Английская Википедия:Bildungsroman

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Literature In literary criticism, a Bildungsroman (Шаблон:IPA-de, plural Bildungsromane, Шаблон:IPA-de) is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from childhood to adulthood (coming of age),Шаблон:Sfn in which character change is important.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn[1]Шаблон:Efn The term comes from the German words Шаблон:Lang ("education", alternatively "forming") and Шаблон:Lang ("novel").

Origin

The term was coined in 1819 by philologist Johann Karl Simon Morgenstern in his university lectures, and was later famously reprised by Wilhelm Dilthey, who legitimized it in 1870 and popularized it in 1905.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The genre is further characterized by a number of formal, topical, and thematic features.[2] The term coming-of-age novel is sometimes used interchangeably with bildungsroman, but its use is usually wider and less technical.

The birth of the bildungsroman is normally dated to the publication of Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1795–96,Шаблон:Sfn or, sometimes, to Christoph Martin Wieland's Шаблон:Lang of 1767.[3] Although the bildungsroman arose in Germany, it has had extensive influence first in Europe and later throughout the world. Thomas Carlyle's English translation of Goethe's novel (1824) and his own Sartor Resartus (1833–34), the first English bildungsroman, inspired many British novelists.[4][5][6] In the 20th century, it spread to France[7][8] and several other countries around the globe.[9]

Barbara Whitman noted that the Iliad might be the first Bildungsroman. It is not just "the story of the Trojan War. The Trojan War is in effect the backdrop for the story of Achilles' development. At the beginning Achilles is still a rash youth, making rash decisions which cost dearly to himself and all around him. (...) The story reaches its conclusion when Achilles has reached maturity and allows King Priam to recover Hector's body".[10]

The genre translates fairly directly into the cinematic form, the coming-of-age film.

Plot outline

A bildungsroman is a growing up or "coming of age" of a generally naive person who goes in search of answers to life's questions with the expectation that these will result in gaining experience of the world. The genre evolved from folklore tales of a dunce or youngest child going out in the world to seek their fortune.[11] Usually in the beginning of the story, there is an emotional loss which makes the protagonist leave on their journey. In a bildungsroman, the goal is maturity, and the protagonist achieves it gradually and with difficulty. The genre often features a main conflict between the main character and society. Typically, the values of society are gradually accepted by the protagonist and they are ultimately accepted into society—the protagonist's mistakes and disappointments are over. In some works, the protagonist is able to reach out and help others after having achieved maturity.

Franco Moretti "argues that the main conflict in the Bildungsroman is the myth of modernity with its overvaluation of youth and progress as it clashes with the static teleological vision of happiness and reconciliation found in the endings of Goethe's Wilhelm Meister and even Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice".[12]

There are many variations and subgenres of bildungsroman that focus on the growth of an individual. An Entwicklungsroman ("development novel") is a story of general growth rather than self-cultivation. An Erziehungsroman ("education novel") focuses on training and formal schooling,[13] while a Künstlerroman ("artist novel") is about the development of an artist and shows a growth of the self.[14] Furthermore, some memoirs and published journals can be regarded as bildungsroman although claiming to be predominantly factual (e.g. The Dharma Bums by Jack Kerouac or The Motorcycle Diaries by Ernesto "Che" Guevara).[15] The term is also more loosely used to describe coming-of-age films and related works in other genres.

Examples

Шаблон:See also Шаблон:Div col

Precursors

18th century

19th century

20th century


21st century

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See also

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

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Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Wiktionary

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite thesis
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Swales, Martin. The German Bildungsroman from Wieland to Hesse. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. 38.
  4. ↑ Buckley, J. H. (1974). Season of Youth: The Bildungsroman from Dickens to Golding, Harvard Univ Press, Шаблон:ISBN.
  5. ↑ Ellis, L. (1999). Appearing to Diminish: Female Development and the British Bildungsroman Шаблон:Webarchive, 1750–1850, London: Bucknell University Press, Шаблон:ISBN
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  7. ↑ Moretti, Franco, and Albert Sbragia (1987), The Way of the World: the Bildungsroman in European Culture, London: Verso, Шаблон:ISBN.
  8. ↑ Hirsch, Marianne. "The Novel of Formation as Genre: Between Great Expectations and Lost Illusions" Шаблон:Webarchive, Genre Vol. 12 (Fall 1979), pp. 293–311, University of Oklahoma.
  9. ↑ Slaughter, J. R. (2006). "Novel Subjects and Enabling Fictions: the Formal Articulation of International Human Rights Law", Human Rights, Inc.: The World Novel, Narrative Form, and International Law, Ch. 2 (2007), New York: Fordham University Press, Шаблон:ISBN; Шаблон:Doi.
  10. ↑ Whitman, Barbara C. "The Iliad as a Bildungsroman". In Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Roundtable on Classical Greece (eds. Victor Kromberg and Amalia Stanton, pp. 71, 73.
  11. ↑ "Franco Moretti et John Neubauer, historiens de la littérature, ont tous deux insisté sur le rôle fondamental qu'a joué le roman, depuis la fin du XVIIIe siècle jusqu'à la Première Guerre mondiale, dans la construction des âges de la vie, de l'adolescence et la jeunesse. Si, avant cette période, les jeunes sont les laissés-pour-compte de la littérature romanesque, cette entrée tardive est compensée par la place centrale qu'ils occupent dans le roman de formation. Vers la fin du XIXe siècle, quand ce genre entre en crise, les jeunes sont remplacés par les adolescents, nouveaux protagonistes des œuvres de fiction. Après les écrits de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, le roman de formation, ou Bildungsroman, dont l'apogée se situe entre Les années d'apprentissage de Wilhelm Meister de Goethe (1795–1796) et l'Éducation sentimentale de Flaubert (1869), invente la figure littéraire du jeune homme voyageur. C'est à partir donc de cette période qu'il faudra retrouver certains traits des voyages fictionnels, que j'appelle matrices , qui hantent encore notre imaginaire, et que l'on retrouve dans les séjours Erasmus contemporains" (Cicchelli Vincenzo, "Les legs du voyage de formation à la Bildung cosmopolite" Шаблон:Webarchive, Le Télémaque, 2010/2 (n° 38), pp. 57–70. DOI: 10.3917/tele.038.0057.
  12. ↑ Lazzaro-Weis, Carol. "The Female 'Bildungsroman': Calling It into Question", NWSA Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter, 1990), pp. 16–34. Шаблон:JSTOR
  13. ↑ Malone, David H. Faculty Development, or Faculty Life as a "Bildungsroman", Profession (1979), pp. 46–50. Шаблон:JSTOR
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ "The Motorcycle Diaries by Che Guevara–HSC English Discovery Шаблон:Webarchive", Real Teacher Tutors. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
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  42. ↑ "George Lamming, West Indian author" Шаблон:Webarchive, Encyclopædia Britannica
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