Английская Википедия:Binance
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Pp Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox company
Binance Holdings Ltd., branded Binance, is a global[1] company that operates the largest cryptocurrency exchange in terms of daily trading volume of cryptocurrencies. Binance was founded in 2017 by Changpeng Zhao, a developer who had previously created high-frequency trading software. Binance was initially based in China, then moved to Japan shortly before the Chinese government restricted cryptocurrency companies. Binance subsequently left Japan for Malta and currently has no official company headquarters.
In 2021, Binance was put under investigation by both the United States Department of Justice and Internal Revenue Service on allegations of money laundering and tax offenses.[2][3][4] The UK's Financial Conduct Authority ordered Binance to stop all regulated activity in the United Kingdom in June 2021.[5] That same year, Binance shared client data, including names and addresses, with the Russian government.[6]
On November 21, 2023, Binance pleaded guilty to federal charges, admitting that it engaged in money laundering, unlicensed money transmitting, and sanctions violations; and has agreed to pay over $4 billion in fines.[7]
History
2013–2017: company beginnings and move out of China
CEO Changpeng Zhao founded Fusion Systems in 2005 in Shanghai; the company built high-frequency trading systems for stockbrokers. In 2013, he joined Blockchain.info as the third member of the cryptocurrency wallet's team. He also worked at OKCoin as CTO for less than a year, a platform for spot trading between fiat and digital assets.[8] He was hired at this position in 2014 by Yi He, with whom he co-founded Binance several years later.[9]
The company was founded in 2017 in China but moved its servers and headquarters out of the country in advance of the Chinese government's ban on cryptocurrency trading in September 2017.[10] Zhao asked He to join Binance, and she helped rewrite parts of the white paper for Binance's $15 million initial coin offering.[9]
2018–2019: launch of stablecoin and security breach
In January 2018 it was the largest cryptocurrency exchange with a market capitalization of $1.3 billion,[11] a title it had retained as late as April 2021, despite competition from Coinbase, among others.[12]
In March 2018, Binance announced its intentions to open an office in Malta after stricter regulations in Japan and China.[13] In April 2018, Binance signed a memorandum of understanding with the government of Bermuda.[14] Months later, a similar memorandum was signed with the Malta Stock Exchange to develop a platform for trading security tokens.[15] In 2019, the company announced Binance Jersey, an independent entity from its parent Binance.com exchange, with the aim to expand its European influence. Jersey-based exchange offers fiat-to-cryptocurrency pairs, including the Euro and the British pound.[16]
In April 2018, Binance launched the Binance Charity Foundation. The charity's goal is to support the advancement of blockchain-enabled philanthropy with a focus on third-world countries.[17]
In June 2018, Binance and three other firms raised $65 million for sports blockchain company Chiliz.[18]
In July 2018, Binance acquired Trust Wallet, a decentralized cryptocurrency wallet for an undisclosed sum. However, Binance, confirmed that the compensation is a mixture of cash, Binance stock, and a portion of its BNB token.[19]
In August 2018, Binance along with three other big exchanges raised $32 million for a "stablecoin" project. The idea of stablecoins is to provide a cryptocurrency without the notorious volatility of Bitcoin and other popular digital assets.[20]
In January 2019, Binance announced that it had partnered with Israel-based payment processor Simplex to enable cryptocurrency purchases with debit and credit cards, including Visa and Mastercard. The purchases are subject to Simplex's local bank policies and are limited to Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin and Ripple's XRP.[21]
On 7 May 2019, Binance revealed that it had been the victim of a "large scale security breach" in which hackers had stolen 7,000 Bitcoin worth around $40 million at the time.[22] Binance CEO Changpeng Zhao said the hackers "used a variety of techniques, including phishing, viruses and other attacks" and structured their transaction "in a way that passed our existing security checks."[23] Binance halted further withdrawals and deposits but allowed trading to continue. The site pledged to reimburse customers through its "Secure Asset Fund for Users (SAFU)".[24][25] Withdrawals resumed by 19 May.[26]Шаблон:Better source needed
In June 2019 the company announced it would prohibit US passport holders as well as anyone residing in the US, and would set up a new entity binance.us to support those customers.[27] Later in 2023 Forbes leaked a document allegedly from Binance titled "TaiChi" that proposed this regulatory solution to reduce US regulatory risk.[28] Binance subsequently denied the document, sued Forbes for defamation, and subsequently dropped the lawsuit.[29]
In September 2019, the exchange began offering perpetual futures contracts, allowing leverage as high as 125 times the value of the contracts.[30] In November 2019, Binance announced it was acquiring Indian bitcoin exchange WazirX, which became disputed in August 2022 when Binance founder Zhao claimed the deal was never signed.[31]
2020–2023: acquisitions and investments
On 21 February 2020, the Malta Financial Services Authority (MFSA) issued a public statement responding to media reports referring to Binance as a 'Malta-based' cryptocurrency company. The statement noted that Binance "is not authorized by the MFSA to operate in the cryptocurrency sphere and is therefore not subject to regulatory oversight by the MFSA." The MFSA added that it was "assessing if Binance has any activities in Malta which may not fall within the realm of regulatory oversight."[32]
In July 2020, Binance announced a "strategic partnership" with a Chinese state-owned enterprise under the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council and that Binance had joined a group "aiming to facilitate" the Belt and Road Initiative.[33][34]
On 28 October 2020, Forbes staff released leaked documents showing that Binance and Changpeng Zhao created an elaborate corporate structure designed to intentionally deceive United States regulators and secretly profit from cryptocurrency investors located in the country.[35] Binance officially blocks access from IP addresses located in the United States, but "potential customers would be taught how to evade geographic restrictions", Forbes claimed.[35]
In May 2021 it was reported that Binance was under investigation by both the Internal Revenue Service and the United States Department of Justice on allegations of money laundering and tax offenses.[2][3][4]
In February 2022, Binance took a $200 million stake in Forbes.[36] It's unclear if this investment was ever completed. In May 2022, Forbes Global Media Holdings halted plans to go public via a merger with Magnum Opus Acquisition Ltd, a Hong Kong-based special-purpose acquisition company.[37] Zhao said the plan had "changed a little bit, but I believe that's still in discussions."[38] In February 2023, Zhao tweeted his disappointment that Forbes "continues to write baseless articles" about Binance.[39]
In March 2022, amidst the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Binance's CEO Changpeng Zhao, refused to ban users from Russia, citing "financial freedom".[40] Binance later softened the tone of their opposition but not their policy, and also pointed to their donation of $10 million for humanitarian needs in Ukraine.[41]
In April 2022, Reuters reported that, in 2021, Binance shared information with Rosfinmonitoring about funds raised by jailed Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny's network.[42]
However, in March 2023, the exchange banned Russian residents from buying euros and dollars through its p2p service. European users, in turn, lost the opportunity to buy rubles.[43]
In September 2023, Binance announced it was leaving Russia and selling its business to the CommEX platform. Accounts of Russian users will be transferred to the new platform within a year.[44]
On 27 May 2022, Binance announced the registration of its legal entity in Italy, and has plans of opening offices and expanding the local team in the area. CEO Changpeng Zhao also shared information regarding Binance's registration with France's market regulator. At the time, the company was also seeking registration in more European countries, such as Switzerland, Sweden, Spain, Netherlands, Portugal and Austria.[45] Binance registered to operate in Spain in July 2022,[46] and in Sweden in January 2023.[47][48]
On 13 June 2022 Binance announced that users would, for an unspecified period of time, be unable to withdraw their funds held in Bitcoin, as the value of cryptocurrencies suffered serious declines.[49] Two hours after that announcement, Bitcoin withdrawals were allowed to resume.[50]Шаблон:Better source needed
Binance has a strong brand presence in Africa. Binance sponsored the Africa Cup of Nations in 2021.[51][52] It is also taking crypto education to many countries on the continent.[53]
Binance invested US$500 million towards the acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk that completed in October 2022. Following the investment, the company announced the creation of a team to work on how blockchain and cryptocurrencies could be helpful to Twitter.[54][55]
On 8 November 2022, Binance offered to buy rival cryptocurrency exchange FTX's non-US operations (FTX.com) to help cover the latter's liquidity crunch.[56][57] Binance backed out of the deal the next day citing concerns about FTX's business practices and investigations by US financial regulators.[58]
On 30 November 2022, Binance purchased Sakura Exchange. The acquisition allowed Binance to re-enter the Japanese cryptocurrency market.[59][60]
In July 2023, several senior executives resigned from the company.[61] The Wall Street Journal reported that Binance had cut its global workforce by as many as 1,000 staff.[62] CNBC reported that the number of staff cuts could total 3,000 by the end of 2023.[63] Zhao didn't deny layoffs were occurring but claimed both the reported numbers and the reasons for the senior executive departures weren't accurate. In June 2023 Binance had 790 million US dollars in outflows after the SEC announced its lawsuit and Forbes reported that the company had 120 million users globally.[64] On November 21, 2023, US authorities convicted Binance on multiple charges -- including violations of the Bank Secrecy Act and vast money laundering schemes. As part of the plea deal, Changpeng Zhao stepped down as CEO with a $50 million fine. The position is succeeded by Richard Teng and will pay $4 billion in fines.[65]
BNB
Шаблон:Infobox cryptocurrency The company has launched two cryptocurrencies which it developed itself: Binance Coin (BNB), and BinanceUSD (BUSD).[66] BNB launched July 2017,[67] which started as an Ethereum token and later moved to Binance Smart Chain (BSC),[68] launched September 2020.[69] BNB has referred to multiple meanings over time and in February 2022, BSC merged with the older Binance Chain and was rebranded into Build'N'Build (BNB).[70][71] BNB Chain operates using "Proof of Staked Authority", a combination of proof of stake and proof of authority. It has 21 approved validators. As of 2021, Binance Coin was the cryptocurrency with the third highest market capitalization.[66] Binance allows its users to pay fees on its exchange with BNB.[66]
BNB Chain supports smart contracts and is compatible with the Ethereum virtual machine (EVM).[72]
There have been multiple criticisms of Binance Smart Chain concerning its level of centralisation, which had led to several exploits on the network.[70]
BUSD
Шаблон:Infobox cryptocurrency BUSD, or Binance USD, is a US Dollar pegged stablecoin issued by Binance.[73] According to Binance it is backed 1:1 by a reserve of US Dollars and was founded by them in partnership with Paxos who is the issuer of the token. Paxos holds the reserves only partially in cash deposited in their US bank accounts with the other part held in U.S. Treasuries. BUSD is natively issued on the Ethereum blockchain by Paxos. Binance creates Binance-Peg BUSD by locking the natively ERC-20 BUSD in a smart contract on the Ethereum Blockchain and issuing Binance-Peg BUSD equivalent to the amount held in reserve in the smart contract. Binance-Peg BUSD is native to BNB chain.[74]Шаблон:Better source needed
In January 2023, Bloomberg reported that Binance-Peg BUSD "was often undercollateralized between 2020 and 2021. On three separate occasions, the gap between reserves and supply surpassed $1 billion." A Binance spokesperson said the "process of maintaining the backing … has not always been flawless" but "has been much improved with enhanced discrepancy checks."[75]
BUSD is a widely used stablecoin being, Шаблон:As of, the third largest stablecoin by market capitalisation[76] following Tether (USDT) and USD Coin (USDC).[77]
According to reports, the New York Department of Financial Services issued an order to Paxos to stop minting new BUSD tokens in February 2023.[78][79]
Legal status
United States
In 2019, Binance was banned in the United States on regulatory grounds. In response, Binance and other investors opened Binance.US, a separate exchange designed to comply with all applicable US federal laws, which nonetheless is banned in six states: Hawaii, Idaho, Louisiana, New York, Texas, and Vermont.[80] In May 2021, Bloomberg News reported that Binance was under investigation by the United States Department of Justice and Internal Revenue Service for money laundering and tax evasion.[81] In June 2022, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission launched an enquiry into Binance to determine if the company's 2017 ICO of BNB tokens amounted to an illegal sale of a security.[82] In December 2022, Binance's American entity Binance.US announced that it would acquire Voyager Digital's assets in a $1.02 billion deal. This deal was called off in April 2023 due to what Binance.US called a "hostile and uncertain regulatory climate."[83]
In February 2023, Reuters reported that over the first three months of 2021, Binance transferred over $404 million from a Binance.US account at Silvergate Bank to Merit Peak Ltd, a company managed by Zhao. Catherine Coley, then-CEO of Binance US, was quoted in messages to another Binance executive saying that "no one mentioned" the "unexpected" transfers. Coley left Binance.US shortly thereafter. Reuters said the transfers called into question the purported independence of Binance.US from Binance.com. A Binance.US spokesperson said the Reuters report used "outdated information" without further elaboration.[84]
On 1 March 2023, US Senators Elizabeth Warren, Chris Van Hollen, and Roger Marshall wrote a letter to Binance describing the exchange as "a hotbed of illegal financial activity that has facilitated over $10 billion in payments to criminals and sanctions evaders." The letter formally requested documents related to Binance's compliance with regulations.[85][86] On 27 March 2023, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) filed a lawsuit against Binance and Zhao in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, claiming willful evasion of US law and allegedly breaching derivatives rules.[87][88] The agency accused Binance of breaking rules intended to thwart money laundering operations,[89] pointing to internal communications describing transactions by Palestinian militant organization Hamas, and suspected criminals, with the company's money laundering reporting officer allegedly remarking "we see the bad, but we close 2 eyes".[87] In April 2023, three unidentified trading firms cited as "VIP" clients of Binance were revealed to be Radix Trading, Jane Street Capital and Tower Research Capital.[90]
In June 2023, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) said it was suing Binance and Zhao on 13 charges for alleged violations of US securities rules.[91][92]
On September 12, 2023, Binance.US announced the resignation of CEO Brian Shroder and a reduction of the exchange’s workforce by around 100 positions, roughly one-third of its total staff. Binance.US cited the SEC’s civil suit as “an unfortunate example” of the agency’s “aggressive attempts to cripple our industry.”[93]
In October 2023, coinciding with the outbreak of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, Binance and Tether were described as a source of terrorist funding by US senator Cynthia Lummis and US Representative French Hill, with a letter calling for the Department of Justice to crack down on the exchange.[94][95]
In November 2023, Binance agreed to plea guilty and pay a $4.3 billion fine. Zhao agreed to pay a $50 million fine and step down as CEO of the company, but was allowed to maintain his ownership as part of the deal.[96][97]
United Kingdom
In January 2021, the UK's Financial Conduct Authority began requiring firms dealing with cryptoassets to register in order to comply with anti-money laundering rules.[98] In June 2021, Binance was ordered by the FCA to stop all regulated activity in the United Kingdom.[99][100] In June 2023, the FCA canceled unused permissions granted to Binance Markets Limited, meaning the company “can no longer provide regulated activities and products” in the UK.[101]
Japan
On 25 June 2021, Japan's Financial Services Agency warned Binance that it was not registered to do business in Japan.[102] This was the second notice Binance received from the FSA. Previously, a similar warning was issued on 23 March 2018.[103]
Italy
In July 2021, Italy's Commissione Nazionale per le Società e la Borsa ordered Binance to be blocked from operating.[104] In May 2022, Binance gained regulatory approval in Italy, allowing the company to provide digital asset services in the country.[105]
France
In May 2022, Binance gained regulatory approval in France, allowing the company to provide digital asset services in the country. France is the first European country to give Binance regulatory approval.[106] In June 2023, the Paris prosecutor's office announced that Binance was under preliminary investigation for illegal canvassing of clients and money-laundering.[107]
Germany
In April 2021, the Federal Financial Supervisory Authority in Germany warned that the company risked fines for not releasing an investor prospectus for the stock tokens it has issued.[108]
Thailand
Шаблон:Ill filed a criminal complaint against Binance on 2 July 2021, "for commission of offence under the Emergency Decree on Digital Asset Business B.E. 2561 (2018)". Additionally, Thailand's SEC cited Binance for operating without a license, a violation of Section 26 of the Digital Asset Businesses Emergency Decree.[109]
In May 2023, Thailand's Ministry of Finance issued a cryptocurrency exchange license to Gulf Binance, the joint venture of Binance and Gulf Innova, a subsidiary of Thai billionaire Sarath Ratanavadi's Gulf Energy Development. The exchange will reportedly launch later this year.[110]
Canada
On 17 March 2022, Binance has confirmed in an undertaking to the Ontario Securities Commission that it would stop opening new accounts and halting trading in existing accounts for users in Ontario.[111][112]
In May 2023, Binance announced it would withdraw from the Canadian market due to the introduction of stricter rules in the country.[113]
On May 30, 2023, it was reported that the Ontario Securities Commission had issued an investigation order into whether Binance may have taken steps to circumvent Ontario securities law and compliance controls prior to its withdrawal from the Canadian market.[114]
Netherlands
In April 2022, the Dutch central bank announced a €3.3m fine for Binance due to offering services within the Netherlands without being registered in the country. The fine was issued to the company after an official warning was issued to the company during August 2021.[115] In June 2023, Binance announced that it was leaving the Netherlands after failing to obtain regulatory approval.[116]
India
In August 2022, India's Enforcement Directorate froze the assets of WazirX, an exchange owned by Binance, as part of a money laundering investigation.[117] Following the event, CEO Zhao claimed that they never owned WazirX or owned any equity in Zanmai LabsШаблон:Mdashthe operating entity of WazirXШаблон:Mdashciting "a few issues" that prevented the completion of the acquisition. The co-founder of WazirX, Nischal Shetty, disputed Zhao's claims asserting that Binance had indeed acquired them.[118] On December 28, Financial Intelligence Unit (India) recommended blocking the URLs of nine crypto entities, including Binance on the grounds of non compliance to the provisions of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA).[119]
On 12th Jan 2024, The Binance application was removed from istore and Google Play Store to prevent Indian Crypto investors from using them. [1]
Australia
On 6 April 2023, the Australian Securities & Investments Commission cancelled the Australian financial services licence held by Oztures Trading Pty Ltd trading as Binance Australia Derivatives (Binance).[120]
On 18 May 2023, Binance Australia announced that it had lost access to Australia's PayID payment system "due to a decision made by our third party payment service provider."[121] The same day, Westpac bank banned Australian customers transacting with Binance.[122][123]
Nigeria
In June 2023, Nigeria's Securities and Exchange Commission recently deemed Binance's activities in the country as “illegal.” It issued a declaration stating that Binance Nigeria Limited, a subsidiary of Binance, was operating unlawfully in the country. The regulator specifically instructed Binance to cease all its activities within Nigeria.[124][125]
Belgium
On June 23, 2023, Belgium's Financial Services and Markets Authority ordered Binance to “cease, with immediate effect, offering or providing any and all” virtual currency services in the country. The regulator said Binance had been offering such services “from countries that are not members of the European Economic Area.”[126][127]
See also
References
External links
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