Английская Википедия:Bijin
Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Expand Japanese
Шаблон:Nihongo is a Japanese term which literally means "a beautiful person"[1] and is synonymous with Шаблон:Nihongo3. Girls are usually called Шаблон:Nihongo, while men are known as Шаблон:Nihongo and boys are Шаблон:Nihongo. The term originally derives from the Middle Chinese word Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang; modern Standard Chinese Шаблон:Transl), and the word Шаблон:Lang is used widely in several Asian countries including China, South Korea, North Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand, Vietnam.
Meaning
In practice the term Шаблон:Transl means "beautiful woman" because the first kanji character, Шаблон:Nihongo, has a feminine connotation. The character expressed the concept of beauty by first using the element for "sheep", which must have been viewed as beautiful, and was combined with the element for "big", ultimately forming a new kanji.[2] Шаблон:Transl can also be translated as "a beauty". Its modern meaning was also said to have undergone an internationalization, with the term for the moon and then a lord or ruler on high.Шаблон:Clarify[3] People who are called a Шаблон:Transl are usually considered beautiful, charming and harmonious women who wear pretty clothes.
In Mandarin Chinese, Шаблон:Lang (Pinyin: Шаблон:Transl) also means "a beautiful woman".[4] Like Mandarin Chinese, in Korean, Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Ko-hhrm) means "a beautiful woman", and in Vietnamese, Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) also means "beautiful woman". The Min Nan pronunciation, Шаблон:Transl, meaning the same as its Mandarin equivalent, is especially similar to the Japanese.
Beautiful image in Japan
During the Heian period in Japan, fine-textured fair skin, plump cheeks, and long, supple black hair were revered as typical beauty conditions. However, since it was decided that a woman with a certain status or higher would not show her face to a man other than her close relatives, the man would sneak into the sleeping place of the woman he was looking for and see it for the first time under a dim light. Makeup involved applying white powder to the face, removing the eyebrows, drawing with ink (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl), and dyeing the teeth black (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl), emphasizing bewitching rather than healthy beauty. The adult age of women at that time was 12 to 14 years old, which was the beginning of the tide, and the 30s were considered to have already passed the peak age. Шаблон:Transl is the name of the expression technique used when drawing a noble person in Heian paintings, such as scenes taken from The Tale of Genji.
Westerner Luís Fróis, who stayed in Japan for more than 30 years during the Warring States period, said, "Europeans say big eyes are beautiful. The Japanese consider it horrifying and make it beautiful to have the eyes closed." This describes how the Japanese at that time idealized the smaller eyes as depicted in picture scrolls and Шаблон:Transl rather than big eyes.
From the Edo period onwards, beauty standards in Japan came to idealise light skin, delicate features, a small mouth, a high forehead, small eyes and rich black hair, as depicted in many Шаблон:Transl pictures. In the best-selling makeup instruction book "Miyako Customs Makeup Den" at that time, there was a section called "Den to see the greatness of the eyes", which shows that the eyes had a different aesthetic sense from the present. Saikaku Ihara's "Five Women Who Loved Love" has a description that he makes an unreasonable wish at a shrine to raise his low nose, suggesting that he preferred the height of his nose at that time. This sense of beauty became the basis of the image of beautiful women from the Meiji era to the Taisho era.
In Japanese art
Pictures of Шаблон:Transl in Japanese art are called Шаблон:Transl. Шаблон:Transl is described as a genre of Шаблон:Transl paintings. Some of the greatest bijinga artists are Utamaro, Suzuki Harunobu and Torii Kiyonaga.[5] Until the beginning of the 20th century, Шаблон:Transl were very popular.
Famous Шаблон:Transl
Nihon Sandai Bijin (The Three Beauties of Japan)
Nihon Sandai Bijin (The Three Beauties of Japan) is a term referring to several three women that were considered the most beautiful in Japan.
- Three Beauties of Taishō period:[6]
- Three Beauties of the Present Day:[7]
- Three Beauties of Japan:[8]
Akita bijin
Akita, in northern Japan, is famous for the "Шаблон:Transl of Akita"[9] who are characterized by their round face, clear skin[10] and high-pitched voice. Ono no Komachi, one of the Thirty-six Immortals of Poetry, was a bijin from Akita.[11]
Utamaro's bijin
Some of Utamaro's favourite models have remained famous as Шаблон:Transl; for example Naniwaya Okita (fr), a courtesan Hanaōgi (fr), Tomimoto Toyohina (fr) and Takashima Ohisa.[12]
Gallery
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Hayashi Kimuko, one of the Three Beauties of Taishō period
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Byakuren Yanagiwara, one of the Three Beauties of Taishō period
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Bijin-zu by Kobayashi Kiyochika (1847–1915)
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Шаблон:Transl by Kitagawa Utamaro ("Flowers of Edo: Young Woman's Narrative Chanting to the Samisen", Шаблон:Circa)
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
- Images du Monde Flottant - Peintures et estampes japonaises XVIIe - XVIIIe siècles. (Septembre 2004) (Шаблон:ISBN)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Images du Monde Flottant - Peintures et estampes japonaises XVIIe - XVIIIe siècles, pages 300-305 (in French)
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