Английская Википедия:Bihari Muslims

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:EngvarB Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox ethnic group Bihari Muslims are adherents of Islam who identify linguistically, culturally, and genealogically as Biharis. They are geographically native to the region comprising the Bihar state of India, although there are significantly large communities of Bihari Muslims living elsewhere in the subcontinent due to the Partition of British India in 1947, which prompted the community to migrate en masse from Bihar to the dominion of Pakistan (both West Pakistan and East Pakistan).

Bihari Muslims make up a significant minority in Pakistan under the diverse community of Muhajirs (Шаблон:Literal translation), and largely began arriving in the country following the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, which led to the secession of East Pakistan from the Pakistani union as the independent state of Bangladesh. Since 1971, Bihari Muslims residing in Bangladesh are widely referred to as Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh who are awaiting repatriation to Pakistan, and have faced heightened persecution in the country due to their support for Pakistan during Bangladesh’s 1971 war of independence. Within the context of the conflict in Bangladesh, the term "Bihari" refers to all Urdu speakers from India and originates from the term "Bahar" (outsider) which Bengalis used to refer to all Urdu-speaking migrants.

The majority of Bihari Muslims adhere to the Sunni branch of Islam and the adoption of the religion by Biharis traces back to the 14th century, when Afghan traders and Sufi missionaries began to arrive in the region a century prior to the Mughal Empire's conquest of the subcontinent. There are also a significant minority of Biharis who adhere to the Shia branch of Islam, largely residing in Patna and Gopalpur in Siwan, tracing their religious descent to Shia Muslim settlers of distant Persian ancestry from Lucknow in neighbouring Uttar Pradesh, who arrived in the region during the 19th century.

History

Файл:Sher Shah Suri Tomb.jpg

Sher Shah Suri Tomb in Sasaram. He was the founder of the Sur Empire and was born in Bihar to Pathan parents.

The large-scale arrival of Muslims in Bihar began in the 14th century, when Turk traders and Sufi saints-warriors settled in the South Bihar plains and furthered the process of agricultural colonisation while also spreading Islam among the local populace. Muslims were not the only new immigrants to Bihar during this period. Inscriptions in Bihar Sharif tell of a Sufi warrior by the name of Malik Ibrahim Bayu who came to Bihar and defeated the non-Hindu Kol tribe who had been oppressing the local Muslims. He conquered many Kol chiefdoms.

Some of the kings and chieftains of medieval Bihar were Muslim. The chieftaincy of Kharagpur Raj in modern-day Munger district was originally controlled by Hindu Rajputs. In 1615 after a failed rebellion by Raja Sangram Singh, his son, Toral Mal converted and he changed his name to Roz Afzun.

The Faujdars of Purnea (also known as the Nawabs of Purnea) created an autonomous territory for themselves under the leadership of Saif Khan and ruled in parts of Eastern Bihar in the early 1700s. They were engaged in a protracted conflict with the neighbouring Kingdom of Nepal.

Many Bihari Muslims migrated to West Pakistan and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) after the partition of India in 1947.

Society

Bihari Muslim society has traditionally been divided by caste and clan affiliations. Muslims refer to these distinctions as Biradri and the intermarriage remains rare. The neologism Ashraf socio-political groups are historic ruling upper class castes and include groups like Pathans, Sayyid, Sheikh, Mallick and Mirza. The Pathans of Bihar are mostly the descendants of Pashtun settlers with some being descended from local high-caste Bhumihar and Rajput converts who intermarried with the said ethnoreligious group. The Mirzas claim descent from the Mughals and are found mainly in the area around Darbhanga and Muzaffarpur. Among the largest socio-political grouping under the neologism of so-called Ajlaf groups are the Ansaris who form 20% of the Muslim population in Bihar. Their traditional occupation is weaving.

Distribution by district

The following table shows the Muslim population of Bihar by district:

Number	District	Population (2001)	Muslim population	Percentage
1	Kishanganj	1,796,348	1,123,456	68%
2	Katihar	2,392,638	1,024,678	43%
3	Araria	2,158,608	887,972	42%
4	Purnia	2,543,942	935,239	38%
5	Darbhanga	3,295,789	748,971	23%
6	Sitamarhi	2,682,720	568,992	21%
7	West Champaran	3,043,466	646,597	21%
8	East Champaran	3,939,773	755,005	19%
9	Bhagalpur	2,423,172	423,246	18%
10	Madhubani	3,575,281	941,579	26%
11	Siwan	2,714,349	494,176	18%
12	Gopalganj	2,152,638	367,219	17%
13	Supaul	1,732,578	302,120	17%
14	Sheohar	515,961	80,076	16%
15	Muzaffarpur	4,746,714	752,358	15%
16	Saharsa	1,508,182	217,922	14%
17	Begusarai	2,349,366	313,713	13%
18	Banka	1,608,773	190,051	12%
19	Gaya	3,473,428	403,439	13%
20	Jamui	1,398,796	170,334	12%
21	Nawada	1,809,696	204,457	11%
22	Madhepura	1,526,646	173,605	11%
23	Aurangabad	2,013,055	221,436	11%
24	Kaimur	1,289,074	123,048	10%
25	Khagaria	1,280,354	131,441	10%
26	Rohtas	2,450,748	246,760	10%
27	Samastipur	3,394,793	355,897	10%
28	Saran	3,248,701	337,767	10%
29	Vaishali	2,718,421	259,158	10%
30	Jehanabad	1,514,315	124,149	8%
31	Munger	1,337,797	98,791	7.4%
32	Patna	4,718,592	366,164	8%
33	Bhojpur	2,243,144	163,193	7%
34	Nalanda	2,370,528	176,871	7%
35	Sheikhpura	525,502	37,755	7%
37	Buxar	1,402,396	86,382	6%
38	Lakhisarai	802,225	35,378	4%

Sum total of this table is 14,780,500 Muslims out of 83.0 million total population in 2001 census, hence Muslims were 16.5% of total population in Bihar. In 2011 census, total population grew to 103.9985 million, of which 16.9% or 17,557,809 were Muslims. During 2001–2011, Muslims grew by 33.433%, while non-Muslims grew by 23.537%. District-wise break up by religions for 2011 is not available.

Kishanganj is the only district in Bihar with a Muslim majority.

Muslim communities

• Muslim Bhumihars
• Pathans of Bihar
• Kulhaiya
• Sheikh of Bihar
• Muslim Kayasths
• Muslim Rajputs
  • Thakurai
  • Malkana
  • Khanzada
• Shershahabadia
• Malik clan (Bihar)
• Abdal
• Muslim Chhipi
• Lal Begi
• Turuk Pasi/Pashai
• Sayyid/Syed
• Chik
• Kunjra
• Sai
• Muslim Rangrez
• Pamaria/Sheikh Abbasi

In common with the rest of India, the Muslims in Bihar are largely descendants of native converts from various castes. The rise of the Indian Muslim population can be traced back to the early 12th century, with many conversions to Islam taking place during the rule of the Sur Empire, which had established its capital in Sasaram.

Notable Bihari Muslims

Файл:Maulvi Khuda Bakhsh.jpg

Khan Bahadur Khuda Bakhsh

• Syed Ali Imam - Prime Minister of Hyderabad State and Indian independence activist.
• Khuda Bakhsh - Chief Justice of Hyderabad State and founder of the Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library
• Sheikh Zainuddin - 18th century painter
• Shad Azimabadi - 19th century poet from Patna
• Ali Ibrahim Khan - 18th century statesmen and poet
• Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri - 13th century Sufi mystic

External links

• The Forgotten People: Bihari Refugees of Bangladesh, UCANews