORD the 11th year of his reign (1022–1011). He was 7 years building it (1018–1011).
|
1 Kings 6:37–38 |
Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Small |
The Divided Monarchy to the Destruction of the Temple 982–587 BCE
Before the Common Era (BCE) |
Event | Bible texts |
---|---|---|
982 Шаблон:Small |
The year Solomon died (age not given). He had reigned 40 years (1022–982).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
982–965/4 | Rehoboam reigned 17 years (982–965), and he died. He was 58 years old (41 + 17) (1022–964)
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
964–961 Шаблон:Small |
Abijam reigned 3 years. | Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
961–920 Шаблон:Small |
Asa reigned 41 years. | Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
920–895 Шаблон:Small |
Jehoshaphat reigned 25 years, and he died. He was 60 years old (35 + 25). | Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
895–887 | Jehoram/Joram reigned 8 years, and he died. He was 40 years old (32 + 8). | Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
887–886 | Ahaziah reigned 1 year, and he died. According to 2 Kings, he was 23 years old when he died (22 + 1). According to 2 Chronicles, he was 43 years old when he died (42 + 1). |
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
886–879 | Athaliah reigned 6/7 years, and was slain. | Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
879–839 Шаблон:Small |
Jehoash/Joash reigned 40 years, and he died. He was 47 years old (7 + 40). | Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
839–810 Шаблон:Small |
Amaziah reigned 29 years, and he died. He was 54 years old (25 + 29).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Hosea 1:1 Jonah 1:1 |
810–758 Шаблон:Small |
Azariah/Uzziah reigned 52 years, and he died. He was 68 years old (16 + 52).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Hosea 1:1 Amos 1:1 Jonah 1:1 Jonah 3 Zechariah 14:5 |
758–742 Шаблон:Small |
Jotham reigned 16 years, and he died. He was 41 years old (25 + 16).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Isaiah 1:1 Шаблон:Bibleverse Micah 1:1 |
742–726 | Ahaz reigned 16 years, and he died. He was 36 years old (20 + 16).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
726–697 Шаблон:Small |
Hezekiah reigned 29 years, and he died. He was 54 years old (25 + 29).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse DR Шаблон:Bibleverse NRSV Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
697–642 Шаблон:Small |
Manasseh reigned 55 years, and he died. He was 67 years old (12 + 55).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Joel 1:6–12 Micah 1:1 Micah 5:1 Шаблон:Bibleverse Nahum 3:15–17 Prayer of Manasseh |
642–640 Шаблон:Small |
Amon reigned 2 years, and he died. He was 24 years old (22 + 2).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
640–609 Шаблон:Small |
Josiah reigned 31 years, and he died. He was 39 years old (8 + 31).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse DR Шаблон:Bibleverse NRSV Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Jeremiah 1:1–2 Ezekiel 1:1 Nahum 2 Шаблон:Bibleverse Zephaniah 1:1 Шаблон:Bibleverse |
609 Шаблон:Small |
Jehoahaz reigned 3 months, and Pharaoh Neco took him away.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
609–598 Шаблон:Small |
Eliakim/Jehoiakim reigned 11 years, and he died. He was 36 years old (25 + 11).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
598 Шаблон:Small |
Jehoiachin/Jeconiah/Coniah reigned 3 months and ten days. Isaiah, Jeremiah, Zephaniah and Daniel were prophets.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Jeremiah 24:1 Шаблон:Bibleverse Jeremiah 37:1 |
598–588 Шаблон:Small |
Mattaniah/Zedekiah was 21 years old (598) when he was made king of Judah by Nebuchadnezzar. He reigned 11 years, until he was 32 years old (587).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse NRSV Шаблон:Bibleverse NRSV compare Шаблон:Bibleverse DR Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Ezekiel 1:1 Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
587 | The 11th year of Zedekiah, the 18th year of Nebuchadnezzar. Isaiah, Zephaniah, Jeremiah, Daniel and Ezekiel were prophets.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Judith 2:1–14 Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse DR Ezekiel 31 Ezekiel 36 Шаблон:Bibleverse |
The Babylonian Captivity to the Decree of Cyrus 586–539 BCE
Before the Common Era (BCE) |
Event | Bible texts |
---|---|---|
586 Шаблон:Small |
The 19th year and 2nd year of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar. The 12th year of the exile of Jehoiachin/Jeconiah/Coniah. Isaiah, Jeremiah, Daniel and Ezekiel were prophets.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
582 Шаблон:Small |
The 23rd year and 6th year of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar. Isaiah, Jeremiah, Daniel and Ezekiel were prophets.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
582/1 | The 24th year and 7th year of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar. Isaiah, Jeremiah, Daniel and Ezekiel were prophets.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
581 | Tobit, 158 years old (RSVCE, KJV),[note 18] told his son to "leave Nineveh, because what the prophet Jonah said will surely happen", and then he died. (The destruction foretold by Jonah, described by Nahum and Zephaniah, occurred in 612 BCE.)[20]
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse DR Шаблон:Bibleverse NAB Шаблон:Bibleverse NRSV Tobit 14:2–11 RSVCE, KJV Jonah 3 Nahum 2 Шаблон:Bibleverse |
571 | The 27th year of the exile of Jehoiachin/Jeconiah (598–571). The word of the LORD to Ezekiel that Nebuchadnezzar will be given the land of Egypt and its wealth for his army as recompense for his labor for the LORD. |
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
562 Шаблон:Small |
Nebuchadnezzar II died (reigned 605–562 BCE). He was succeeded by his son Evil-merodach/Awel-marduk. Daniel was prophet. |
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
561–560 | Evil-merodach/Awel-marduk began to reign in 561. Daniel was prophet. | Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
560–539 | From the reign of Neriglissar (560) to the 1st year of Cyrus (539). Daniel was prophet.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse DR Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
539 Шаблон:Small |
The 17th year of Nabonidus, and the 14th year of Belshazzar. Belshazzar's feast. Daniel interpreted the writing on the wall. Belshazzar proclaimed Daniel/Belteshazzar the 3rd ruler in the kingdom.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse DR Шаблон:Bibleverse NAB |
The Second Temple to Alexander the Great 538–334 BCE
Before the Common Era (BCE) |
Event | Bible texts |
---|---|---|
538 Шаблон:Small |
The beginning of the 2nd year of the coming to the house of God at Jerusalem. Daniel was prophet.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
536 Шаблон:Small |
The 3rd year of Cyrus king of Persia. Daniel was prophet.
|
2 Chronicles 36:22–23 Ezra 1:1–4 Шаблон:Bibleverse |
530–520 | Cyrus the Great died 4 December 530. He was succeeded by Cambyses II son of Cyrus (reigned 530–522).
|
Ezra 4:24 Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
520–519 Шаблон:Small |
520. The 2nd year of Darius the king (520). Haggai and Zechariah were prophets.
|
Daniel 9:23–27 Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
518–517 | The 4th year of Darius the king (reigned 522–486 BCE). Zechariah and Obadiah were prophets.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
486 | "...and in the reign of Ahasuerus in the beginning of his reign they wrote an accusation against the inhabitants of Jerusalem." Ezra 4:6. | Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
484–483 Шаблон:Small |
The 2nd year of the reign of "Artaxerxes the Great"/Ahasuerus.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
479–478 Шаблон:Small |
The 7th year of Ahasuerus (reigned 486–465/4 BCE).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
474–473 Шаблон:Small |
The 12th year of Ahasuerus.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
471 | The year that Tobiah, son of Tobit, died 127 years old, 110 years after the death of his father (581).[note 18] "But before he died he heard of the destruction of Nineveh" (612 BCE), and he rejoiced. | Tobit 14:14–15 RSVCE, KJV |
c. 460–445 | The Book of Malachi is not dated by a reference to a ruler or specific event.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
c. 446/5 | "...and in the days of Artaxerxes..." (Artaxerxes I who reigned 465–424)
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
445 Шаблон:Small |
The 20th year of Artaxerxes.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
445–433 Шаблон:Small |
Nehemiah was governor of Judah 12 years, from the 20th year to the 32nd year of Artaxerxes (reigned 465–424, 41 years).
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
c. 445–333 | High priests recorded in Book of Nehemiah 12:10–11:
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
c. 7th–5th century | See: Book of Job The author of the book of Job is not known; it was composed some time between the 7th and 5th centuries BCE.[52] "There was a man in the land of Uz..." |
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
356–334 | Alexander was born in 356 BCE, son of Philip of Macedon. | Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
Jaddua the high priest to John Hyrcanus 333–104 BCE
Before the Common Era (BCE) |
Event | Bible texts |
---|---|---|
c. 333 | Jaddua, son of Jonathan, was high priest probably at the end of the Persian period when Alexander the Great approached Jerusalem about 333 BCE.[55] | Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
See: First Book of Maccabees (333–124 BCE) | ||
333–323 Шаблон:Small |
Alexander, son of Philip of Macedon defeated Darius, and became king of the Persians and Medes (333 BCE). 1 Maccabees 1:1.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
323–217 | "Then his officers began to rule, each in his own place. They all put on crowns after his death, and so did their sons after them for many years; and they caused many evils on the earth" (323–175). 1 Maccabees 1:8–9. Compare Daniel 8:5–7; 11:3–44.[note 25][54] |
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
281–246 | Reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse NAB literalist footnotes Шаблон:Bibleverse |
219 | Simon, son of Jochanan/Onias, became high priest (219–196 BCE).[58]
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse 1 Maccabees 12:7 |
See: Third Book of Maccabees (217 June–c. 216/215) | ||
217–c. 215 | Persecution under Ptolemy IV Philopator
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
200 | Syria defeated Egypt at the Battle of Paneas. Daniel 11:13. The siege of Sidon after the Battle of Paneas. Daniel 11:15[note 25] |
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
197 | Antiochus III betrothed his daughter to Ptolemy V Epiphanes. | Шаблон:Bibleverse |
See: Second Book of Maccabees (c. 196–161 BCE) | ||
196–175 | Onias III became high priest (196–175 BCE). | Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
177[60] or 78–77[61] Шаблон:Small |
"The 4th year of the reign of Ptolemy and Cleopatra, Dositheus, who said that he was a priest and a Levite, and Ptolemy his son brought to Egypt the...Letter of Purim..."
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
Шаблон:Small | During the high priesthood of Onias III 196–175 BCE.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
175 | Seleucus IV Philopator king of Syria died. He was succeeded by Antiochus IV Epiphanes. |
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Maccabees 3:1–35 Шаблон:Bibleverse |
175–170 Шаблон:Small |
175. Antiochus Epiphanes began to reign in the 137th year of the kingdom of the Greeks (175 BCE). 1 Maccabees 1:10; Daniel 7:8.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse 2 Maccabees 4:7 Шаблон:Bibleverse |
169–167 Шаблон:Small |
The persecution under Antiochus Epiphanes.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
166–164 | The Maccabean revolt
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
163–160 | The death of Antiochus IV to the death of Judas Maccabeus.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
159–140 Шаблон:Small |
Jonathan Apphus accepted the leadership and took the place of his brother Judas (160/159 BCE). 1 Maccabees 9:28–31.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
138–104 Шаблон:Small |
The 5th year of Simon the great high priest to the death of John Hyrcanus son of Simon.
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse Шаблон:Bibleverse |
Esther 11:1Шаблон:Sndthe 4th year of Ptolemy and Cleopatra as possibly 78–77 BCE
Before the Common Era (BCE) |
Event | Bible texts |
---|---|---|
177 or 78–77 | "The 4th year of the reign of Ptolemy and Cleopatra, Dositheus, who said that he was a priest and a Levite, and Ptolemy his son brought to Egypt the...Letter of Purim..."
|
Esther 11:1 |
2 Maccabees 1:10–12Шаблон:SndAristobulus II 66–63 BCE
Before the Common Era (BCE) |
Event | Bible texts |
---|---|---|
66–63 | "...To Aristobulus,[note 28] who is of the family of the anointed priests, teacher of Ptolemy the king...Having been saved by God out of grave dangers we thank him greatly for taking our side against the king. For he drove out those who fought against the holy city."
|
Шаблон:Bibleverse |
See also
- Council of Jamnia
- Dating creation
- History of ancient Israel and Judah
- Intertestamental period
- Universal history
- Young earth creationism
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Dead link
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Dead link
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Dead link
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ The Septuagint Hebrew Bible contains an additional 650 years then the Masoretic of Genesis 11:12-24.
- ↑ Pyramids were built in 2550 B.C. according to National Geographic which would pre-date the Flood in 2350 B.C. according to creationist based on dates given in the Masoretic text.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Revised Standard Version, © 1966 Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America, published by Thomas Nelson Publishers for Ignatius Press, Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Clayton, Peter A., Chronicle of the Pharaohs, p. 42. Thames and Hudson, London, 2006. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Malek, Jaromir, "The Old Kingdom" in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, ed. Ian Shaw, Oxford University Press, 2000, Шаблон:ISBN, p. 88.
- ↑ Dates of Sargon according to Sumerian King List. Kramer, S. Noah, The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character, Chicago, 1963.
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 "Hammurabi", Gary D. Baldwin and E. Ray Clendenen, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, pp. 708–10.
- ↑ "Egypt", Daniel C. Browning, Jr. and Kirk Kilpatrick, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, pp. 463b–69.
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 12,4 12,5 12,6 Ryholt, Kim S. B., The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800–1550 BCE, (Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications) vol 20, Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997. p. 192.
- ↑ Ryholt, K. "The Date of Kings Sheshi and Ya'qub-Har and the Rise of the Fourteenth Dynasty", The Second Intermediate Period: Current Research, Future Prospects, edited by M. Maree, Orientalis Lovaniensis Analecta 192, Leuven, Peeters, 2010, pp. 109–26.
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 Thomas Schneider: Ancient Egyptian Chronology – Edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton. Brill 2006. available online, scroll down to pp. 195–96 and footnote 135 for Schneider date 1658 BCE. "Providing any exact figure for the total duration of the period of Dyn. 13–17 is impossible." (p. 195)
- ↑ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2000) The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 148. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ "one year old" Шаблон:SndSee The Pulpit Commentary: 1 Samuel 13.
- ↑ Hebrew text: RSVCE 2 Samuel 15:7 "And at the end of four years...Шаблон:Sndfootnote: "Gk Syr: Heb. forty".
- ↑ "forty years": according to the New American Standard Bible (NASB), King James Version (KJV), King James Version 2000 (KJV 2000/Jubilee 2000), American King James Version (AKJV), Douay–Rheims Bible (DR), Darby's Translation (DARBY), English Revised Version (ERV), Webster's Translation (WT), World English Bible (WEB), Young's Literal Translation (YLT)
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 "Hosea", Billy K. Smith, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, pp. 784–85.
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 "Nineve or Nineveh", Edwin Yamauchi, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 1192.
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 "Amos", Ray L. Honeycutt, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 1192.
- ↑ "Tiglath-Pileser", Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 1595.
- ↑ Шаблон:Bibleverse, Шаблон:Bibleverse-nb, Шаблон:Bibleverse-nb; Шаблон:Bibleverse; Шаблон:Bibleverse.
- ↑ "Micah", Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 1117.
- ↑ 25,0 25,1 "Joel, book of", Alvin O. Collins, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, pp. 929–30.
- ↑ "Merodach-Baladan", Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 1108.
- ↑ "Assyria", Daniel C. Browning, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 136.
- ↑ "Esarhaddon", M. Stephen Davis, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 502.
- ↑ "Nahum, book of", Scott Langston, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 1170.
- ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 30,3 "Zephaniah 2.", "Zephaniah, book of", Paul L. Redditt and E. Ray Clendenen, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, pp. 1706–07.
- ↑ 31,0 31,1 31,2 "Ezekiel", Daniel I. Block, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, pp. 536–37.
- ↑ "Habakkuk", "Habakkuk, book of", John H. Tullock, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, pp. 696–594.Шаблон:Page needed
- ↑ "Nabopolassar", Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 1167.
- ↑ "Necho", "Nechoh", "Neco", Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 1181.
- ↑ "Hophra", Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 781.
- ↑ "Lamentations, book of", David K. Stabnow, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 1008.
- ↑ "Johanan 1.", Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 931.
- ↑ 38,0 38,1 "Babylon", Daniel C. Browning, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, pp. 155–60.
- ↑ "Evil-merodach, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 521.
- ↑ 40,0 40,1 "Cyrus", Mike Mitchell, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, pp. 377b–78.
- ↑ "Darius 1. Darius the Mede", T. J. Betts, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, pp. 389–90.
- ↑ "Haggai, book of", E. Ray Clendenen, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 701.
- ↑ "Sheshbazzar", Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 1485.
"Zerubbabel", Paul L. Redditt, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, pp. 1708–09. - ↑ "Darius 2. Darius I", T. J. Betts, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, pp. 389–90.
"Persia", Albert F. Bean, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, pp. 1279–80. - ↑ "Haggai", "Haggai, book of", E. Ray Clendenen, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, pp. 701–03.
- ↑ "Zechariah 18." "Zechariah, book of", Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, pp. 1701–02.
- ↑ "Obadiah", Leslie C. Allen, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 1205.
- ↑ "Nabateans", Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, pp. 1166–67.
- ↑ "Ahasuerus", Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 37.
See also "Persia" pp. 1279–80, and "Xerxes" p. 1694. - ↑ "Malachi, book of", E. Ray Clendenen, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, pp. 1070–71.
- ↑ "Jeshua 3.", Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, pp. 898–99
"Joiakim", p. 940, "Eliashib 3." p. 477, "Joiada 2." p. 940b, "Jonathan 11. 12." p. 944 - ↑ New American Bible, Book of Job, prefatory notes.
- ↑ 53,0 53,1 "Alexander the Great", Lynn Jones, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 45.
- ↑ 54,0 54,1 See Book of Daniel: Symbolic imagery and historical chronology.
See also "Daniel, book of," Stephen R. Miller, Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, pp. 386–88, "Outline", p. 388b.
See also New American Bible, Daniel 7:1–27, footnote, 8:1–27, footnote, 11:2–4, footnote. - ↑ "Jaddua", Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, p. 864b.
- ↑ New American Bible, 1 Maccabees 12:7, footnote.
- ↑ New American Bible, Daniel 11:6, footnote.
- ↑ New American Bible, Sirach 50:1, footnote; 1 Maccabees 12:7, footnote. "son of Jochanan", Onias I, high priest from 323 to 300 or 290 BCE.
- ↑ New American Bible, 2 Maccabees 3:1–3, footnotes. Onias III high priest, 196–175 BCE; Seleucus IV Philopator, reigned 187–175 BCE.
- ↑ Douay–Rheims Bible 1899 American edition, Esther 11:1, footnote
- ↑ The Saint Joseph Edition of the New American Bible © 1986, 1970 by the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Washington, D.C., Esther chapter F, 10
- ↑ New American Bible, 2 Maccabees 4:23, footnote.
- ↑ New American Bible, 2 Maccabees 3–4, footnotes. The gymnasium where the youth exercised naked lay in the Tyropoeon Valley to the east of the citadel, directly next to the temple on its eastern side.
- ↑ New American Bible, 2 Maccabees 5:1, footnote. "168 BCE"
- ↑ New American Bible, 1 Maccabees 1:54, footnote.
- ↑ Шаблон:Bibleverse; Шаблон:Bibleverse-nb
- ↑ New American Bible, 1 Maccabees 10:21, footnote.
- ↑ New American Bible, The Book of Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), Foreword, according to footnote Шаблон:Small: "Thirty-eighth...Euergetes: 132 BCE. The reference is to Ptolemy VII," [sic] "Physkon II Euergetes II (170–163; 145, 117 BCE)"
- ↑ New American Bible, 1 Maccabees 16:23–24, footnote.
- ↑ Saint Joseph Edition of The New American Bible, copyright 1987, 1980, 1970 by Catholic Book Publishing Co., New York, The Book of Wisdom, prefatory notes, p. 750.
- ↑ Saint Joseph Edition of The New American Bible, copyright 1987, 1980, 1970 by Catholic Book Publishing Co., New York, The Book of Judith, prefatory notes, p. 485.
Ошибка цитирования Для существующих тегов <ref>
группы «note» не найдено соответствующего тега <references group="note"/>
- Английская Википедия
- Bible-related controversies
- Christian fundamentalism
- Christian theology of the Bible
- Chronology
- Hebrew Bible studies
- Hebrew calendar
- Jewish history timelines
- Timelines of Christianity
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
- Страницы с ошибками в примечаниях