Английская Википедия:Bill Kaysing

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Multiple issues Шаблон:Infobox person Bill Kaysing (July 31, 1922Шаблон:Not verified in body – April 21, 2005Шаблон:Not verified in body) was an American author and conspiracy theorist who claimed that the Apollo Moon landings between 1969 and 1972 were hoaxes.

Early life

Kaysing served as an officer in the U.S. Navy during World War II,[1][2] having attended Navy Officers Training School.

Charges of an Apollo Hoax

Шаблон:Main Kaysing would come to assert in a new vein of writing that came to fruition in the mid-1970s, that during his much earlier tenure at Rocketdyne he was privy to documents pertaining to the Mercury, Gemini, Atlas, and Apollo programs, and argued that one did not need an engineering or science degree to determine that a hoax was being perpetrated.Шаблон:Citation needed According to his account of this intellectual development, the Rocketdyne scientists with whom he worked expressed to him that there was enough technology at the time to perhaps send a crewed rocket to the Moon, but not enough technology developed to return safely to Earth.Шаблон:Citation needed They also spoke of the very real problem of traveling through atmospheric radiation without harm to the astronauts as a problem that yet needed to be solved.Шаблон:Citation needed Even before July 1969, he had "a hunch, an intuition, ... a true conviction" and decided that he did not believe that anyone was going to the Moon.[3] Kaysing thus wrote a book titled We Never Went to the Moon: America's Thirty Billion Dollar Swindle, which was self-published in 1976,[4] and republished by Health Research Books in 2002.Шаблон:Citation needed

In his book, Kaysing introduced arguments which he said proved the Moon landings were faked. Claims in the book including that:

  • NASA lacked the technical expertise to put a man on the Moon.Шаблон:Citation needed
  • the absence of stars in lunar surface photographs was indicative of a hoax.[5]
  • there were unexplained optical anomalies in the photographs taken on the Moon.[6]
  • there was an absence of blast craters beneath the Lunar Modules, and that the rocket engines of the Lunar Modules should have generated an enormous dust cloud near their landing sites the final seconds of descent.[7]
  • the death of Thomas Baron, a quality control and safety inspector for North American Aviation, was mysterious and indicative of a hoax.Шаблон:Citation needed

He also noted that Dutch newspapers questioned the "authenticity" of the Moon landings.Шаблон:Primary source inline[3]

Charges of other conspiracies

Kaysing also claimed that NASA staged both the Apollo 1 fire and the Space Shuttle Challenger accident, deliberately murdering the astronauts on board, suggesting that NASA might have learned that these astronauts were about to expose the conspiracy and needed to guarantee their silence.Шаблон:Citation needed He also believed that the disappearance of Thomas Baron's 500-page report on the Apollo 1 fire and Baron's death in a rail-traffic accident a week after he testified before the United States Congress were not accidents.Шаблон:Citation needed

A vocal advocate of other conspiracy theories, Kaysing believed there to be a high-level conspiracy involving the Central Intelligence Agency, Federal Reserve, Internal Revenue Service and other government agencies to brainwash the American public, poison their food supply, and control the media.[8]

Media participations

Kaysing appeared on the Oprah show.Шаблон:WhenШаблон:Citation needed

Kaysing was a participant in the Fox documentary, Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon?, which aired on February 15, 2001.[9]

Kaysing had an appearance on the Documentary, "Moon Landing - The World's Greatest Hoax?"[10] which was uploaded to YouTube on March 5, 2021.

Lovell defamation lawsuit

On August 29, 1996, Kaysing filed a defamation lawsuit in Santa Cruz County Superior Court against astronaut Jim Lovell for calling his claims "wacky" in an article by Rafer Guzmán for Metro Silicon Valley.[11][12] Lovell is quoted:

The guy is wacky. His position makes me feel angry. We spent a lot of time getting ready to go to the Moon. We spent a lot of money, we took great risks, and it's something everybody in this country should be proud of.

The case was dismissed in 1997.[13]

Original theory from We Never Went to the Moon (1976)

Шаблон:Expand section Kaysing describes preparation for the launchШаблон:Clarify as normal,Шаблон:Citation needed but since Rocketdyne F-1 engines in the first stage of the Saturn V rocket were "totally unreliable," a cluster of "five booster engines of the more dependable B-1 type as used in the C-1 cluster for the Atlas missile" were secretly installed, one inside each of the Saturn V's five F-1s.[14]Шаблон:Original research inline

Revised theory from Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon? (2001)

Kaysing states that:Шаблон:Full citation needed

The astronauts were launched with the Saturn V. Then, in order to account for their disappearance, they simply orbited the Earth for eight days and in the interim they showed these fake pictures of the astronauts on the Moon. But on the eighth day the command console separated from the vehicle and descended to Earth as, of course, was shown in the films.

Legacy

Kaysing encouraged Ralph René to write NASA Mooned America!, after René decided that he also had research to prove the landings were faked.Шаблон:Citation needed[15]

Kaysing's daughter, Wendy L. Kaysing, has stated that she hopes to one day write a book about her father with Kaysing's nephew, Dietrich von Schmausen, not to reiterate Kaysing's hoax claims, rather to talk about her father as a person.[16]

Fake Tribute website and Flat Earth misappropriation

In the years following Kaysing’s death, Italian conspiracist writer Albino Galuppini created the Bill Kaysing Tribute Website. This website was described as being “designed to pay tribute to a distinguished writer who lived his ideals and spoke his mind honestly and openly” and contained many personal photos provided by Kaysing’s relatives and tributes written by his followers. Including Bart Sibrel, David Percy and Jarrah White.

But from 2013 onward, Galuppini started publishing blog articles propagating false claims about the Earth being flat and all space travel being faked. Many of these articles misappropriated Kaysing’s moon hoax views to promote Galuppini’s Flat Earth claims. Despite Kaysing specifically theorizing that the astronauts orbited the Earth instead of going to the Moon, Galuppini falsely claimed that Kaysing denied any rocket could travel fast enough to get into orbit. This led to Kaysing’s relatives and followers publicly withdrawing their endorsement from the Bill Kaysing Tribute Website, severing their ties with Galuppini, and no longer allowing him permission to use their content.

Wendy Kaysing stated "I cannot imagine my father ever saying that we could not do space travel. That’s ludicrous! That’s ridiculous! […] Anybody who says that about my father is just trying to discredit my father’s ability to even think" and requested that Galuppini cease and desist the “sale of books, articles, or publication of websites, blogs or public messages” that use her father’s work. But Galuppini ignored her demands and continued the public façade of being a trusted friend of Kaysing’s family and supporters.[17][18] Jarrah White, a former contributor to the website, stated that Kaysing's legacy had essentially been "hijacked" and spoke harshly of Galuppini's Flat Earth nonsense and misappropriation in Popular Mechanics: "If you think the Earth is flat, then I don't consider you a serious researcher. I think you are a kindergarten dropout. Serious hoax researchers, they base their evidence on scientific and photographic anomalies and go where the evidence takes them. Flat-Earthers preemptively deny space travel in general because any photos of the Earth from space contradict their religion."[19]

Selected bibliography

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

References

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Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ How moon landing conspiracy theories began and why they persist today University of Manchester. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  2. ↑ Kaysing, William C. 1922–2005 Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Kaysing 2002, p. 7.
  4. ↑ Plait 2002, p. 157.
  5. ↑ Kaysing 2002, pp. 20–24.
  6. ↑ Kaysing 2002, pp. 23, 25.
  7. ↑ Kaysing 2002, pp. 19, 22, 75.
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  13. ↑ Plait 2002, p. 173.
  14. ↑ Kaysing 2002, pp. 62, 64
  15. ↑ René 1994
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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