Английская Википедия:Big Bone Lick State Park

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox park Шаблон:Portal Big Bone Lick State Park is located at Big Bone in Boone County, Kentucky. The name of the park comes from the Pleistocene megafauna fossils found there.[1] Mammoths are believed to have been drawn to this location by a salt lick deposited around the sulfur springs.[2] Other animals including forms of bison, caribou, deer, elk, horse, mastodon, moose, musk ox, peccary, ground sloths, wolves, black bears, stag moose, saber-toothed cats, and possibly tapir[3] also grazed the vegetation and salty earth around the springs that the animals relied on for their diet.[4][5]

History

Файл:BIG BONE LICK STATE PARK.jpg
Statue of a woolly mammoth stuck in the soft earth, showing how the fossils were created.

The salt lick, or lick, as it is more generally known locally, and its fossil deposits, were long known to the original inhabitants of the area.[6][7] The area was named after the extraordinarily large bones, including those of mammoths and mastodons, found in the swamps around the salt lick frequented by animals, who need salt in their diets.[7] The mineral springs are created by water flowing through the underlying formations of limestone and shale, where the trapped salts are dissolved and carried, in solution, to the surface, creating a brine spring.[8]Шаблон:Rp The area near the springs was very soft and marshy causing many animals to become stuck with no way to escape.[9]

18th century

The site may have been visited as early as 1739 by Captain Charles le Moyne de Longueuil, Baron de Longueuil.[10]Шаблон:Rp[11][12] He took the fossils he recovered back to France with him the next year and donated them to the natural history museum in the Jardin des Plantes.[13]

On March 13, 1750, Christopher Gist stopped at Big Bone Lick[10]Шаблон:Rp and wrote in his journal:

"Wednesday 13. — We set out...down the said River on the SE Side...I met two men belonging to Robert Smith at whose House I lodged...The said Robt. Smith had given me an order upon these men for two of the teeth of a large Beest, which they were bringing from towards the Falls of the Ohio, one of which I turned in and delivered to the Ohio Company...The tooth which I brought in...was a Jaw toothe of better Weight than four Pounds; it appeared to be the furtherest Tooth in the Jaw, and looked Like Fine Ivory when the outside was scraped off."[14]Шаблон:Rp

Gist is referring to Robert Smith, an Indian trader, who may have visited Big Bone Lick as early as 1744.[10]Шаблон:Rp[11]

Mary Draper Ingles, a frontier settler, was captured by Shawnee Indians on July 30, 1755, and taken to Lower Shawneetown. After two weeks there, she was taken to Big Bone Lick and put to work boiling brine to make salt, which the Shawnee sold or traded for other goods. In late October, Ingles persuaded another woman to escape with her and they walked over Шаблон:Convert to her home in what is now Blacksburg, Virginia.[15][16]

In 1762, amateur naturalist James Wright wrote to John Bartram describing the Big Bone Lick and some of the fossils there, although he had not been there himself, and had heard about them from the Indians:

"There appear to be the remains of 5 Entire Sceletons, with their heads All pointing towards Each other, And near together, suppos'd to have fallen at the same time...Their heads, of which two were larger than the rest, one of these, they said a Man Could but Just Grasp in Both his Arms, with a long Nose, And the Mouth on the underside...They Judged the Creature when Alive must have been the Size of a Small House."[10]Шаблон:Rp
Файл:BLW Mastodon Tooth.jpg
Anatomist William Hunter suggested in 1768 that this mastodon tooth came from an extinct type of carnivorous elephant.

Indian trader George Croghan visited Big Bone Lick in May 1765 and took two six-foot tusks and several other fossil bones, but when he was attacked by Indians a few days later, he lost all his belongings. He returned to Big Bone Lick in June 1766, and collected a number of bones which he took back with him to New York and sent to Benjamin Franklin as a gift.[17] The bones were first examined by botanist Peter Collinson who pronounced them "the carcasses of drowned elephants," who had died, according to Collinson, during The Deluge described in the Book of Genesis. Anatomist William Hunter examined the bones and suggested that they came from an extinct species of carnivorous elephant, which became known as "the American incognitum".[18] Naturalist Georges Cuvier decided that they belonged to an extinct ancestor of the elephant, which Cuvier named "Mastodontes." The idea that any species ever became extinct was revolutionary at this time.[13]

Daniel Boone reportedly visited Big Bone Lick between May and July 1770, after having been captured and released by Shawnee Indians. According to Lyman Draper, Boone "examined the wonderful fossil remains of mammoth found there."[19]Шаблон:Rp On June 15, 1775, Nicholas Cresswell visited Big Bone Lick, then called "Elephant Bone Lick". His diary entry reads, in part:

"Found several bones of a prodigious size, I take them to be Elephants, for we found a part of a tusk, about two foot long, Ivory to all appearance, but by length of time had grown yellow and very soft. All of us stripped and went into the pond to grabble for teeth and found several. Joseph Passiers found a jaw tooth which he gave me. It was judged by the company to weigh 10 pound. I got a shell of a Tusk of hard and good ivory about eighteen inches long. There is a great number of bones in a Bank on the side of this pond of an enormous size but decayed and rotten. Ribs 9 inches broad, Thigh bones 10 inches diameter. What sort of animals these were is not clearly known."[20]Шаблон:Rp

In 1795 future president William Henry Harrison collected 13 hogsheads full of fossils, all of which were lost when the barge carrying them sank on the Ohio River.[21]Шаблон:Rp

19th century

Файл:Thomas Jefferson to George Rogers Clark fossils 1807.jpg
1807 letter from Thomas Jefferson to George Rogers Clark requesting that the bones Rogers had collected at Big Bone Lick be packed and shipped to a New Orleans collector, who would then forward them to Washington.

In 1803 physician William Goforth excavated a large number of bones at Big Bone Lick and sold them in Europe, although the money was stolen from him. Goforth described his finds to Meriwether Lewis who wrote a lengthy description of the bones to Thomas Jefferson.[22] Lewis visited Big Bone Lick in late 1803 and retrieved a number of bones, all of which were lost or stolen.[23]Шаблон:Rp In September 1807 Lewis's friend William Clark, accompanied by his brother George Rogers Clark,[24] visited Big Bone Lick and removed over 300 bones and teeth, which he sent to Jefferson with an eleven-page description.[25] Jefferson donated some of the bones to the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris and the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia.[26] Studies of the bones allowed naturalists to distinguish between mastodons and mammoths and a few other species found in the collection.[27] Jefferson's own private collection was unfortunately ground into fertilizer by a servant.[28]Шаблон:Rp

Clark also found three Clovis spear points, which indicated that early Native Americans had hunted in the area.[21]Шаблон:Rp One mastodon bone was unearthed with a noticeable cut mark on it, implying that the Clovis people lived in the area thousands of years ago.[29]

Файл:Medical and physical researches, or, Original memoirs in medicine, surgery, physiology, geology, zoology, and comparative anatomy (1835) (14776367822).jpg
Bones of Paramylodon collected from Big Bone Lick and identified as Megalonyx laqueatus in 1831 by Richard Harlan.

The Clay House, a resort hotel, opened nearby in 1815, offering visitors an opportunity to bathe in the supposedly medicinal salt mineral springs. It quickly became popular among naturalists, who came to find bones for museums or private collections. Notable visitors included Yale professor Benjamin Silliman and natural history professor Constantine S. Rafinesque,[30] among others. The Clay House closed in 1830.[21]Шаблон:Rp[31]

In 1831, paleontologist Richard Harlan identified a new species of giant sloth, Megalonyx laqueatus, from bones found at Big Bone Lick.[32][33] In 1840, the species was renamed Mylodon harlani to honor Harlan, and is now known as Paramylodon harlani.[34]

By the mid-19th century most of the fossils had been removed, and in 1868 paleontologist Nathaniel Southgate Shaler conducted an extensive excavation to remove all remaining fossils and take them to the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology for study.[21]Шаблон:Rp Despite this, Dr. Christopher Columbus Graham, at the advanced age of 93, began excavations in 1877. Graham wrote in an article for the Louisville Courier, "The Mammoth’s Graveyard," that he spent thirty days at the site while ten men dug up the fossils. He collected seven barrels of bones and teeth of mastodons and mammoths, as well as buffalo skulls and the remains of bear, wolf and cougar.[23]Шаблон:Rp Graham corresponded with Charles Darwin and English geologist Sir Charles Lyell,[35]Шаблон:Rp (who had visited the site in 1841) regarding Big Bone Lick.[36][37]

20th century

In 1932, William Snyder Webb and William Funkhouser conducted an extensive archaeological survey of Big Bone Lick, which uncovered two prehistoric burial mounds and a cemetery of uncertain age.[8]

From 1962 to 1967 the University of Nebraska conducted excavations, seeking any remaining fossils and attempting to determine the age and ecological context of the mammoths and mastodons that had died there.[21]Шаблон:Rp Over 2,000 fossils were uncovered and identified,[23]Шаблон:Rp including the bones of the giant ground sloth (Mylodon harlani and Megalonyx jeffersoni), tapir (Tapirus haysii), mastodon (Mammut americanum), large bison (Bison antiquus), musk ox (Bootherium sp.), giant moose-like deer (Cervalces scotti), caribou (Rangifer sp.), elk (Cervus canadensis and Alces americanus), woolly mammoth (Elephas primigenius and Elephas columbi), and horse (Equus sp.).[38] These fossils were dated to the Wisconsin Glacial Period (c. 115,000 – c. 11,700 years ago) and are now on display at the University of Nebraska State Museum.[28]Шаблон:Rp[8]Шаблон:Rp The team also found an Early Archaic spearpoint dated to between 8,000 and 10,000 years old.[23]Шаблон:Rp

Excavations in 1981 uncovered the burials of an adult male and a child, as well as a number of earth ovens and the remains of a house dating to the Late Archaic period. In 1993, an excavation uncovered stone tools, cores, and debitage, limestone tempered and shell tempered ceramics, fire-cracked rock, and faunal remains, including bison teeth. The tools and ceramics were recovered from a large pit and were determined to be Late Woodland and Fort Ancient types. The investigators concluded that the feature was "established and used by Late Woodland people, and that the locality was subsequently occupied by Fort Ancient people after an indeterminate period." It appears likely that Paleo-Indian groups visited the site to make salt by boiling brine, as salt was an important trade item.[8]

History of the park

In 1950 the Boone County Historical Society was organized and began considering the possibility of creating a park in the area. The Big Bone Lick Historical Association was formed in 1953, and in 1956 purchased 16.66 acres of land, which they deeded to the Kentucky State Commissioner for conservation. In December 1960, the Kentucky Department of Parks began constructing picnic areas, a shelter, and a parking lot. By 1962, the purchase of additional land brought the size of the park to 175 acres. The park was listed in 1972 on the National Register of Historic Places. The Big Bone Lick Historic Site Museum was constructed in 1990 at a cost of $4 million.[21]Шаблон:Rp By 2000, the park had reached its current size of 512 acres.[8]Шаблон:Rp

In 2002, the National Park Service designated Big Bone Lick State Park as an official Lewis and Clark Heritage Trail Site.[39] The park was listed as a National Natural Landmark in February 2009. It bills itself as "the birthplace of American paleontology".[40]

Activities and amenities

The visitors center (opened 2004) features indoor and outdoor exhibits of fossils, American art, and a 1,000 pound mastodon skull as well as a gift shop. Exhibits provide information on geology as well as Native American history.[41]

The park features several nature trails, including a Discovery Trail that includes a boardwalk around a marsh bog diorama with recreations of a woolly mammoth, a mastodon, a ground sloth, bison, and scavengers feeding on carcasses and skeletal remains. The Discovery Trail winds through several habitats, including grassland, wetland and savanna, and is accessible to the physically challenged.

A small bison herd is also maintained on-site.[42]

The park has picnicking facilities and a 62-site campground.

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Commons category

External links

Шаблон:National Register of Historic Places Шаблон:Kentucky Parks

Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Big Bone Lick State Park," United States Department of the Interior National Park Service, February 2000
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 George Gaylord Simpson, "The Discovery of Fossil Vertebrates in North America," Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 17, No. 1, Jan., 1943, pp. 26-38
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Explorers of Big Bone
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 "List of Fossils Sent by George Croghan to the Earl of Shelburne and Benjamin Franklin, 7 February 1767," Founders Online, National Archives. The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 14, January 1 through December 31, 1767, ed. Leonard W. Labaree. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1970, pp. 25–29.
  14. ↑ The Journal of Christopher Gist, 1750–1751, From Lewis P. Summers, 1929, Annals of Southwest Virginia, 1769–1800. Abingdon, VA. Electronic version © by Donald Chesnut, 2000
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ "Benjamin Franklin and the unknown animal," The Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 2023
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  20. ↑ MacVeagh, L. (1924) The Journal of Nicholas Cresswell 1774–1777, Dial Press, The Plimpton Press, Norwood, MA 1924
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 21,3 21,4 21,5 Шаблон:Cite book
  22. ↑ Lewis to Thomas Jefferson, October 3, 1803, in Donald Jackson, ed., Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition with Related Documents, 1783–1854, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1962; 1:126-132.
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 23,3 Hedeen, Stanley. Big Bone Lick: The Cradle of American Paleontology. University Press of Kentucky, 2021.
  24. ↑ "William Clark at Big Bone," Friends of Big Bone
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  26. ↑ Keith Thomson, "Jefferson's Old Bones: Did the so-called father of American vertebrate paleontology believe in fossils?" American Scientist, Vol 99, No 3, May-June 2011
  27. ↑ Earle E. Spamer and Richard M. McCourt, "Big Bone Lick: Collecting Fossils for Thomas Jefferson," Discover Lewis and Clark: The Trail, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, 2023
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 C. Bertrand Schultz, Lloyd G. Tanner, Frank Whitmore, and Ellis Crawford, "Big Bone Lick, Kentucky: A Pictorial Story of the Paleontological Excavations at this Famous Fossil Locality from 1962 to 1966," in Museum Notes from the University of Nebraska State Museum, no. 33, March 1967
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  31. ↑ Kenneth B. Tankersley, Michael R. Waters, and Thomas W. Stafford Jr. "Clovis and the American Mastodon at Big Bone Lick, Kentucky," American Antiquity, Volume 74, Issue 3; Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 January 2017
  32. ↑ Richard Harlan, "Description of the jaws, teeth, and clavicle of the Megalonyx laqueatus." The Monthly American journal of geology and natural science, 1:1831, pp. 74–76
  33. ↑ Richard Harlan, "Description of the jaws, teeth, and clavicle of the Megalonyx laqueatus," Medical and physical researches, 1835, pp. 334–336
  34. ↑ Justin Tweet, "On the mis-location of a giant sloth," Equatorial Minnesota, May 3, 2020
  35. ↑ Charles Lyell, Travels in North America in the Years 1841–1842. New York: Charles E. Merrill, 1909.
  36. ↑ Michael G. Adams, "Christopher Columbus Graham: An Extraordinary Kentuckian," 2013
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  38. ↑ Schultz, C. Bertrand; Tanner, Lloyd G.; Whitmore, Frank C. Jr.; Ray, Louis L.; and Crawford, Ellis C., "Paleontologic Investigations at Big Bone Lick State Park, Kentucky: A Preliminary Report" (1963). Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3596 Nov. 29, 1963, pp. 1167-1169
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  41. ↑ Big Bone Lick State Park, National Park Service
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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